Project File Cse

computer science
SUBMITTED TO: Submitted by:
MS. MEENA DOGRA Viplove Mittal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude

and deep regards to my guide Ms. Meena Dogra for her
exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout the course of this project.
The blessing and help given by her shall carry me a long
way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark.
I would also like to thank my classmates for their
cooperation during the period of my assignment.
Lastly, I thank almighty and my parents for their constant
encouragement without which this assignment would
not be possible.
1
INDEX
SR NO CONTENTS Pg-no
1. Overview of Python 3
2. Classes and Objects 4
3. Inheritance 21
4. Linear List 47
5. Stacks and Queues 60
6. File Handling 73
7. Exception 115
8. SQL 133
9. Generator functions 149
10. Random module 156
2
OVERVIEW OF PYTHON
PYTHON was created by GUIDO VAN ROSSUM when he was working at CWI
(Centrum Wiskunde & Information) which is a National Research Institute
for Mathematics and Computer Science in Netherlands. The language was
released in 1991. Python got its name from a BBC comedy series from
seventies – “Monty Python’s Flying Circus”. Python can be used to follow
both Procedural approach and Object Oriented approach of programming.
It is free to use.
Some of the features of python are:-
 It is general purpose programming language which can be used for

both scientific and non-scientific programming.
 It is platform independent programming language.
 It is very simple high level language with vast library of add-on
module.
 It is excellent for beginners as it gives immediate results.
 The programs written in python are easily readable and
understandable.
 It is easy to learn and use.
3
CLASSES &
OBJECTS
4
Question 1:
Create a class TOURIST in python having following specifications:
Instance attributes:
cno - to store cab no.
ctype - to store a character ‘A’,’B’,’C’ as city type
perkm - to store per km charges
distance - to store the distance travelled in kms
Methods:
init() - to assign initial values of ctype as ‘A’ and cno. As ‘0000’
citycharges() -to assign perkm as per the following conditions:
ctypeperkm
A 20
B 18
C 15
registercab() - to allow administrator to enter values for cno and ctype and
call citycharges() to assign perkm
diplay() - to allow the user to enter the value of distance and display
cno,ctype,perkm*distance(as amount ) on screen
5
CODE:
class TOURIST:
def __init__(self):
self.cno=0000
self.ctype="A"
self.perkm=0
self.distance=0
def registercab(self):
self.cno=input("enter cab no.:")
self.ctype=raw_input("enter city type [A/B/C]:")
self.citycharges()
def citycharges(self):
if self.ctype=="A":
self.perkm=20
elif self.ctype=="B":
self.perkm=18
elif self.ctype=="C":
self.perkm=15
def display(self):
self.distance=input("enter distance:")
print "cab no. is",self.cno
print "city type is",self.ctype
print "charges per km are",self.perkm
print "total amount is",self.perkm*self.distance
T1=TOURIST()
T1.registercab()
6
T1.display()
Output:
7
Question 2:
# static method
Code:
class Student:
scount=0
def __init__(self):
self.rno=0
self.name="na"
self.marks=0
Student.scount+=1
print "object inialized"
def input(self):
self.rno=input("enter roll no.:")
self.name=raw_input("enter name:")
self.marks=input("enter marks:")
def output(self):
print "roll no.of the student is",self.rno
print "name of the student is",self.name
print "marks of the student are",self.marks
@staticmethod
def show_count():
8
print "total no. of students=",Student.scount
s1=Student()
s2=Student()
s3=Student()
s1.input()
s2.input()
s3.input()
s1.output()
s2.output()
s3.output()
Student.show_count()
9
Output:
10
Question 3:
# class attributes
Code:
class Student:
def __init__(self):
self.rno=0
self.name="na"
self.__marks=0
def input(self):
self.rno=input("enter roll no.:")
self.__marks=input("enter marks:")
def output(self):
print "roll no.of the student is",self.rno
print "name of the student is",self.name
print "marks of the student are",self.__marks
s1=Student()
print s1.__dict__#returns a dictionary containing the namespace of the
class
print Student.__name__#returns the name of the class
print s1.__class__.__name__#returns the name of the class
print __name__#returns the default name of the top level section of a program
11
print Student.__module__#returns the module name in which the class is
defined
print Student.__doc__#returns the doc string of the class if defined otherwise

