Methodology

6.1) Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution

1. Sodium hydroxide solution was prepared and put into burette. The bubbles inside the
burette was removed.

2. A 250 ml beaker was weight and the mass is recorded to the nearest 0.0001 g.

3. 1.5 g of KHP was added into the beaker. The mass of the beaker and KHP was recorded to
the nearest 0.0001 g.

4. The mass of KHP was calculated by the difference and the data is recorded in the result
table.

5. 30 ml of distilled water was added into the beaker. The solution was stirred until the KHP
has dissolved completely.

6. The KHP solution was titrated with NaOH solution and the pH was recorded with 1 ml
additions of NaOH into the KHP solution

7. Step 1 to 6 was repeated for second trial to standardize the NaOH solution.

8. The graph of pH versus NaOH volume was plotted and the volume of the NaOH required to
neutralize the KHP solution was determined in each titration.

9. The molarity of NaOH solution was calculated for Titration 1 and Titration 2.

10. The average molarity of NaOH solution was calculated for Titration 1 and Titration 2.
6.2) Molarity of acetic acid and percent of vinegar

1. 10 ml of vinegar was transferred to the clean, dry 250 ml beaker using a 10 ml volumetric
pipette.

2. 75 ml of distilled water was added into beaker to cover the pH electrode tip during the
titration. The solution was stirred until the vinegar has dissolve completely.

3. The vinegar solution was titrated with NaOH solution and the pH was recorded with 1 ml
additions of NaOH solution into the vinegar solution.

4. Step 1 to 3 was repeated for the second trial to standardize the NaOH solution.

5. The graph of pH versus NaOH volume added was plotted and the volume of NaOH required
to neutralize the vinegar solution was determined in each titration.

6. The molarity of acetic acid in vinegar solution was calculated for Titration 1 and Titration 2.

7. The average molarity of acetic acid in vinegar solution was calculated for each titration.

8. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar was calculated for Titration 1 and Titration 2.

9. The average percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar was calculated for each titration.