Moneda, Jhustine Shane

BSN 102

HOMEWORK:
1. What is the structure and functional unit of the kidney?

The nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, is responsible for removing waste from the body.
Each kidney is composed of over one million nephrons that dot the renal cortex, giving it a
granular appearance when sectioned sagittally (from front to rear). Each consists of an outer
renal cortex and an inner renal medulla. Nephrons flow between these sections. These are the
urine-producing structures of the kidneys. Blood enters the kidneys through the renal arteries
and leaves through the renal veins.

2. What is the function of glomerulus? How does a decrease in blood pressure affect glomerular
pressure?

In the kidney, a tiny ball-shaped structure composed of capillary blood vessels actively involved
in the filtration of the blood to form urine. The glomerulus is one of the key structures that
make up the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. This is because the blood travelling at
the afferent arteriole will have a lower blood pressure.If the blood pressure is low at the
afferent arteriole then the hydrostatic pressure pushing the fluid through the glomerulus will be
low. Less fluid will be filtered thru due to the low blood pressure.

3. Make a diagram of longitudinal section of a kidney. Identify and label the cortex, medulla,
medullary pyramids, renal column and pelvis.

4. Why is urinalysis a routine part of any good physical examination?

A urinalysis is used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract
infections, kidney disease and diabetes. A urinalysis involves checking the appearance, concentration
and content of urine. Abnormal urinalysis results may point to a disease or illness.
5. Define micturition

Micturition or urination is the process of expelling urine from the bladder. The kidneys filter the
urine and it is transported to the urinary bladder via the ureters where it is stored till its
expulsion. The process of micturition is regulated by the nervous system and the muscles of the
bladder and urethra.

6. Define incontinence

Urinary incontinence — the loss of bladder control — is a common and often embarrassing
problem. The severity ranges from occasionally leaking urine when you cough or sneeze to
having an urge to urinate that's so sudden and strong you don't get to a toilet in time. Though it
occurs more often as people get older, urinary incontinence isn't an inevitable consequence of
aging. If urinary incontinence affects your daily activities, don't hesitate to see your doctor. For
most people, simple lifestyle changes or medical treatment can ease discomfort or stop urinary
incontinence.

7. . Why is Cystitis more common in female

Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder. Inflammation is where part of your body becomes
irritated, red, or swollen. In most cases, the cause of cystitis is a urinary tract infection (UTI). A
UTI happens when bacteria enter the bladder or urethra and begin to multiply. UTIs typically
occur when bacteria outside the body enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to
multiply.But even sexually inactive girls and women are susceptible to lower urinary tract
infections because the female genital area often harbors bacteria that can cause cystitis.