returns none
print Student.__bases__#returns the base class of the class
output:
12
Question 4:
# attr methods
Code:
class Employee:
empcount=0
def __init__(self, name, salary):
self.name=name
self.salary=salary
Employee.empcount+=1
def display_count(self):
print "no. of employees is",Employee.empcount
def display_employee(self):
print "Name of Eployee:",self.name
print "Salary of Eployee:",self.salary
#outside class
emp1=Employee("Chetan", 20000)
emp2=Employee("anurag", 25000)
#hasattr
if hasattr (emp1,"age"):
print "instance emp1 has attribute age"
else:
print "instance 'emp1' has no attribute age"
#getattr
13
print "value of attribute 'name' in instance 'emp1' is", getattr (emp1,'name')
#setattr
setattr (emp1,'name', 'Chetan Singh')
print "value of attribute 'name' in instance 'emp1' is", getattr (emp1,'name')
#delattr
delattr (emp1,'name')
if hasattr (emp1,"name"):
print "instance 'emp1' has attribute 'name'"
else:
print "instance 'emp1' has no attribute 'name'"
if hasattr (emp2,"name"):
print "instance 'emp2' has attribute 'name'"
else:
print "instance 'emp2' has no attribute 'name'"
14
Output:
15
Question 5:
# private members
Code:
class Sports:
No_of_objects=0
def __init__(self):
self.__Scode=1001 #private instance variable
self.__Sname="Hockey" #accessible inside class
self.__Fees=600.0 #inaccessible outside class
self.__Duration=70 #not available to objects
Sports.No_of_objects+=1 #Class variable accessed using class name
def __Assignfee(self): #private instance method not availalve to objects
if self.__Sname=="Table Tennis":
self.__Fees=1600.0
elif self.__Sname=="Cricket":
self.__Fees=1000.0
elif self.__Sname=="Swimming":
self.__Fees=3000.0
elif self.__Sname=="Football":
self.__Fees=2500.0
def Newsport(self):
self.__Scode=input("Enter the Sport Code")
self.__Sname=raw_input("Enter Sport Name")
self.__Duration=input("Enter Duration")
self.__Assignfee() #private class method called using 'self' keyword
inside class
16
def Showsport(self):
print "The Code of the Sport is",self.__Scode
print "The Name of the Sport is",self.__Sname
print "The Duration of the Sport is",self.__Duration
print "The Fees for the Sport is",self.__Fees
#outside class
S1=Sports()
#print Sports.__Scode (inaccessible- gives error)
S1.Newsport()
S1.Showsport()
# S1.__Assignfee() (inaccessible- gives error)
17
Output:
18
Question 6
#Class attribute methods
#program to illustrate the use of attr methods
class emp:
def __init__(self,n,s):
self.name=n
self.sal=s
print "object created"
def show(self):
print self.name
print self.sal
print "object printed"
e1=emp("amit",25000) #init called
e2=emp("anant",30000) #init called
print hasattr(e1,"sal")
print hasattr(e1,"salary")
print e1.name
setattr(e1,"name","amit jain")
print e1.name
#if an attribute does not exist,then it will be created
setattr(e1,"desig","manager") # creates desig attribute for e1
print e1.desig
print getattr(e1,"sal")
#print getattr(e1,"salary") AttributeError is reported
19
delattr(e1,"sal")
#delattr(e1,"salary") AttributeError is reported
print hasattr(e1,"sal")
Output
20
INHERITANCE
21
#Single Inheritance
class Person:
def __init__(self,n,a):
self.name=n
self.age=a
print "init of person called"
class Employee(Person):
def __init__(self,n,a,sal):
Person.__init__(self,n,a)
self.salary=sal
print "init of Employee called"
def show(self):
print self.name,self.age,self.salary
emp1=Employee("Amit",25,25000)
emp1.show()
print emp1.name,emp1.age,emp1.salary
22
Output
23
#Multiple Inheritance
class A:
def __init__(self,x):
self.a=x
print "in init of A"
class B:
def __init__(self,y):
self.b=y
print "in init of B"
class C(A,B):
def __init__(self,x,y,z):
A.__init__(self,x)
B.__init__(self,y)
self.c=z
print "in init of C"
#outside class
C1=C(5,15,20)
print C1.a,C1.b,C1.c
24
Output
25
#Multilevel Inheritance:
class Medicine:
def __init__(self):
self.category=" "
self.mfg=" "
self.cmp=" "
def inp(self):
self.category=raw_input("Enter medicine category: ")
self.mfg=raw_input("Enter date of manufacture: ")
self.cmp=raw_input("Enter company name: ")
def show(self):
print "Medicine category: ",self.category
print "Date of manufacture: ",self.mfg
print "Company name: ",self.cmp
class Capsules(Medicine):
def __init__(self):
Medicine.__init__(self)
self.Capsule_name=" "
self.Volume_label=" "
def Inp(self):
print "Capsule:"
self.inp()
self.Capsule_name=raw_input("Enter capsule name: ")

