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Seminar Report
On
“AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING”
SUBMITTED
BY
It is with great enthusiasm and learning spirit that I bring out this seminar report. I
also feel that it’s the right opportunity to acknowledge the support and guidance that came
in for various quarters during the course of completion of my seminar. I express my
gratitude to Head of Department (E.C.) for rendering me all facilities and guiding me right
through the end for the successful completion of the work.
Audio spot lighting is a very recent technology that creates focused beams of sound similar to
light beams coming out of a flashlight. By ‘shining’ sound to one location, specific
listeners can be targeted with sound without others nearby hearing it. It uses a non-linear
acoustics for its working. But it is real and is better than any conventional loud speaker.
This acoustic device comprises a speaker that fires inaudible ultrasound pulses with very
small wavelength which act in a manner very similar to that of a narrow column. The ultrasound
beam acts as an airborne speaker. Holosonic Research Labs invented the AudioSpotlight
that is made of a sound processor, an amplifier and the transducer. This use ultrasound
based solutions to beam sound into a focused beam. Audio spotlight can be either directed at
a particular listener or to a point where it is reflected. The targeted or directed audio
technology is going to a attain a huge commercial market in entertainment and consumer
electronics and technology. Being the most recent and dramatic change in the way we perceive
sound, audio spot light technology can do many miracles in various fields like, Home theatre
audio system, Navy and military applications, museum displays etc.Thus audio spotlighting
helps us to control where sound comes from and where it goes.
PAGE INDEX
TOPIC PAGE NO
ACKNOWLEDEMENT
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THEORY
3. TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
3.1 HISTORY
TECHNOLOGY
4. RANGE OF HEARING
5. WORKING
14. ADVANTAGES
15. DISADVANTAGES
16. APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FIGURE INDEX
FIGURE PAGE
NO
2. CONVENTIONAL SPEAKERS
3. AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING
4. RANGE OF HEARING
6. DIRECTIVITY
7. BEAM DISPERTION
9. PARAMETRIC LOUDSPEAKER
In order to focus sound into a narrow beam,you need to maintain low beam angle and hence,
more focused sound.The beam angle is also depeds on apeature size of speaker.A large
loudspeaker will focus the sound over a smaller area.If the source loud speaker can be made
several times bigger than the wavelength of the sound transmitted then a finely focused beam can
be created. The problem here is that this is not a very pratical solution,thus the low beam angle
can be achieved only by making the wavelength smaller and this can be achieved by making use
of ultrasonic sound.
In an audio spotlighting sound system there are no voice coils,cones or enclosures.The result is
Sound with a potential purity and fidelity we attined never before.Sound quality is no longer tied
to speaker size.This sound system holds the promise of replacing conventional speaker in
home,movie theaters and automobile-everywhere.
FIG 2: CONVENTIONAL SPEAKERS
Using this technology it is possible to design a perfect transducer which can be work over a with
range of frequency which is audible to human hear.
While the frequency modulated signal travels through the air,the nonlinearity property of air
comes into action which slightly changes the sound wave.If there is a change in a sound
wave,new sounds are formed with in wave.Therefore if we know how the air affects the sound
waves,we can predict exactly what new frequency will be added into the sound wave by the air
itself.The new sound signal generated within the ultrasonic sound wave will be corresponding to
the original information signal with a frequency in the range of 20-20KHz will be produced
within the ultrasonic sound wave.Since we can not hera the ultrasonic sound wave we only here
the new sound s that are formed by non-linear action of the air.Thus in an audio spotlighting
there are no actual speakers that produce the sound but the ultrasonic envelope acts as the
airborne speaker.
FIG:6 DIRECTIVITY
The new sound produced virtually has no distortion of sound is freed from bulky enclosers.There
are no woofers or crossovers.This technology is similar in that you can direct the ultrasonic
emitter towarda a hard surface, a wall for instance and the listener perceives the sound as coming
from the spot on the wall.The listener does not perceive the sound as emanating from face of the
transducer,but only from the reflection from the wall.For the maximum volumn that trade show
use demands,it is recommended that the audio spotlight speaker,more accurately called a
transducer,is mounting no more than 3 meters from the avg. listeners ears,or 5 meter in the
air.The mounting hardware is constructed with a ball joint so that the audio spotlighting are easly
aimed wherever the sound is desired.
The audible portion of sound tends to spread out in all directions from the point
of origin. The beam angle of audible sound is very wide, just about 360 degrees. This means
the sound that you hear will be propagated through air equally, in all directions, which is why
you don’t need to be right in front of a radio to hear the music.
