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379
1. Demarcar os seguintes pontos no sistema de coordenadas polares.
( 4)
(a) P1 4, π
(b) P (4, − π )
2 4
(c) P (− 4, π )
3 4
(d) P (− 4, − π )
4 4
( 4)
(a) 2, π
(i) (− 2, 5π )
4
(ii) (2, − 7 π )
4 P
π /4 Eixo polar
0
684
b) ( 3
2 ,− π )
(
(i) − 2 , − 4π
3
) Eixo polar
(ii) ( 2 , 5π )
3 0 −π / 3
( 3)
(c) − 5, 2π
(i) (5, 5π )
3
(ii) (− 5, − 4π )
3
(d) 4, 5π( 6
)
(
(i) − 4, 11π
6
)
(ii) (4, − 7π )
6
685
P
5π / 6
Eixo polar
0
π /3
Eixo polar
0
x = r cos θ
x = 3 cos π y = r sen θ
3
1 3
x = 3. y = 3. ≅ 2,59
2 2
x = 1,5
3 3 3
,
2 2 ≅ (1,5; 2,59 )
(
b) − 3, + π
3
)
686
x = −3 cos π y = −3 sen π
3 3
1 3
x = −3 . y = −3 .
2 2
x = −1,5 y ≅ − 2,59
3 −3 3
− , ≅ (− 1,5; − 2,59 )
2 2
(
c) 3, − π
3
)
Eixo polar
0 −π / 3
x = 3 cos − π ( 3
) (
y = 3 sen − π
3
)
1 − 3 P
x = 3. y = 3.
2 2
x = 1,5 y ≅ − 2,59
3 −3 3
; ≅ (1,5; − 2,59 )
2 2
(
d) − 3, − π
3
) P
Eixo polar
0 −π / 3
687
x = −3 cos − π ( 3
) (
y = −3 sen − π
3
)
1 − 3
x = −3 . y = −3 .
2 2
x = −1,5 y ≅ 2,59
3 3 3
− ,
2 2 ≅ (− 1,5; 2,59 )
(
a) − 2, 2π
3
)
x = −2 cos 2π = −2 . − 1 = 1
3 2
(1, − 3 )
y = −2 sen 2π = −2 . 3 =− 3
3 2
(
b) 4, 5π
8
)
x = 4 cos 5π ≅ −1,5307
8
(− 1,5307, 3,6955)
y = 4 sen 5π ≅ 3,6955
8
(
c) 3, 13π
4
)
2
x = 3 cos 13π = −3
4 2
−3 2 −3 2
2 , 2
−3 2
y = 3 sen 13π =
4 2
(
d) − 10, π
2
)
688
x = −10 cos π = −10 . 0 = 0
2
(0, − 10 )
y = −10 sen π = −10 . 1 = −10
2
(
e) − 10, 3π
2
)
x = −10 cos 3π = −10 . 0 = 0
2
(0, 10 )
y = −10 sen 3π = −10 . − 1 = 10
2
f) (1, 0)
x = 1 cos 0 = 1
(1, 0)
y = 1 sen 0 = 0
a) (1, 1)
r= 2
1
cos θ =
2 π
⇒θ=
1 4
senθ =
2
( 2, π
4
)
b) (− 1, 1)
r= 2
1
cos θ = −
2 3π
⇒θ=
1 4
senθ =
2
689
( 2 , 3π
4
)
c) (− 1, − 1)
r= 2
1
cos θ = −
2 5π
⇒θ=
1 4
senθ = −
2
( 2 , 5π
4
)
d) (1, − 1)
r= 2
1
cos θ =
2 7π
⇒θ=
1 4
senθ = −
2
( 2, − π
4
) ou ( 2 , 7π
4
)
