STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY (GRADE 11)

REVIEW OF THE LESSON FROM GRADE 10 (PROBABILITY)

Answer the following problem

1. One card is drawn from standard deck of cards. What is the probability that it is a face
cards?

2. A pair of dice is rolled. What is the probability of getting doubles?

3. There are 10 girls and 8 boys in a senior high school class. A committee of 4 students is
being chosen at random to decide the theme for the school intramurals. What is the
probability that the committee will have 3 girls and a boy?

4. A pouch contains 8 red, 9 blue, and 5 yellow marbles. Three marble are selected in

5. Succession. What is the probability of selecting a red, then a blue, then a yellow marble, if
replacement occurs each time?

6. A pouch contains 8 red, 9 blue, and 5 yellow marbles. Three marble are selected in
succession. What is the probability of selecting a red, then a blue, then a yellow marble, if
replacement will not occurs each time?

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 7. If a card is selected at random from a standard deck of 52 cards. What is the probability that
it is a red card or a face card?

What Is a Random Variable?

A random variable is a variable whose value is unknown or a function that assigns values to
each of an experiment's outcomes. Random variables are often designated by letters and can
be classified as discrete, which are variables that have specific values, or continuous, which are
variables that can have any values within a continuous range.

Each probability P(x) must be between 0 and 1: 0≤P(x)≤1.

The sum of all the probabilities is 1: ΣP(x)=1.

Bonus problem

Consider the event of tossing 3 coins and the variable x gives the number of heads that appear.

Number of heads (X)

Probability p(X)

Answer the problem below

A fair coin is tossed twice. Let X be the number of heads that are observed.

1. Construct the probability distribution of X.

2. Find the probability that at least one head is observed.

3. Find the probability that at most 2 heads is observed.

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Probability distribution is also known as probability mass function, is a table that gives a list of
probability values along with their associated value in the range of a discrete random variable.

Answer the problems below.

1. A coin is tossed 4 times and let the random variable X give the number of tails.
Determine the following:
a. P(X = 3)

b. P(X = 1)

c. P(X = 2)
d. P(X = 0)

e. Range space

2. A poker hand is a hand-made of five cards chosen from a standard deck of cards.
Supposed a random variable J gives the number of hearts in the hand. Determine the
following:
a. P(J = 0)=

b. P(J = 1)=

c. P(J = 2)=

d. P(J = 3)=

e. P(J = 4)=

f. P(J = 5)=

g. Construct the probability mass function

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Mean and Variance of Random Variables
Mean
The mean of a discrete random variable X is a weighted average of the possible values that the random
variable can take. Unlike the sample mean of a group of observations, which gives each observation
equal weight, the mean of a random variable weights each outcome xi according to its probability, pi.

The common symbol for the mean (also known as the expected value of X) is , formally defined by

The mean of a random variable provides the long-run average of the variable, or the expected
average outcome over many observations.

Variance
The variance of a discrete random variable X measures the spread, or variability, of the distribution, and
is defined by

The standard deviation is the square root of the variance.

Example: what is the mean and variance from the table above of example number 1?

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Application of discrete random variables: EXPECTED VALUE

Expected value – supposed that a random variable i number of possible values x1, x2, x3,…xi

And the corresponding probability of each value is given by p(xi), then the expected value of X denoted
as E(X), is equal to the mean value of the probability distribution. Thus

E(X) = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 p(xi)

Bonus problem

A card is drawn at random from a deck of cards numbered 1 through 5. A player wins 100 pesos if the
number on the card is even and losses 100 pesos if the number on the card is odd. What is the expected
value of his winning?

X
P(X)

Answer the problem below.

1. Data for the number of chocolate ice cream servings sold in a day is shown below.
What is the expected value of this discrete random variable?