7. ULTRASOUND IN AIR
Researchers discovered that if short pulses of ultrasound were fired into water,
the pulses were spontaneously converted into low frequency sound. Dr. Orhan Berktay
established that water distorts ultrasound signals in a nonlinear, but predictable
mathematical way. It was later found that similar phenomenon happens in air also. When
inaudible ultrasonic sound pulses are fired into the air, the air spontaneously converted the
inaudible ultrasound into audible sound tones, hence proving that as with water, sound
propagation in air is just as non-linear, but can be calculated mathematically. As the beam
moves through the air gradual distortion takes place giving rise to audible component that
can be accurately predicted and precisely controlled.
The problem with firing off ultrasound pulses, and having them interfere to
produce audible tones is that the audible component created are nowhere similar to the
complex signals in speech and music which contains multiple varying frequency signals,
which interfere to produce sound and distortion.
7.1BERKTAY’S EQUATION
In 1965, Dr. H.O. Berktay published the first accurate and more complete theory of
distortion of ultrasound signal in air. He uses the concept of modulation envelope. The air
demodulates the modulated signal and the demodulated signal depends on the envelope
function. Berktay assumes the primary wave has the form
Where we is the carrier frequency and E (t) is the envelope function which in
this case is the speech or music signal
This is called berktay’s far field solution. The berktay’s solution states that the
demodulated signal is proportional to the second time derivative of the envelope squared.
This is the fundamental expression for the output resulting from the distortion due to air.
8. HYPERSONIC SOUND TECHNOLOGY
The ultrasound signal is used as a carrier wave and the audible speech and
music signal are superimposed on it to create a hybrid wave similar to the amplitude
modulation. The resultant hybrid wave is then broadcast. As this wave moves through the air,
it creates complex distortions that give rise to two new frequency sets,
(i) One slightly higher than the hybrid wave. This sideband is identical the original sound
wave
(ii) Slightly lower, than the hybrid wave. This sideband component is a badly distorted
component.
These two sidebands interfere with the hybrid wave and produce the two signal
components - the normal and the distorted components. But the problem that arises is that the
volume of the original sound wave is proportional to that of the ultrasound, while the volume
of the signal’s distorted component is exponential. So, a slight increase in the volume drowns
out the original sound wave as the distorted signal becomes predominant.
In other words distort it before the distortion by air takes place. When this
wave is passed through air and what you get is the original sound wave component. But this
time
(a) The volume of the original sound wave component is exponentially related to
the volume of the ultrasound beam
(b) The distorted component volume now varies directly as the ultrasound
You could also bounce the beam off a reflecting surface, so that people in the path of the audio
reflection can hear the sound. This is known as projected audio. In short, unlike ordinary
speakers, you will hear the sound only if you disrupt the sound beam, whether you stand in “its
path or in the path of a reflection from an acoustic mirroring surface. If you step away from the
path of the sound, you will hear nothing. The sound’s source is not the physical device you see,
but the invisible ultrasound beam that generates it.
9. Alternative technology:
There is another alternative approach to creating targeted audio, other
than the ultrasound modulation technique. One is the parabolic dish approach that essentially
uses antennae .to focus and direct sound. Here a relatively omni-directional loudspeaker is
placed at the focal point of a parabolic dish pointing towards it. When the loudspeaker
generates the sound signal, it acts as a point source, emitting waves that reflect off the
parabolic dish that is pointed towards a particular direction. This is very much in use, but the
size of the parabolic dish required to accommodate the longer wavelengths of lower
frequencies is too large.
• Is able to minimize distortion by creating output that matched the ideal modulation
envelope while simultaneously
• Allows the lowest possible ultrasound operating frequency for greater output
Preprocessing:
There should be necessary preprocessing for reducing the distortion due to air.
Referring back the Berktay’s equation it can be seen that the demodulation due to the
medium gives an output that is the two-time derivative of the envelope square. Therefore the
necessary preprocessing required are
1. Double integration and
2. Square rooting
The Berktay’s solution says that the audio signal will be proportional to the
envelope. Not the spectrum. Therefore there is considerable freedom in choosing the
modulation scheme. The two modulation schemes used are
Square rooting the audio before the modulation gives the proper envelope for a DSB
system.
It can be seen that both the schemes result in a waveform that has the same
envelope.
2. To have a certain dispersion pattern which In order to make this technology work,
ultrasonic energy must be emitted into the air. Electrical signals are converted into these
acoustic signals by means of an ultrasonic transducer. Acoustic transducers or emitters
can be designed Is sharp.