26
self.Volume_label=raw_input("Enter volume label: ")
def Output(self):
print "Capsule:"
self.show()
print "Capsule_name: ",self.Capsule_name
print "Volume_label: ",self.Volume_label
class Antibiotic(Capsules):
def __init__(self):
Capsules.__init__(self)
self.Dosage_units=0
self.side_effects=" "
def Input(self):
print "Antibiotic:"
self.Inp()
self.Dosage_units=input("Enter dosage units: ")
self.side_effects=raw_input("Enter side effects: ")
def output(self):
print "Antibiotic:"
self.Output()
print "Dosage units: ",self.Dosage_units
print "Side effects: ",self.side_effects
a1=Antibiotic()
a1.Input()
27
a1.output()
output
28
#Hierarchical Inheritance
class person:
def __init__(self,n,a):
self.name=n
self.age=a
print "init of person called"
class employee(person):
def __init__(self,n,a,sal):
person.__init__(self,n,a)
self.salary=sal
print "init of employee called"
def show(self):
print self.name,self.age,self.salary
class student(person):
def __init__(self,n,a,m):
person.__init__(self,n,a)
self.marks=m
print "init of student called"
def show(self):
print self.name,self.age,self.marks
emp1=employee("amit",25,25000)
emp1.show()
print emp1.name,emp1.age,emp1.salary
29
std1=student("amit",16,83)
std1.show
output
30
#Hybrid Inheritance
class Person:
def __init__(self):
self.name=" "
self.c_no=0
def inp(self):
self.name=raw_input("Enter name: ")
self.c_no=input("Enter contact number: ")
def show(self):
print "Name: ",self.name
print "Contact number: ",self.c_no
class Teacher(Person):
def __init__(self):
Person.__init__(self)
self.t_id=0
def Inp(self):
print "Teacher:"
self.t_id=input("Enter teacher id: ")
self.inp()
def Output(self):
print "Teacher:"
print "Teacher id: ",self.t_id
self.show()
31
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self):
self.r_no=0
self.a_no=0
self.mks=0
def Input(self):
print "Student:"
self.r_no=input("Enter roll number: ")
self.a_no=input("Enter admission number: ")
self.inp()
self.mks=input("Enter marks: ")
def out(self):
print "Student:"
print "Roll number: ",self.r_no
print "Admission number: ",self.a_no
self.show()
print "Marks: ",self.mks
class School(Teacher,Student):
def __init__(self):
Student.__init__(self)
self.s_id=0
32
self.s_name=" "
def getinfo(self):
self.s_id=input("Enter school id: ")
self.s_name=raw_input("Enter school name: ")
self.Inp()
self.Input()
def Show(self):
print "School id: ",self.s_id
print "School name: ",self.s_name
self.Output()
self.out()
O1=School()
O1.getinfo()
O1.Show()
33
Output
34
# q-17 ncert
class furniture:
def __init__(self,Type,Model):
self.Type=Type
self.Model=Model
print "Furniture object initialised"
def gettype(self):
print "Type:"
return self.Type
def getmodel(self):
print "Model:"
return self.Model
def show(self):
print "Type:",self.Type,";","Model:",self.Model
class sofa(furniture):
def __init__(self,t,m,n,cost):
furniture.__init__(self,t,m)
self.nos=n
self.cost=cost
print "Sofa object initialised"
def getseats(self):
return self.nos
def getcost(self):
35
print "Cost:"
return self.cost
def show(self):
furniture.show(self)
print "No. of seats=",self.nos
print "Cost=",self.cost
s1=sofa("Wooden","XYZ",4,3000)
print s1.gettype()
print s1.getmodel()
print s1.getcost()
s1.show()
36
Output
37
#Q-18 ncert
class trainer:
def __init__(self,n,tid):
self.name=n
self.tid=tid
print "Trainer object initialised"
def getname(self):
print "Trainer name:",
return self.name
def gettid(self):
print "Trainer id:",
return self.tid
class learner:
def __init__(self,n1,lid):
self.lid=lid
self.lname=n1
print "Learner object initialised"
def getlname(self):
print "Learner name:",
return self.lname
def getlid(self):
print "Learner id:",
return self.lid
38
class institute(learner,trainer):
def __init__(self,n,tid,n1,lid,n3,icode):
learner.__init__(self,n1,lid)
trainer.__init__(self,n,tid)
self.iname=n3
self.icode=icode
print "Institute object initialised"
def getiname(self):
print "Institute name:",
return self.iname
def geticode(self):
print "Institute code:",
return self.icode
i1=institute("Trainer 1","T01","Learner 1","L01","Abc","I01")
print i1.getname()
print i1.geticode()
print i1.getlname()
print i1.getlid()
print i1.getiname()
print i1.geticode()
39
output
40
#Q-21 ncert
class employee:
def __init__(self):
self.empno=0
self.empname=""
def getdata (self):
self.empno=input("enter empno")
self.empname=raw_input("enter empname")
def printdata(self):
print "Empno:",self.empno,";Empname:",self.empname
class payroll(employee):
def __init__(self):
employee.__init__(self)
self.salary=0
def inputdata(self):
employee.getdata(self)
self.salary=input("enter the salary")
def outputdata(self):
employee.printdata(self)
print "Salary:",self.salary
class leave(payroll):
def __init__(self):
self.nod=0
41
def acceptdata(self):
payroll.inputdata(self)
self.nod=input("enter no leave days")
def showdata(self):
payroll.outputdata(self)
print "Leaves",self.nod
l1=leave()
l1.acceptdata()
l1.showdata()
42
Output
43
#Overriding methods
class Person:
def __init__(self):
self.name=" "
self.c_no=0
def inp(self):
print "Person:"
self.name=raw_input("Enter name: ")
self.c_no=input("Enter contact number: ")
def show(self):
print "Name: ",self.name
print "Contact number: ",self.c_no
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self):
self.r_no=0
self.mks=0
def inp(self):
print "Student:"
Person.inp(self)
self.r_no=input("Enter roll number: ")
self.mks=input("Enter marks: ")
def show(self):
44
Person.show(self)
print "Roll number: ",self.r_no
print "Marks: ",self.mks
s1=Student()
s1.inp()
s1.show()
p1=Person()
p1.inp()
p1.show()
45
Output
46
LINEAR
LIST
47
#Linear Search
l=[]
n=input("Enter how many elements in the list:")
for i in range(0,n):
val=input("Enter value for the list at index:"+str(i)+":")
l.append(val)
l.sort()
key=input("Enter the value to be searched:")
f=0
if key>l[len(l)-1]:
print "Value not present in the list."
for j in l:
if j==key:
pos=l.index(j)+1
print "Key found at positon.",pos
break
elif j>key:
print "Value greater than key found."
break
48
output
49
#Binary Search
l=[]
for i in range(0,n):
val=input("Enter value for the list at index"+" "+str(i))
l.append(val)
l.sort()
item=input("Enter the element to be searched:")
def bsearch(l,item):
lb=0
ub=len(l)-1
while lb<=ub:
mid=(lb+ub)/2
if item==l[mid]:
return mid
elif item>l[mid]:
lb=mid+1
elif item < l[mid]:
ub=mid-1
else:
return -1
ind=bsearch(l,item)
if ind==-1:
50
print "Value not present in the list:"
else:
print "Value found at position",ind+1,"."
Output
51
#Bubble Sort
l=[]
for j in range(0,n):
val=input("Enter value for the list: ")
l.append(val)
print "Unsorted List:",l
def bubblesort(l):
for p in range(len(l)-1,0,-1):
t=0
for i in range(0,p):
if l[i]>l[i+1]:
t=l[i]
l[i]=l[i+1]
l[i+1]=t
print "Sorted list:",l
bubblesort(l)
52
output
53
#Selection Sort
def selsort(l):
for i in range(len(l)):
least=i
for k in range(i+1,len(l)):
if l[k]<l[least]:
least=k
t=l[least]
l[least]=l[i]
l[i]=t
l=[]
n=input("Enter no. of many elements in the list:")
val=input("Enter value for the list:")
l.append(val)
print "Unsorted list:",l
selsort(l)
54
output
55
#Insertion Sort
def insertionsort(l):
for i in range(1,len(l)):
v=l[i]
j=i
while j>=1 and l[j-1]>v:
l[j]=l[j-1]
j-=1
l[j]=v
l=[]
val=input("Enter value for the list:")
l.append(val)
print "Unsorted lst:",l
insertionsort(l)
56
output
57
#Insertion using bisect module
import bisect
l=[1,3,5,12,29,36,50]
print "The list in sorted order is:"
print l
item=input("Enter the itemto be inserted in the list:")
ind=bisect.bisect(l,item)
bisect.insort(l,item)
print item,"inserted at index",ind
print l
output
58
#Deletion using Bisect Module
import bisect
l=[2,8,22,35,43,50]
print "The list in sorted order is:"
print l
item=input("Enter the item to be deleted from the list:")
ind=bisect.bisect(l,item)
del l[ind-1]
print item,"deleted from index",ind-1
print l
output
59
STACKS
&
QUEUES
60
#Program to implement queue using list
q=[]
def addqueue():
a=input("Enter a value:")
q.append(a)
print "Value added to queue."
def deleteq():
if len(q)==0:
print "Queue is empty."
else:
print "Value removed is ",q.pop(0),"."
def showq():
if len(q)==0:
else:
for i in range(0,len(q)):
print q[i]
ans="y"
while ans=="y" or ans=="Y":