6. Usar.
a) r > 0 e 0 ≤ θ < 2π ;
b) r < 0 e 0 ≤ θ < 2π ;
c) r > 0 e − 2π < θ ≤ 0 ;
d) r < 0 e − 2π < θ ≤ 0 ;
P1 ( 3, − 1 )
r=2
690
3 −1 −π 11π
cos θ = sen θ = θ= ou θ =
2 2 6 6
11π 5π −π − 7π
a) 2, b) − 2, c) 2, d) − 2,
6 6 6 6
(
P2 − 2 , − 2 )
r=2
− 2 − 2 5π
cos θ = sen θ = θ=
2 2 4
5π π − 3π − 7π
a) 2, b) − 2, c) 2, d) − 2,
4 4 4 4
a) x 2 + y 2 = 4
r 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 sen 2θ = 4
r2 = 4
r = ±2
b) x = 4
r cos θ = 4
c) y = 2
r sen θ = 2
d) y + x = 0
691
3π
θ= + kπ , k ∈ Ζ
4
e) x 2 + y 2 − 2 x = 0
r 2 − 2r cos θ = 0
r − 2 cos θ = 0
r = 2 cos θ
f) x 2 + y 2 − 6 y = 0
r 2 − 6r senθ = 0
r = 6 sen θ
a) r = cos θ
x
x2 + y2 =
x + y2
2
x2 + y2 − x = 0
b) r = 2 sen θ
y
x2 + y2 = 2 .
x + y2
2
x2 + y2 − 2y = 0
1
c) r =
cos θ + sen θ
1
x2 + y2 =
x y
+
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
x+ y =1
d) r = a , a > 0
692
x2 + y2 = a
x2 + y2 = a2
9. r = 1 + 2 cos θ
x
1 2 3
-1
10. r = 1 − 2 sen θ
y
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
-4
11. r = a ± b cos θ
a=2 e b=3
a=3 e b=2
a=b=3
693
r = 2 + 3 cos θ
y
3
x
1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-3
r = 2 − 3 cos θ
y
3
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1
-1
-2
-3
r = 3 + 2 cos θ
694
y
3
x
-1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-3
r = 3 − 2 cos θ
y
3
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1
-1
-2
-3
r = 3 + 3 cos θ e r = 3 − 3 cos θ
y
y
3
3
2
2
1
1
x
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3 -3
695
12. r = cos 3θ
0.5
x
-0.5 0.5 1
-0.5
13. r = 2 cos 3θ
1.5
0.5
x
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
14. r = 2 sen 2θ
696
y
1.5
0.5
x
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
15. r = 2 − cos θ
y
2.5
1.5
0.5
x
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
16. r = 2 − sen θ
697
y
0.5
x
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
17. r = a ± b sen θ
a=2 e b=3
a=3 e b=2
a=b=2
r = 2 + 3 sen θ r = 2 − 3 sen θ
y
y
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
5
-1
4
-2
3
-3
2
1
-4
x
-5
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
r = 3 + 2 sen θ r = 3 − 2 sen θ
698
y
y
6
1
5 x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
4
-1
3
-2
2
-3
1
-4
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-5
-1
r = 2 + 2 sen θ r = 2 − 2 sen θ
y
y
1
6
x
5 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
4
-2
3
-3
2
-4
1
x -5
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-6
-1
18. r cos θ = 5
x
1 2 3 4 5
-1
19. r = 2 sen 3θ
699
y
x
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
π
20. θ =
4
π /4 Eixo polar
0
π
21. θ =
9
Eixo polar π /9
0
pi/2
A
2
700
23. r 2 = 4 cos 2θ
x
-2 -1 1 2
2
24. r = 3θ , θ ≥ 0
x
-10 -5 5 10 15 20 25
25. r = 4 sen θ
y
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
701
26. r = e −θ , θ ≥ 0
x
0.5 1
27. r = 2
Eixo polar
0 √2
28. r = 10 cos θ
y
x
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
702
29. r = 2 cos θ
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
30. r = 12 sen θ
y
12
11
10
1
x
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
θ
31. r = e 3
1000
500
x
-1500 -1000 -500 500 1000
-500
-1000
703
32. r = 2θ
y
4
3
2
1
x
-5 5 10
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
33. r = eθ , entre θ = 0 e θ = π
3
π
3
s= ∫
0
e 2 θ + e 2 θ dθ
π
3
= ∫
0
2e 2 θ dθ
π
3
= 2 ∫ e θ dθ
0
π
= 2 e 3 − 1 u. c.
