SH1727

Fundamentals of Electricity

I. Definition of Terms
a. Charge – fundamental physical quantity responsible for electrical phenomena
- unit is Coulomb (C)
i. Positive charge (proton) = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶
ii. Negative Charge (electron) = −1.6 × 10−19 𝐶
> Ways of charging:
a. Rubbing
b. Conduction
c. Induction
b. Net Charge – sum of all positive and negative charges in the object
c. Triboelectric Series – list of materials which have a greater tendency to become
positive (+), and which have a greater tendency to become negative ( - ), which helps
determine which material combinations create the most static electricity.
d. Law of Conservation of Charge – if a system starts with equal charge distributions, the
system will be in a state of equilibrium, unless a charge is added or removed from the
system (Benjamin Franklin)
e. Coulomb’s Law – Electric force is determined by the product of two (2) charge values
multiplied to a proportionality constant, and divided by the square of the distance
between the charges
f. Electric Field – field existing in a region around a charged particle
g. Gauss’ Law – relation between the electric field at all points on a closed surface and
the total charge enclosed within the surface
i. Gaussian Surface – a hypothetical surface immersed in electric field that may
or may not enclose a charge
h. Electric Flux – strength of an electric field over an area in a field region
II. FORMULAE
Quantization of Charge
𝑞 = 𝑛𝑐
Where 𝑛 = amount of charges present
𝑐 = charged particle present
Electric Force
𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘 2
𝑟
Where 𝑞 = charge
𝑘 = 9 × 109 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2 /𝐶 2
= Coulomb’s Constant
1
=
4𝜋𝜀0
𝑟 = radius between charged particles

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 SH1727

Electric Field
𝑞
𝐸=𝑘
𝑟2
Electric Flux
Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃
Where 𝐴 = area of the region
𝜃 = angle of the surface
Gauss’ Law (general)
Σ𝑞𝑒𝑛𝑐
Φ=
𝜀0
Where Σ𝑞𝑒𝑛𝑐 =total enclosed charge
𝜀0 = 8.85 × 10−12 𝐹/𝑚
= vacuum permittivity or electric constant
Gauss’ Law (spherical shell)
𝑞
Φ=
𝜀0
> No electric field present inside the shell
Gauss’ Law (solid sphere)
> Outside surface, use spherical shell equation
> Inside the sphere,
𝑞𝑟 3
Φ=
𝜀0 𝑅3
Where 𝑟 = minor internal radius of the sphere
𝑅 = major internal radius of the sphere

References:
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