61
print "1.ADD TO QUEUE"
print "2.DELETE FROM QUEUE"
print "3.DISPLAY QUEUE"
ch=input("Enter your choice:")
if ch==1:
addqueue()
elif ch==2:
deleteq()
elif ch==3:
showq()
else:
print "Invalid choice."
ans=raw_input("Do you wish to continue[y/n]?")
62
output
63
#Program to implement queue using class
class queue:
q=[]
def addqueue(self):
queue.q.append(a)
print "Value added to queue."
def deleteq(self):
if len(queue.q)==0:
else:
print "Value removed is ",queue.q.pop(0),"."
def showq(self
):
if len(queue.q)==0:
else:
for i in range(0,len(queue.q)):
print queue.q[i]
ans="y"
64
q1=queue()
print "1.ADD TO QUEUE"
print "2.DELETE FROM QUEUE"
print "3.DISPLAY QUEUE"
ch=input("enter your choice:")
if ch==1:
q1.addqueue()
elif ch==2:
q1.deleteq()
elif ch==3:
q1.showq()
else:
65
output
66
# Program to implement stack using list without class
s=[]
def push():
s.append(a)
print "Value pushed to stack."
def pop():
if len(s)==0:
print "Stack is empty."
else:
print "Value removed is ",s.pop(),"."
def show():
if len(s)==0:
else:
for i in range(len(s)-1,-1,-1):
print s[i]
ans="y"
print "----STACK OPERATIONS----"
print "1.PUSH"
67
print "2.POP"
print "3.DISPLAY"
if ch==1:
push()
elif ch==2:
pop()
elif ch==3:
show()
else:
68
output
69
#Program to implement stack using class
class stack:
s=[] #class attribute
def push(self,n):
stack.s.append(n)
print "Value added to stack."
def pop(self):
if len(stack.s)==0:
else:
print "Value removed is ",stack.s.pop(),"."
def show(self):
if len(stack.s)==0:
else:
for i in range(len(stack.s)-1,-1,-1):
print stack.s[i]
s1=stack()
ans="y"
print "------STACK OPERATIONS------"
print "1.PUSH"
print "2.POP"
70
print "3.DISPLAY"
if ch==1:
a=input("Enter the value to be added to stack:")
s1.push(a)
elif ch==2:
s1.pop()
elif ch==3:
s1.show()
else:
71
output
72
FILE
HANDLING
73
#To print number of characters in a file
fr=open("1.txt","r")
str=fr.read()
print str
print len(str)
fr.close()
output
74
#To print number of vowels
str=fr.read()
vc=0
l=['a','e','i','o','u','A','E','I','O','U']
for i in str:
if i in l:
vc+=1
print "Number of vowels:",vc
fr.close()
output
75
#To print number of '#' in a file
str=fr.read()
vc=0
for i in str:
if i=='#':
vc+=1
print "Number of '#' :",vc
fr.close()
output
76
#To count number of 'a' and 'b' in a file
str=fr.read()
va=0
vb=0
for i in str:
if i=='a':
va+=1
elif i=='b':
vb+=1
print "Number of 'a':",va
print "Number of 'b':",vb
fr.close()
77
output
78
#To replace all spaces by '*' in a file
str=fr.read()
for i in str:
if i==' ':
print '*',
else:
print i,
fr.close()
########_____or_____########
s=str.replace(' ','*')
print s
output
79
#To print number of lines in a file
l=fr.readlines()
print l
print "Number of lines:" ,len(l)
fr.close()
output
80
#To print file in reverse order
s=fr.readline()
print s[-1:-len(s)-1:-1]
#___________or_________
for i in range(len(s)-1,-1,-1):
print s[i],
s=fr.readline(3)
print
print s
fr.close()
output
81
#To print first character of a file
s=" "
while s:
s=fr.readline()
if len(s)<>0:
print s[0]
fr.close()
Output
82
#To print four character words in a file
s=fr.read()
l=s.split()
print l
for i in l:
if len(i)==4:
print i
fr.close()
Output
83
#To display the count of his and her in '2.txt' file
fw=open("2.txt","w")
s1="palak has gone to her friends house\n" + "Her friend's name is Ravya\n" +
"Her house is 12km from here\n"
fw.write(s1)
print "data appended"
fw.close()
str=fr.read()
l=str.split()
c1=0
c2=0
for i in l:
if i=="his" or i=="His":
c1+=1
elif i=="Her":
c2+=1
print "Count for His:",c1
print "Count for Her:”,c2
fr.close()
84
Output
85
#To display all words that begin with t or T in reverse
from "3.txt" file
s1="The cat is the Tom\n" + "And the mouse is the Jerry\n"
fw.write(s1)
fw.close()
str=fr.read()
l=str.split()
for i in l:
if i[0]=="T" or i[0]=="t":
print i[-1:-len(i)-1:-1]
fr.close()
86
Output
87
#To copy lowercase and uppercase vowels from file
'vowels.txt' to LOWER.txt and UPPER.txt
respectively
#To copy lowercase and uppercase vowels from file 'vowels.txt' to LOWER.txt
and UPPER.txt respectively:
fw=open("vowels.txt","w")
s1="Ee aaa A ii II ou OU\n"
fw.write(s1)
fw.close()
fr=open("vowels.txt","r")
fw1=open("UPPER.txt","w")
fw2=open("LOWER.txt","w")
str=fr.read()
lv=['a','e','i','o','u']
uv=['A','E','I','O','U']
for i in str:
if i in uv:
fw1.write(i)
elif i in lv:
fw2.write(i)
fr.close()
fw1.close()
88
fw2.close()
print "Program executed."
Output
89
#Writing to a text file line by line using writelines()
that operates on lists
n=input("How many lines:")
fw=open("line.txt","a+")
l=[]
for i in range(n):
s=raw_input("Enter the line:")
l.append(s+'\n')
fw.writelines(l)
print "text written to file"
fw.close()
Output
90
#Writing to a text file using write() function
n=input("How many lines:")
fw=open("lines1.txt","a")
for i in range(n):
s=raw_input("Enter the line:")
fw.write(s+'\n')
fw.close()
Output
91
#Menu based operation on binary file
import os
import pickle
class emp:
def __init__(self):
self.eno=0
self.name="null"
self.sal=0
print "object created"
def input(self):
self.eno=input("enter eno:")
self.sal=input("enter sal:")
def output(self):
print self.eno,self.name,self.sal
def edit(self):
self.sal=input("enter the new sal:")
e1=emp()
def append():
fw=open("empb.dat","ab")
e1.input()
pickle.dump(e1,fw)
92
print "object appended to file"
fw.close()
def showall(fname):
fr=open(fname,"rb")
try:
while True:
e1=pickle.load(fr)
e1.output()
except EOFError:
fr.close()
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------
def showeno():
fr=open("empb.dat","rb")
n=input("enter the eno to be searched:")
f=0
try:
while True:
e1=pickle.load(fr)
if e1.eno==n:
e1.output()
f=1
#fr.close()
#break
93
except EOFError:
fr.close()
if f==0:
print "no record found"
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------
def showename():
n=raw_input("enter the ename to be searched:")
# print n
f=0
try:
while True:
e1=pickle.load(fr)
if e1.name==n:
e1.output()
f=1
except EOFError:
fr.close()
if f==0:
94
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------
def showsal():
f=0
try:
while True:
e1=pickle.load(fr)
if e1.sal>=15000:
e1.output()
f+=1
except EOFError:
fr.close()
print f,"matching records found"
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------
def delete():
fr=open("empb.dat","rb") #master file
fw=open("temp.dat","wb") #transaction or temporary file
n=input("enter the eno to be deleted:")
f=0
try:
while True:
e1=pickle.load(fr)
95
if e1.eno==n:
print "record to be deleted found..."
print "record will be deleted from file.."
f=1
else:
pickle.dump(e1,fw)
except EOFError:
fr.close()
fw.close()
os.remove("empb.dat")
os.rename("temp.dat","empb.dat")
if f==0:
else:
print "file now contains-"
showall("empb.dat")
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------
def update():
fw=open("temp.dat","wb")
96
n=input("enter the eno to be modified:")
f=0
try:
while True:
e1=pickle.load(fr)
if e1.eno==n:
print "record to be modified found..."
print "edit the record"
e1.edit()
pickle.dump(e1,fw)
f=1
else:
pickle.dump(e1,fw)
except EOFError:
fr.close()
fw.close()
if f==0:
else:
print "file now contains-"
showall("empb.dat")
97
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------
def copy():
fw=open("highsal.dat","wb")
f=0
try:
while True:
e1=pickle.load(fr)
if e1.sal>15000:
pickle.dump(e1,fw)
f+=1
except EOFError:
fr.close()
fw.close()
if f==0:
else:
print f,"records copied.."
showall("highsal.dat")
98
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------
def transfer():
fw1=open("highsal1.dat","wb")
fw2=open("temp.dat","wb")
f=0
try:
while True:
e1=pickle.load(fr)
if e1.sal>15000:
pickle.dump(e1,fw1)
f+=1
else:
pickle.dump(e1,fw2)
except EOFError:
fr.close()
fw1.close()
fw2.close()
if f==0:
99
else:
print f,"records transferred.."
showall("highsal1.dat")
print "-------------------------------------------------------------------------"
showall("empb.dat")
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------
print """User operation menu:
1.Type append() to add a new record:
2.Type showall(filename) to view a file:
3.Type showen() to view a record using eno.
4.Type showename() to view a record using ename.
5.Type showsal() to view salaries(>15000).
6.Type delete() to remove a record.
7.Type update() to edit a record.
8.Type copy() to copy records (sal>15000).
9.Type transfer() to transfer records (sal>15000) in another file."""
100
Output
101
102
#Python program to print swapcase
f=open("1.txt","r")
s=f.read()
for i in s:
if i.islower() or i.isupper():
print i.swapcase(),
else:
print i,
Output
103
#Program to join two files
fr2=open("3.txt","r")
s=fr.readlines()
s1=fr2.readlines()
fw.writelines(s)
fw.write('\n')
fw.writelines(s1)
fr.close()
fr2.close()
fw.close()
print "Files joined."
Output
104
#Program to tell pointer index
print "File opened at position:",fr.tell()
print fr.read()
fr.seek(6,0)
print fr.read()
print "pointer at position",fr.tell()
fr.close()
Output
105
#Program to remove a word from file
import os
fr=open("1.txt","r") #Master file
fw=open("10.txt","w") #Transaction file
s=fr.read()
l=s.split()
n=raw_input("Enter the word to be removed:")
for i in l:
if i<>n:
fw.write(i+'\n')
fr.close()
fw.close()
os.remove("1.txt")
os.rename("10.txt","1.txt")
print "Word removed."
106
Output
107
#Creating a dictionary and storing it in binary file
import pickle
fw=open("d1.dat","wb")
n=input("how many records:")
for i in range(n):
d={}
k=input("enter key:")
v=raw_input("enter value for key:")
d[k]=v
pickle.dump(d,fw)
fw.close()
fr=open("d1.dat","rb")
d1={}
try:
while True:
d1=pickle.load(fr)
print d1
except EOFError:
fr.close()
108
Output
109
#Creating a dictionary having key and its value stored
in list and storing it in binary file
import pickle
d={}
n=input("How many records:")
for i in range(n):
k=input("Enter rollno:")
l=raw_input("Enter value for name,class,sec in square brackets:")
d[k]=l
fw=open("d3.dat","wb")
pickle.dump(d,fw)
fw.close()
d1={}
try:
while True:
d1=pickle.load(fr)
print d1
except EOFError:
fr.close()
110
Output
111
#Inserting values in a dictionary at a position
specified by the user:
import pickle
import os
fw=open("temp.dat","wb")
d={}
n=input("Enter the position at which u want to insert:")
f=0
count=1
d1={}
try:
while True:
if count<>n:
d1=pickle.load(fr)
pickle.dump(d1,fw)
#print "old value copied",count
else:
k=raw_input("enter key:")
v=input("enter value for key:")
d[k]=v
pickle.dump(d,fw)
f+=1
print "new value copied",count