3 π
= 2 eθ
0
34. r = 1 + cos θ
704
π
s = 2∫ (− senθ )2 + (1 + cos θ )2 dθ
0
π
= 2 ∫ sen 2θ + 1 + 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ dθ
0
π
= 2 ∫ 2 + 2 cos θ dθ
0
π
= 2 2 ∫ 1 + cos θ dθ
0
π
θ
=2 2 ∫
0
2 cos 2
2
dθ
π
θ
=2 2 ∫
0
2 cos dθ
2
π
θ
= 4 . 2 sen
20
π
= 8 sen − sen 0
2
= 8 u. c.
35. r = 2 a sen θ
π
2
s = 2∫ (2a cos θ)2 + (2a sen θ)2 dθ
0
π π
2 2
= 2 ∫ 4 a dθ = 2 ∫ 2 a dθ
2
0 0
π
= 4a = 2aπ u.c
2
36. r = 3 θ 2 , de θ = 0 até θ = 2π
3
705
2π
3
s= ∫
0
36 θ 2 + 9θ 4 dθ
2π
3
= ∫ (
9 θ 2 4 + θ 2 dθ )
0
2π
3 1
∫ 3θ (4 + θ )
2 2
= dθ
0
2π
3 3
= 3.
1 4+θ ( 2
) 2
2 3
2 0
8 3
=
27
(
9 + π 2 2 − 8 u.c )
37. r = e 2θ , de θ = 0 até θ = 3π
2
3π
2
∫ (2e )
2θ 2
s= + e 4 θ dθ
0
3π
2
= ∫0
4e 4 θ + e 4 θ dθ
3π 3π
2 2
5 2θ
= ∫0
5 e 2 θ dθ =
2
e
0
5 3π
=
2
(
e − 1 u. c. )
706
π
s = 2∫ (10 sen θ )2 + 100(1 − cos θ )2 dθ
0
π
= 2 ∫ 200 − 200 cos θ dθ
0
π
= 2 ∫ 200 1 − cos θ dθ
0
π
θ
= 2 ∫ 10 2 2 sen 2 dθ
0
2
π
θ
= 2 . 10 2 . 2 ∫ sen dθ
0
2
π
θ
= − 40 . 2 cos
20
π
= −80 cos − cos 0
2
= 80 u. c.
Nos exercícios 39 a 46, encontrar a integral que dá o comprimento total da curva dada.