What is practically possible is a usable bandwidth of 20 KHz for use with SSB
modulation giving 20 KHz of audio bandwidth, a resonant peak where the carrier will be
placed, and a falling output level with frequency to provide a measure of self-equalization in
the system. The frequency response of a transducer designed for 500Hz to 20 KHz flat audio
response is much more realistic, because the overall performance will be much better. These
will be output below 500Hz just not at the same level as the rest of the bandwidth.
Collimated beam is a must. In a point source the wave fronts are expanding
spherically around the source, so the intensity falls as the surface area of the sphere grows.
With a plane wave source where the radiating surface area of the diameter is much greater
than the wavelength being emitted, the wave front do not spread appreciably and a collimated
beam results. The only losses in intensity occur due to molecular friction. The attenuation is
gradual over distance. The attenuation grows with increasing frequency so lower operating
frequencies are desirable for minimizing losses.
2. Electrostatic
3. Piezoelectric film
In the thin film transducers the piezo film generates the greatest ultrasonic
output per unit area while providing easily scalable singular structures of any diameter
desired for a given application. Piezoelectric Film Transducer
The most active piezo film is Polyvinyl dine diflouride or PVDF for short. In
order to be useful for ultrasonic transduction, the film must be polarized or activated. The
film needs to have a conductive electrode material applied to both sides in order to achieve a
uniform electric field through it.
The piezoelectric films operate as transducers through the expansion and
contraction of the x or y axes of the film surface. For use as an emitter, the film will not
create effective motion in the z direction unless it is curved or distended so that the expansion
and contractions can be converted into z axes movement and create displacement generating
acoustic output.
1.Power supply
2.Frequncy oscillator
3.Modulator
4. Audio signal processor
5. Microcontroller
6. Ultrasonic amplifier
7. Transducer
3. Modulator: In order to convert the source signal material into ultrasonic signal a
modulation scheme is required which is achieved through a modulator. In addition, error
correction is needed to reduce distortion without loss of efficiency. By using a DSB
modulator the modulation index can be reduced to decrease distortion.
4. Audio signal processor: The audio signal is sent to electronic signal processor
circuit where equalization and distortion control are performed in order to produce a
good quality sound signal.
7.2Projected or virtual mode:This mode requires an unbroken line of approach from the
emitter of audio spotlighting system,so the emitter is pointed at the spot where the is to be
heard.For this mode of operation the sound beam from emitter is made to reflect from a
reflecting surface such a wall surface or a diffuser. A virtual sound source creates an illution of
sound source that emanates from a surface or direction where no physical loudspeaker is present.
14.ADVANTAGES:
1. Can focus sound only at the place you want.
2. Ultrasonic emitter device are thin and flat and do not require a mounting cabinet.
3. The focused or directed sound travels much faster in a straight line than conventional
loudspeaker.
4. Dispersion can be controlled very narrow or wider to cover more listening area.
5. Can reduce or eliminate the feedback from microphone.
6. Highly cost effective as the maintenance required is less as compared to conventional
loud speakers and have longer life span.
7. Requires only same power as required for regular speakers.
8. There is no lag in reproducing the sound.
• Single sideband envelope is equal to square rooted envelope for a single tone.
16. APPLICATIONS:
3.Safety officials: Portable audio spotlighting device for communication with a specific
person in a crowd of people.
5.Emergency rescue: Rescue can communicate with endangerd people far from reach.
6.Entertainment system: in home theatre system tear speaker can be eliminated by the
implementation of audio spotlighting and the properties of sound can be improved.
7.Museums:In museums audio spotlighting can be used to describe about a particular
object to a person standing in front it ,so that the order person standing in front of another
object will not be able to here the description.
9.Audio/video conferencing:
Project the audio from a conference in four different language,forma single central device
without the need for headphone.
10.Sound bullets:Jack the level 50 times the human threshold of pain and an offshoot of
audio spotlighting sound technology become a nonlethal weapon.
17. FUTURE OF AUDIO SPOTLIGHTING:
Even the best loudspeaker are subject to distortion and their omni
directional sound is annoying to the people in the vicinity who do not wish to
listen.Audio spotlighting system holds the promise of replacing conventional
speakers.It allows the user to control the direction of propagation with sound.
Audio spotlighting really “put sound where you want it”.
CONCLUSION:
Audio spotlighting is really going to make a revolution in
sound transmission and the user can decide the path in which audio
signal propagate. Due to the unidirectional propagation it finds
application in large number of fields. Audio spotlighting system is
going to shape the future of sound and will serve our ears with magical
experience.
REFERENCE