112
count+=1
except EOFError:
fr.close()
fw.close()
os.remove("d1.dat")
os.rename("temp.dat","d1.dat")
if f==0:
print "invalid position"
else:
d1={}
try:
while True:
d1=pickle.load(fr)
print d1
except EOFError:
fr.close()
113
Output
114
EXCEPTION
HANDLING
115
#Attribute Error
class emp:
def __init__(self):
self.eno=0
self.ename="null"
def input(self):
self.eno=input("Enter eno:")
self.ename=raw_input("Enter ename:")
def output(self):
print "EMP NO",self.eno
print "EMP NAME",self.ename
try:
e1=emp()
print e1.name
e1.output()
except AttributeError:
print "Attribute 'name' does not exist."
else:
print "no error"
116
Output
117
#another example of attribute error
class emp:
def __init__(self):
self.eno=0
self.ename="null"
def input(self):
self.eno=input("enter eno")
self.ename=raw_input("enter ename")
def output(self):
print self.eno,self.ename
try:
e1=emp()
print e1.ename
e1.outputt()
except AttributeError:
print "attribute 'outputt' does not exist"
else:
print "no error"
118
Output
119
#Program to handle division by zero exception
try:
dividend=input("Enter the dividend:")
divisor=input("Enter the divisor:")
ans=dividend/divisor
except ZeroDivisionError:
print "divisor cannot be zero"
else:
print "ans=",ans
print "out of try....."
Output
120
#Import Error
try:
base=input("Enter the base:")
e=input("Enter the exponent:")
from math import power
p=pow(base,e)
except ImportError:
print "invalid module name"
else:
print "ans=",p
Output
121
#Index Error
try:
s=raw_input("Enter a string of length less than 9:")
print s[1]
print s[9]
except IndexError:
print "invalid value for string index"
else:
print "string=",s
finally:
print "finally always executes"
Output
122
#Key Error
d=dict()
try:
for i in range(5):
k=input("Enter the key:")
v=raw_input("enter the value for key")
d[k]=v
for i in d.keys(): #d.keys gives all the keys of the dictionary in the form of list
print d[i]
print d[9]
except KeyError:
print "invalid value for key"
except: #will match all other exceptions
print "error in program"
finally:
print "finally always executes"
123
Output
124
#Program to handle division by zero exception by
explicitly raising it
try:
if divisor==0:
raise ZeroDivisionError
print ans
except ZeroDivisionError:
print "divisor cannot be zero"
else:
print "ans=",ans
125
Output
126
#Program to handle division by zero exception by
explicitly raising it with a user defined message
try:
if divisor==0:
raise ZeroDivisionError,str(dividend)+"/0 not possible"
#raise ZeroDivisionError(str(dividend)+"/0 not possible")
except ZeroDivisionError,e:
print "exception:-",e
else:
print "ans=",ans
127
Output
128
#Program to handle type error exception
try:
n1=input("Enter the first value:")
n2=input("Enter the second value:")
sum=n1+n2
except TypeError:
print "invalid type of value for addition operation"
else:
print "sum=",sum
Output
129
#Program to create and raise user defined exception
class MyError(Exception): #'Exception' is the inbuilt base class
pass
err1=MyError("negative marking not allowed..") #init of base class is called
err2=MyError
try:
marks=input("Enter the marks:")
if marks<0:
raise err1 #'raise' can take object name or class name
elif marks>100:
raise err2,"maximum mark are 100.."
elif marks>40:
print "promoted to next class.."
else:
print "your re-examination is scheduled.."
except MyError,e: #'except' can take only class name or inbuilt error name
print "exception:-",e.message,"Marks entered:",marks
else:
print "Marks=",marks
finally:
print "finally always executes..."
130
Output
131
#Program to handle VALUE error exception
try:
n1=int(raw_input("Enter the first value:"))
n2=int(raw_input("Enter the second value:"))
sum=n1+n2
except ValueError:
print "invalid value for input operation"
else:
print "sum=",sum
Output
132
SQL
133
SQL QUERIES
Question 1:
Table : Students
Adno Name Average Sex Scode
501 R.Jain 98 M 111
545 Kavita 73 F 333
705 K.Rashika 85 F 111
754 Rahul Goel 60 M 444
892 Sahil Jain 78 M 333
935 Rohan Saini 85 M 222
955 Anjali 64 F 444
983 Sneha Aggarwal 80 F 222
Write queries based upon students table:
1) Give a command to create the above table students.