39. r 2 = 9 cos 2 θ
1 1
r = (9 cos 2 θ) 2 = 3(cos 2θ) 2
3 −1 − 3sen 2θ
r ′ = (cos 2θ) 2 (− sen 2θ)2 =
2 cos 2θ
π
4
9 sen 2 2θ
s = 4∫ + 9 cos 2θ dθ
0
cos 2θ
π
4
9 sen 2 2θ + 9 cos 2 2θ
= 4∫ dθ
0
cos 2θ
π
4
dθ
= 12 ∫
0 cos 2θ
40. r = 3 sen 3θ
707
π
6
s = 6∫ (9 cos 3θ)2 + 9 sen 2 3θ dθ
0
π
6
= 18 ∫ 9 cos 2 3θ + sen 2 3θ dθ
0
41. r = 4 cos 4θ
π
8
s = 16 ∫ (− 16sen 4θ)2 + 16 cos 2 4θ dθ
0
π
8
= 64 ∫ 16 sen 2 4θ + cos 2 4θ dθ
0
42. r 2 = 9 sen 2θ
1
r = 3(sen 2 θ ) 2
1 −1
r ′ = 3 (sen 2 θ ) 2 . cos 2 θ . 2
2
π
4
9 cos 2 2θ
s = 4∫ + 9 sen 2θ dθ
0
sen 2θ
π
4
9 cos 2 2θ + 9 sen 2 2θ
= 4∫ dθ
0
sen 2θ
π
4
9
= 4∫ dθ
0
sen 2θ
π
4
dθ
= 12 ∫
0 sen 2θ
43. r = 2 − 3 cos θ
708
π
s = 2∫ (3 sen θ )2 + (2 − 3 cos θ )2 dθ
0
π
= 2 ∫ 9 sen 2 θ + 4 − 12 cos θ + 9 cos 2 θ dθ
0
π
= 2 ∫ 13 − 12 cos θ dθ
0
44. r = 4 − 2 sen θ
π
2
∫ (− 2 cos θ) + (4 − 2 sen θ)
2 2
s=2 dθ
−π
2
π
2
=2
−π
∫ 4 cos 2 θ + 16 − 16 sen θ + 4 sen 2 θ dθ
2
π
2
=2
−π
∫ 20 − 16 sen θ dθ
2
π
2
=4
−π
∫ 5 − 4 sen θ dθ
2
45. r = 3 + 2 cos θ
π
s = 2∫ (− 2 sen θ )2 + (3 + 2 cos θ )2 dθ
0
π
= 2 ∫ 4 sen 2 θ + 9 + 12 cos θ + 4 cos 2 θ dθ
0
π
= 2 ∫ 13 + 12 cos θ dθ
0
46. r = 4 + 2 sen θ
709
π
2
∫ (2 cos θ ) + (4 + 2 sen θ )
2 2
s=2 dθ
− π
2
π
2
=2
−π
∫ 20 + 16 sen θ dθ
2
π
2
=4
−π
∫ 5 + 4 sen θ dθ
2
47. r 2 = 9 sen 2θ
x
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
π
2
1
A= 2.
2 ∫ 9 sen
0
2θ dθ
π
2
1
= − 9 . cos 2 θ = 9 u . a.
2 0
48. r = cos 3θ
710
y
0.5
π /6
x
-0.5 0.5 1
-0.5
π
6
1
A = . 6 ∫ cos 2 3θ dθ
2 0
π
1 1
6
= 3 ∫ + cos 6θ dθ
0
2 2
π
1 1 6
= 3. θ+ sen 6θ
2 12 0
π
= u. a.
4
49. r = 2 − cos θ
y
2.5
1.5
0.5
x
-3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
711
π
1
A = 2 . ∫ (2 − cos θ ) dθ
2
20
π
∫ (4 − 4 cos θ + cos θ) dθ
2
=
0
π
1 1 9π
= 4θ − 4 sen θ + θ + sen 2θ = u. a.
2 4 0 2
50. r 2 = 16 cos 2θ
1.5
0.5
x
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-0.5
-1
-1.5
π
4
1
A1 = . 4 ∫ 16 cos 2θ dθ
2 0
π
4
1
= 32 sen 2θ
2 0
= 16 u. a
51. r = 3 sen 2θ
712
y
2.5
2
π /4
1.5
0.5
x
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
π
4
1
∫ 9 sen
2
A = 8. 2θ dθ
2 0
π
1 1 4
= 36 . θ − sen 4θ
2 8 0
9π
= u. a.
2
52. r = 3 − 2 cos θ
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1
-1
-2
-3
-4
713
π
1
s = 2 . ∫ (3 − 2 cos θ) dθ
2
20
π π
y
5
1
x
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
π
1
∫ 16(1 + cos θ) dθ
2
A= 2.
20
π
(
= 16 ∫ 1 + 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ dθ )
0
π
1 1
= 16 θ + 2 sen θ + θ + sen 2θ
2 4 0
= 24π u. a.
.
