TRIGONOMETRY LAWS AND IDENTITIES

TANGENT IDENTITIES RECIPROCAL IDENTITIES PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES PERIODIC IDENTITIES

1 1 sin(𝜃 + 2𝜋𝑛) = sin 𝜃
csc 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 csc 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
tan 𝜃 = cos(𝜃 + 2𝜋𝑛) = cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃 1 1
sec 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sec 𝜃 tan(𝜃 + 𝜋𝑛) = tan 𝜃
cot 𝜃 = cot 2 𝜃 + 1 = csc 2 𝜃
sin 𝜃 1 1
cot 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 = csc(𝜃 + 2𝜋𝑛) = csc 𝜃
tan 𝜃 cot 𝜃

sec(𝜃 + 2𝜋𝑛) = sec 𝜃

EVEN/ODD IDENTITIES DOUBLE ANGLE IDENTITIES HALF ANGLE IDENTITIES

sin(−𝜃) = − sin(𝜃) sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cot(𝜃 + 𝜋𝑛) = cot 𝜃

𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃
sin � � = ±�
2 2
cos(−𝜃) = cos(𝜃) cos(2θ) = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 LAW OF COSINES

tan(−𝜃) = −tan(𝜃) = 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1 𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝛼

cos � � = ±�
2 2
csc(−𝜃) = −csc(𝜃) = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝛽
sec(−𝜃) = sec(𝜃) 2 tan 𝜃 𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃
tan(2𝜃) = tan � � = ±�
1 − tan2 𝜃 2 1 + cos 𝜃 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝛾
cot(−𝜃) = −cot(𝜃)

PRODUCT TO SUM IDENTITIES SUM TO PRODUCT IDENTITIES LAW OF SINES IDENTITIES

1 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽 sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 sin 𝛾
sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 = [cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) − cos(𝛼 + 𝛽)] sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛽 = 2 sin � � cos � � = =
2 2 2 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
1 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 = [cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) + cos(𝛼 + 𝛽)] sin 𝛼 − sin 𝛽 = 2 cos � � sin � �
2 2 2 MOLLWEIDE'S FORMULA

1 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 = [sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) + sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)] cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛽 = 2 cos � � cos � � 1
2 2 2 𝑎 + 𝑏 cos �2 (𝛼 − 𝛽)�
=
𝑐 1
1 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽 sin � 𝛾�
cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 = [sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) − sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)] 2
2 cos 𝛼 − cos 𝛽 = −2 sin � � sin � �
2 2

SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES CONFUNCTION IDENTITIES LAW OF TANGENTS

𝜋 𝜋 1
sin(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 ± cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 sin � − 𝜃� = cos 𝜃
2
csc � − 𝜃� = sec 𝜃
2 𝑎 − 𝑏 tan �2 (𝛼 − 𝛽)�
=
𝑎 + 𝑏 tan �1 (𝛼 + 𝛽)�
cos(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 ∓ sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 𝜋 𝜋 2
cos � − 𝜃� = sin 𝜃 sec � − 𝜃� = csc 𝜃
2 2
tan 𝛼 ± tan 𝛽 1
𝜋 𝜋 𝑏 − 𝑐 tan �2 (𝛽 − 𝛾)�
tan(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = tan � − 𝜃� = cot 𝜃 cot � − 𝜃� = tan 𝜃 =
1 ∓ tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽 2 2 𝑏 + 𝑐 tan �1 (𝛽 + 𝛾)�
2

1
𝑎 − 𝑐 tan �2 (𝛼 − 𝛾)�
=
𝑎 + 𝑐 tan �1 (𝛼 + 𝛾)�
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