A) CREATE TABLE Students(Adno number(3) Primary Key, Name varchar2(20) not null,
Average number(2), Sex varchar2(5), Scode number(3));
2) Give a command to insert first row of the table.
A) INSERT into Students values(501,’R.Jain’,98,’M’,111);
3) Display all students‘ information.
A) SELECT * FROM Students;
4) Display Rohan Saini’s information.
A) SELECT * FROM Sudents WHERE Name =’Rohan Saini’;
134
5) Display number of students in the table.
A) SELECT count(*) FROM Students;
6) Display number of students in each sex.
A) SELECT Sex, count(*) FROM Students GROUP BY Sex;
7) Display students’ information in ascending order using name.
A) SELECT * FROM Students order by Name;
8) Display students’ information in descending order using average marks.
A) SELECT * FROM Students order by Average desc;
9) Display students’ name starting with letter ‘K’.
A) SELECT Name FROM Students WHERE Name like ‘K%’;
10)Display students’ information , whose name ends with “l”.

A) SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Name like ‘%l’;
11)Display a report with adno, name, average*5 as total marks from student table.
A) SELECT Adno, Name, Average*5 ‘Total marks’, FROM Students;
12)Display students’ information, whose average marks are in between 80 to 90.
A) SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Average between 80 and 90;
13)Display students’ information who are getting average marks of more than 80 and scode
333.
A) SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Average>80 and Scode=333;
14)Display students’ name and average marks, whose scode is 111,222 and 333.
A) SELECT Name, Average WHERE Scode in (111,222,333);
15) Display sum of average marks.
A) SELECT sum(Average) FROM Students;
16) Display maximum average marks.
A) SELECT max(Average) FROM Students;
17) Display minimum average marks.
A) SELECT min(Average) FROM Students;
18) Display average value of average marks.
A) SELECT avg(Average) FROM Students;
19) Display maximum, minimum and sum of average marks in each scode.
A) SELECT Scode, max(Average), min(Average), sum(Average) GROUP BY Scode;
20) Display number of students in each scode.
A) SELECT Scode, count(*) FROM Students GROUP BY Scode;
135
Question 2:
Table : ACTIVITY
Acode Activity name Stadium ParticipantNum PrizeMoney ScheduleDate
1001 Relay 100X4 Star Annex 16 10000 23-Jan-2004
1002 High Jump Star Annex 10 12000 12-Dec-2003
1003 Shot Put Super Power 12 8000 14-Feb-2004
1005 Long Jump Star Annex 12 9000 01-Jan-2004
1008 Discuss Throw Super Power 10 15000 19-Mar-2004
Table : COACH
Pcode Name Acode
1 Ahmed Hussain 1001
2 Ravinder 1008
3 Janila 1001
4 Naaz 1003
Write the following queries:

1) Display the names of all activities with their Acode in descending order.
A) SELECT Acode, ActivityName FROM Activity order by Acode desc;
2) Display the sum of prize money for activities played for each of the stadim separately.
A) SELECT Stadium,sum(PrizeMoney) FROM Activity group by Stadium;
3) To display the Coach name and Acode in ascending order of Acode from table COACH.
A) SELCT Name,Acode FROM COACH ORDER by Acode;
136
4) Increase no of participants for Acode=1003 by 10;
A) UPDATE ACTIVITY set ParticipantsNum=ParticipantsNum +10 WHERE Acde=1003;
5) Increase prize money for all activities by 1000.
A) UPDATE ACTIVITY set PrizeMoney=PrizeMoney+1000;
6) Display details of all activities whose Scheduled date is earlier than 01-jan-2004 in
ascending order of no of participants.
A) SELECT * FROM ACITIVITY WHERE ScheduleDate<’01-Jan-2004’ ORDER by ParticipantsNum;
7) Display no of participants for each activity.
A) SELECT Acode,count(*) FROM ACTIVITY GROUP by Acode;
8) Display Acode,Aname and coach name for all activities.
A) SELECT A.Acode,ActivityName,Name FROM ACTIVITY A,COACH C WHERE A.Acode=C.Acode;
9) Display the number of rows in table coach.
A) SELECT count(*) FROM COACH;
10)Display names of all coaches that begin with R.
A) SELECT Name FROM COACH WHERE Name like ‘R%’;
11)Delete the record of activity of long jump.
A) Delete FROM ACTIVITY WHERE Activityname=’Long Jump’;
137
1. CREATE TABLE COMMAND
SQL> CREATE TABLE COMPANY
(EMPNO number (4) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, -- Assigning primary key
ENAME varchar (20) NOT NULL,
GENDER varchar (6),
JOB varchar (15),
HRDATE date,
SAL number (5),
DEPTNO number (2) ) ;
OUTPUT:
Table created
2. INSERT COMMAND
SQL> INSERT INTO COMPANY
(EMPNO, ENAME, GENDER, JOB, HRDATE, SAL, DEPTNO)
VALUES
(101, ‘ALEXIS’,’MALE’,’CEO’,’12-Nov-1998’, 95000,10) ;
OUTPUT:
COMPANY
EMPNO ENAME GENDER JOB HRDATE SAL DEPTNO
__________ __________ ______ __________ __________ _____ ____