714
y
5
1
x
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
π
1
∫ 16(1 − cos θ) dθ
2
A= 2.
20
π
(
= ∫ 16 1 − 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ dθ)
0
π
1 1
= 16 θ − 2 sen θ + θ + sen 2θ
2 4 0
= 24π u. a.
.
y
8
1
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
715
π
1 2
A = 2 . ∫ 16(1 + sen θ ) dθ
2
2 −π
2
π
2
= 24π u. a.
y
1
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
π
1 2
A = 2 . ∫ 16(1 − sen θ ) dθ
2
2 −π
2
= 24π u. a.
716
y
3 π /4
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
2a cos θ = 2a sen θ
cos θ = sen θ
π
θ=
4
π
2
1
∫π 4a
2
A= 2. cos 2 θ dθ
2
4
a (π − 2 )
2
= u. a
2
π /3
3
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-2
-3
717
6 cos θ = 2 + 2 cos θ
4 cos θ = 2
1 π
cos θ = ⇒ θ=
2 3
π
3
1
∫ 36 cos
2
A1 = 2 . θ dθ
2 0
π
3
∫ 36 cos
2
= θ dθ
0
π
1 1 3
= 36 θ + sen 2θ
2 4 0
π 3 9 3
= 18 . +9. = 6π +
3 2 2
π
1 3
A2 = 2. ∫ 4(1 + cos θ) dθ
2
2 0
π
3
(
= ∫ 4 1 + 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ dθ )
0
π
1 3
= 4 θ + 2 senθ + sen 2θ
2 0
4π 2π 3
= +4 3+ +
3 3 2
A = A1 − A2
9 3 4π 2π 3
= 6π + − +4 3+ +
2 3 3 2
= 4π u. a.
718
y
5
1
x
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
π
2
= 32 − 4πu.a
60. Encontrar a área da região do 1° quadrante delimitada pelo primeiro laço da espiral
π π
r = 2θ , θ ≥ 0 e pelas retas θ = eθ=
4 3
y
x
-2 -1 1 2
-1
719
π
3
1
∫4θ
2
A= dθ
2 π
4
π
θ3 3
= 2.
3 π
4
3
37π
= u. a.
2592
61. Encontrar a área da região delimitada pelo laço interno da limaçon r = 1 + 2 sen θ .
3π
2
1
∫ (1 + 2 sen θ )
2
A= 2. dθ
2 7 π
6
3π
2
∫ (1 + 4 sen θ + 4 sen θ ) dθ
2
=
7 π
6
3π
1 1 2
= θ − 4 cos θ + 4 θ − sen 2θ
2 4 7π
6
3 3
=π− u. a.
2
720
10 cos θ = 6
3 3
cos θ = ∴ θ = arc cos
5 5
3
arccos
1 5 6
2
∫ ( )2
A = 2. 10 − dθ
2 0 cos θ
3
arccos
= (100θ − 36tgθ ) 0 5
3
100 arccos − 48u.a.
5
a) 2r = 3 e r = 3 sen θ
721
3
= 3 sen θ
2
1 π
sen θ = ⇒ θ =
2 6
π
6
1
∫ 9 sen θ
2
A1 = dθ
2 0
π
1 1 1 6
= . 9 θ − sen 2θ
2 2 4 0
9 1 π 1 3 9π 9 3
= . − .
2 2 6 4 2 = 24 − 16
π
2
1 9π
A2 =
2 ∫π 9 4 dθ = 24
6
3π 9 3
A = 2 ( A1 + A2 ) = − u. a.
2 8
b) 2r = 3 e r = 1 + cos θ
3
1 + cos θ =
2
1
cos θ = ∴ θ =π
2 3
722
π
3
1 3π
A1 = 2 .
2 ∫ 9 4 dθ =
0
4
π
1
∫π (1 + cos θ )
2
A2 = 2 . dθ
2
3
24π − 27 3
=
24
14π − 9 3
A = A1 + A2 = u. a.
8
723