101 ALEXIS MALE CEO 12-Nov-1988 95000 10
3. INSERT MULTIPLE RECORDS
SQL> INSERT INTO COMPANY

138
VALUES
(‘&EMPNO’, ‘&ENAME’ , ‘&GENDER’ , ‘&JOB’, ‘&HRDATE’ , ‘&SAL’ , ‘&DEPTNO’) ;
OUTPUT:
__________ __________ ______ __________ __________ _____ ____

102 RACHEL FEMALE MANAGER 19-Feb-1988 75000 20
103 ROSS MALE SALESMAN 2-Apr-1990 20000 30
104 MATT MALE SALESMAN 25-Aug-1989 20000 30
105 MONICA FEMALE ANALYST 7-Oct-1992 55000 40
106 PHOEBE FEMALE SALESMAN 20-Mar-1994 20000 30
107 CHANDLER MALE ANALYST 1- Jan- 1988 55000 40
4. CREATE TABLE FROM EXISITING TABLE
SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOY
AS
( SELECT EMPNO , ENAME , SAL
FROM COMPANY ) ;
OUTPUT:
EMPLOY
EMPNO ENAME SAL
__________ __________ ____

101 ALEXIS 95000
102 RACHEL 75000
103 ROSS 20000
104 MATT 20000

139
105 MONICA 55000
106 PHOEBE 20000
107 CHANDLER 55000
5. ASSIGNING FOREIGN KEY
SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPL
( EMPNO number (4) PRIMARY KEY ,
DEPTNO number (2) ,
DEPTCOMM number(4) ,
references COMPANY(EMPNO) ) ;
OUTPUT (AFTER INSERTING VALUES) :
EMPL
EMPNO DEPTNO DEPTCOMM
__________ _____ _______
101 10 4000
102 20 2000
103 30 1500
104 30 1500
105 40 1000
106 30 1500
107 40 1000
5. SELECT STATEMENT
SQL> SELECT *
FROM COMPANY ;
OUTPUT:
COMPANY

140
__________ __________ ______ __________ __________ _____ ____
6. JOIN
SQL> SELECT EMPNO,ENAME , SAL , DEPTCOMM
FROM COMPANY, EMPL
WHERE COMPANY.EMPNO=EMPL.EMPNO
EMPNO ENAME SAL DEPTCOMM
__________ __________ ____ _______
101 ALEXIS 95000 4000
102 RACHEL 75000 2000
103 ROSS 20000 1500
104 MATT 20000 1500
105 MONICA 55000 1000
106 PHOEBE 20000 1500
107 CHANDLER 55000 1000
7. SELECT WITH COLUMN ALIAS
SQL> SELECT SAL*12 “ANNUAL SALARY”
FROM COMPANY ;
OUTPUT:
141
ANNUAL SALARY
1140000
900000
240000
240000
660000
240000
660000
8. MAX , MIN , AVG
SQL> SELECT MAX(SAL) , MIN(SAL) , AVG(SAL)
FROM COMPANY ;
OUTPUT:
95000
20000
48971
9. GROUPING
SQL> SELECT SAL
FROM COMPANY
GROUP BY JOB ;
OUTPUT:
JOB SAL
________ ____
CEO 95000
MANAGER 75000
SALESMAN 20000
ANALYST 55000
10. NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES

142
SQL> SELECT COUNT(EMPNO)
FROM COMPANY ;
OUTPUT:
11.HAVING CONDITION
( DISPLAY JOB WISE SALARY FOR ALL JOBS THAT DO NOT BEGIN WITH ‘A’ HAVING SALARY MORE THAN
50000 DISPLAY IN DESC ORDER OF JOB FROM COMPANY)
SQL> SELECT JOB , SAL
FROM COMPANY
WHERE JOB NOT LIKE ‘A%’
GROUP BY JOB
HAVING AVG(SAL) > 50000
ORDER BY JOB DESC ;
OUTPUT:
JOB SAL
______ _____
CEO 95000
MANAGER 75000
12. USING BETWEEN
SQL> SELECT EMPNO
FROM COMPANY
WHERE SAL BETWEEN 50000 AND 90000 ;
OUTPUT:
EMPNO
_____
143
102
105
107
13. UPDATE COMMAND
SQL> UPDATE COMPANY
SET SAL = SAL+1000 ;
SQL> SELECT SAL
FROM COMPANY ;
OUTPUT:
SAL
____
96000
76000
21000
21000
56000
21000
56000
14. UPDATE COMMAND USING WHERE CONDITION
SQL> UPDATE COMPANY
SET SAL = SAL+1000
WHERE SAL=20000 ;
SQL> SELECT SAL
FROM COMPANY ;
OUTPUT:
SAL
____
95000
144
75000
21000
21000
55000
21000
55000
15. ALTER COMMAND
SQL> ALTER TABLE COMPANY
ADD (AGE number(2) ) ;
SQL> SELECT *
FROM COMPANY ;
OUTPUT:
EMPN0 ENAME GENDER JOB HRDATE SAL DEPTNO AGE
___ ________ ______ _________ __________ _____ ____ ____
101 ALEXIS MALE CEO 12-Nov-1988 95000 10 27
102 RACHEL FEMALE MANAGER 19-Feb-1988 75000 20 27
103 ROSS MALE SALESMAN 2-Apr-1990 20000 30 25
104 MATT MALE SALESMAN 25-Aug-1989 20000 30 26
105 MONICA FEMALE ANALYST 7-Oct-1992 55000 40 23
106 PHOEBE FEMALE SALESMAN 20-Mar-1994 20000 30 22
107 CHANDLER MALE ANALYST 1- Jan- 1988 55000 40 28
16. ALTER TO MODIFY EXISTING TABLE
SQL> ALTER TABLE COMPANY
MODIFY ( JOB char(20) ) ;
145
SQL> SELECT *
FROM COMPANY ;
OUTPUT:
__________ __________ ______ __________ __________ _____ ____

17. DELETE COMMAND TO DELETE ENTIRE TABLE
SQL> DELETE FROM COMPANY ;
18. DELETE COMMAND TO DELETE SPECIFIC ROWS
SQL> DELETE FROM COMPANY
WHERE SAL < 50000 ;
SQL> SELECT *
FROM COMPANY ;
OUTPUT:

146
__________ __________ ______ __________ __________ _____ ____
19. DROP COMMAND
SQL> DELETE COMPANY ;
SQL> DROP COMPANY ;
OUTPUT:
Table dropped
20 . CREATE VIEW
SQL> CREATE VEIW V1 AS
SELECT *
FROM EMP ;
OUTPUT:
View created
21. DISPLAY VIEW V1
SQL> SELECT *
FROM V1 ;
147
OUTPUT:
__________ __________ ______ __________ __________ _____ ____

21.
SQL> UPDATE V1
SET SAL=SAL+1000
WHERE EMPNO=102 ;
148
149
# Generator function to return composite numbers upto digit given by
the user
def composite(n):
for i in range(2,n+1):
isprime=True
for j in range(2,i):
if i%j==0:
isprime=False
if isprime==False:
yield i
Output
150
# Program to genetrate the prime numbers upto given number
def prime(n):
for i in range(2,n+1):
isprime=True
for j in range(2,i):
if i%j==0:
isprime=False
if isprime==True:
yield i
Output
151
# Program to find factorial of a number by a generator function
def factorial(x):
for i in range(x):
fac=1
for j in range(1,i+1):
fac=fac*j
yield fac
Output
152
# Program to generate fibonaci series from a generator function
def fibonacci(Max):
a=0
b=1
while a < Max:
yield a
a,b=b,a+b
x=fibonacci(20)
Output
153
# Program to generate square of numbers upto given number
def square(x):
for i in range(x+1):
yield i**2
Output
154
# Program to generate series upto x raised to x
def x_raisedto_x(x):
for i in range(1,x+1):
yield i**i
Output
155
RA DOM
MOD LE
156
print '### WELCOME TO RANDOM MODULE ###'
#first of all importing random module.
from random import*
storeRand = []
#showing the usage of random.random()
def random_random():
randNum = random()
print 'Generating a random number...'

print randNum
if randNum not in storeRand:
storeRand.append(randNum)
print 'Your random number generated and successfully stored.'
print storeRand
else:
print 'There is already the same number in the directory, run function again to store a different
number.'
#print 'Your random number generated and successfully stored.'
#showing usage of randint()
def random_randint(up = 10, low = 0):
randNum = randint(low, up)
print 'Generating a random integer between ', low, 'and ', up, '...'
print randNum
print storeRand
else:
157
number.'
#showing usage of randrange()
def random_randrange(start = 0, stop = 100, step = 5):
randNum = randrange(start, stop, step)
print 'Generating an integer between the range ', start, 'to ', stop, 'with step value ', step, '...'
print randNum

print storeRand
else:
number.'
#showing usage of choice(). If a non empty sequence is given, then this function just chooses an
element from that sequence and return it to you.
def random_choice(seq = 'abcd'):
readSeq = choice(seq)
print 'Choosing an element from the given sequence...'

print readSeq
if readSeq not in storeRand:

storeRand.append(readSeq)
print 'Your random choice generated and successfully stored.'
print storeRand
else:
number.'
ch = 'Y'
158
while ch == 'Y':
print
print 'Enter 1 to generate a random number between 0 and 1 and store it in a directory.'
print 'Enter 2 to generate a random integer between your specified range and store it in a directory.'
print 'Enter 3 to generate a random integer between your specified range with **STEP VALUE** and
store it in a directory.'
print 'Enter 4 to generate a random choice for your sequence.'
try:
x = input('Enter your choice: ')

if x == 1:
random_random()
elif x == 2:
ll = input('Enter lower limit: ')

ul = input('Enter upper limit: ')
random_randint(ul, ll)
elif x == 3:
ll = input('Enter lower limit: ')

ul = input('Enter upper limit: ')
step = input('Enter the step value: ')
random_randrange(ll, ul, step)
elif x == 4:
seq = raw_input('Enter your seqence: ')
random_choice(seq)
else:
print 'Invalid choice!!!'
except:
print 'An Error has occured!'
ch = raw_input('Do you want to continue? ').upper()
159
Output
160
161

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computer science

SUBMITTED TO: Submitted by:

MS. MEENA DOGRA Viplove Mittal

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude

Some of the features of python are:-

 It is general purpose programming language which can be used for

ctype - to store a character ‘A’,’B’,’C’ as city type

perkm - to store per km charges

distance - to store the distance travelled in kms

citycharges() -to assign perkm as per the following conditions:

self.cno=input("enter cab no.:")

self.ctype=raw_input("enter city type [A/B/C]:")

print "cab no. is",self.cno

print "city type is",self.ctype

print "charges per km are",self.perkm

print "total amount is",self.perkm*self.distance

print "object inialized"

self.rno=input("enter roll no.:")

print "roll no.of the student is",self.rno

print "name of the student is",self.name

print "marks of the student are",self.marks

self.rno=input("enter roll no.:")

print "roll no.of the student is",self.rno

print "name of the student is",self.name

print "marks of the student are",self.__marks

print s1.__dict__#returns a dictionary containing the namespace of the

print Student.__name__#returns the name of the class

print s1.__class__.__name__#returns the name of the class

print Student.__doc__#returns the doc string of the class if defined otherwise

print Student.__bases__#returns the base class of the class

print "object created"

print "object printed"

e1=emp("amit",25000) #init called

e2=emp("anant",30000) #init called

#if an attribute does not exist,then it will be created

setattr(e1,"desig","manager") # creates desig attribute for e1

#print getattr(e1,"salary") AttributeError is reported

#delattr(e1,"salary") AttributeError is reported

print "init of person called"

print "init of Employee called"

print "in init of A"

print "in init of B"

print "in init of C"

self.category=raw_input("Enter medicine category: ")

self.mfg=raw_input("Enter date of manufacture: ")

self.cmp=raw_input("Enter company name: ")

print "Medicine category: ",self.category

print "Date of manufacture: ",self.mfg

print "Company name: ",self.cmp

self.Capsule_name=raw_input("Enter capsule name: ")

print "Capsule_name: ",self.Capsule_name

print "Volume_label: ",self.Volume_label

self.Dosage_units=input("Enter dosage units: ")

self.side_effects=raw_input("Enter side effects: ")

print "Dosage units: ",self.Dosage_units

print "Side effects: ",self.side_effects

print "init of person called"

print "init of employee called"

print "init of student called"

self.name=raw_input("Enter name: ")

self.c_no=input("Enter contact number: ")

print "Name: ",self.name

print "Contact number: ",self.c_no

print s1.dict#returns a dictionary containing the namespace of the

print Student.name#returns the name of the class

print s1.class.name#returns the name of the class

print Student.doc#returns the doc string of the class if defined otherwise

print Student.bases#returns the base class of the class