Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
ENGINEERING
2008 Regulation
1
SYLLABUS
List of Experiments
shunt generators.
cumulative connection.
connections.
2
CONTENTS
S.
Name of the experiment Page No.
No.
3
INDEX
S. Staff
Date Name of the experiment Marks Remarks
No. Initial
4
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Model Graph:
5
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM:
To perform load test on the given D.C shunt motor and to obtain the
following performance characteristics.
3. Speed Vs Torque
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Voltmeter mc (0-300) V 1
2. Ammeter mc (0-20) A 1
4. Tachometer Analog - 1
FORMULAE TO BE USED:
1. S=S1 – S2 in Kg.
2. T=S*R*9.81 Nm
T=Torque in Nm.
6
Input Spring balance
Input Reading Outp
voltage Input
curre Speed Torque ut Efficien
S.N power
nt power cy
S1 – N T
S1 S2 Pin
Vin Iin S2 Pout
Model Calculation:
7
Iin =Input current in Amps.
N= Speed in rpm.
T=Torque in Nm.
PRECAUTIONS:
PROCEDURE:
4. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor so as to make the motor run at
rated speed.
7. For each load setting on brake drum, the input voltage input current,
spring balance readings are noted down and tabulated.
8. From the recorded value, calculate input power, output power and
Efficiency and Characteristics curves were drawn.
RESULT:
The load test on the given D.C shunt motor was conducted and its
performance characteristics were drawn.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
8
Load test on DC series motor
Ex.No: Date:
9
AIM:
To perform load test on the given D.C series motor and to obtain the
following performance characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Voltmeter mc (0-300) V 1
2. Ammeter mc (0-20) A 1
3. Tachometer Analog - 1
FORMULAE USED:
1. S=S1 – S2 in Kg.
S =spring balance (Weight in Kg)
2. T=S*R*9.81 Nm
T=Torque in Nm.
10
Spring balance
Input Input Input Output %
Reading Speed Torque
S. voltage current power power
Effficie
S1 – N T ncy
NO Vin Iin S1 S2 Pin Pout
S2
MODEL CALCULATION:
11
N= Speed in rpm.
T=Torque in Nm.
PRECAUTIONS:
PROCEDURE:
5. Pour some water to the brake drum and vary the load up to the rated
current and for each load setting on brake drum, the input voltage, input
current, spring balance readings are noted down and tabulated.
6. From the recorded value, calculate input power, output power and
efficiency and readings are noted down and tabulated.
7. After taking all the observation reduce the load up to 40% of the rated
current and switch off the MCB.
12
13
RESULT:
The load test on the given D.C series motor was conducted and its
performance characteristics were drawn.
14
15
Ex.No: Date:
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Voltmeter mc (0-300) V 1
mc (0-20) A 1
2. Ammeter mc (0-2) A 1
mc (0-10)A 1
variable 350/1.1A 1
3. Rheostat
variable 530/0.8A 1
4. Tachometer Analog - 1
6. DPSTS - - 1
7. SPSTS - - 1
FORMULAE TO BE USED:
1. Eg = V + Ia Ra in volts.
16
TABULATION:
Output voltage at no
Field current
S.NO. load
Amps volts
LOAD TEST:
17
2. Armature current Ia = IL in Amps.
Where,
Where,
Where,
Precautions:
PROCEDURE:
NO LOAD TEST:
18
To Find Ra:
TO FIND Ra:
Voltage Current
Ra=Va/Ia
S.NO (Va) (Ia)
19
LOAD TEST:
TO FIND Ra:
RESULT:
Thus the no load and load test on the given separately excited DC
shunt generator were conducted to plot the following characteristic curves,
20
OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF-EXCITED
SHUNT GENERATOR
CIRCUIT DIAGARM
21
Ex.No: Date:
AIM:
To conduct no load and load test on the given self excited DC shunt
generator to plot the following characteristic curves
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Voltmeter mc (0-300) V 1
mc (0-20) A 1
2. Ammeter mc (0-2) A 1
mc (0-10)A 1
variable 350/1.1A 1
3. Rheostat
variable 530/0.8A 1
4. Tachometer Analog - 1
Variable
5. variable 5 KW 1
rheostatic load
6. DPSTS - - 1
7. SPSTS - - 1
FORMULAE TO BE USED:
1. Eg = V + IaRa in volts.
22
TABULATION:
Output voltage at no
S.NO. Field current
load
Amps volts
LOAD TEST:
23
2. Armature current Ia = IL + Ish in Amps.
Where,
Where,
Where,
PRECAUTIONS:
PROCEDURE:
NO LOAD TEST:
24
To Find Ra:
TO FIND Ra:
Voltage Current
Ra=Va/Ia
S.NO (Va) (Ia)
25
LOAD TEST:
TO FIND Ra:
RESULT:
Thus the no load and load test on the given self excited DC shunt
generator were conducted to plot the following characteristic curves,
26
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:
27
Ex.No: Date:
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Voltmeter mc (0-300) V 1
2. Ammeter mc (0-2) A 1
3. Ammeter mc (0-5) A 1
350/1.1A 1
3. Rheostat variable
50/5A 1
4. Tachometer Analog - 1
PROCEDURE:
28
TABULATION:
29
Field control method:
RESULT:
Thus the speed of the given DC shunt motor was achieved by,
30
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Model Graph:
31
Ex. No: Date:
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 2
2. Ammeter (0-5) A MI 2
4. Transformer 1KVA/230V - 1
As
5. Connecting wires - -
required
FORMULAE TO BE USED:
Where,
Precautions:
32
TABULATION:
% %
Primary Primary Secondary Secondary Input Output
Effici Regulat
S. Voltage current Voltage current power power
ency ion
NO
Volts Amps Volts Amps Watts Watts % %
MODEL CALCULATION:
33
4. Now load is applied to the transformer in step by step, up to the rated
primary current and the corresponding readings are noted.
RESULT:
34
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
TABULATION:
Open circuit
No load current No load power
primary Voltage
S.NO. (I0) (W0)
(V0)
35
Ex.No: Date:
AIM:
(0-150)V 1
1. Voltmeter MI
(0-300)V 1
(0-2)A 1
2. Ammeter MI
(0-5)A 1
UPF 300v/5A 1
3. Wattmeter
LPF 75v/5A 1
Auto
4. - 2.7kva,10A,240V 1
transformer
Connecting
5. - - As required
wires
FORMULAE TO BE USED:
1. W0 = I0 V0 cos 0 watts.
36
Short circuit test on Single phase transformer
TABULATION:
37
2. Magnetizing current Im = I0 sin0
Efficiency:
Regulation:
38
TABULATION FOR PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY:
39
PRECAUTIONS:
PROCEDURE:
4. The ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted and tabulated.
1. To conduct the short circuit test, the HV winding must be shorted and
the rated current must be allowed to flow in the primary winding using
single- phase auto transformer.
2. By closing MCB, the supply is given to the transformer and the rated
current is applied to the primary winding.
40
TABULATION FOR PERCENTAGE REGULATION:
41
RESULT:
42
SWINBURNE’S TEST
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH:
43
Ex. No: Date:
SWINBURNE’S TEST
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Voltmeter MC (0-300) V 1
MC (0-2) A 1
2. Ammeter
MC (0-15) A 1
Wire
3. Rheostat 350Ώ/1.1A 1
wound
4. Tachometer Digital - 1
FORMULA TO BE USED:
FOR MOTOR:
44
TABULATION TO FIND OUT CONSTANT LOSS (Wco)
Output
Load Armature Armature Total Input Efficiency
power
current current loss loss power
Fraction η=
Wo=Wi-
S.NO of load IL= x*Ir Ia =IL+If Wcu=I Ra 2
a Wt Wi=VIL Wo/Wi
Wt
(x)
Amps Amps Amps Watts Watts Watts %
FOR GENERATOR:
45
Input Power, PO = VLIL (watts)
PROCEDURE:
RUNNING AS GENERATOR
46
Armature Resistance (Ra) = Rated current (Ir)=
PRECAUTIONS:
47
RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
48
MODEL GRAPH
AIM:
49
To conduct the load test on the given DC Compound motor and to
draw the following characteristics curves,
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Voltmeter mc (0-300) V 1
2. Ammeter mc (0-20) A 1
4. Tachometer Analog - 1
FORMULAE TO BE USED:
1. S=S1 – S2 in Kg.
2. T=S*R*9.81 Nm
T=Torque in Nm.
50
T
Vin Iin S1 S1 – Pin Pout
S2
S2
M0del Calculation:
51
4. Pout = (2ÕNT) /60 in watts.
N= Speed in rpm.
T=Torque in Nm.
PROCEDURE:
4. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor so as to make the motor run at
rated speed.
7. For each load setting on brake drum, the input voltage, input current,
9. From the recorded value, calculate input power, output power and
PRECAUTIONS:
52
RESULT:
The load test on the given D.C compound motor was conducted and
its performance characteristics were drawn.
53
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:
54
Ex. No: Date:
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Name of the
S.NO Type Range Quantity
apparatus
1. Ammeter mc (0-20A) 1
2. Voltmeter mc (0-300)V 1
5. Tachometer Digital - 1
Variable Resistive
6. - 5kw 1
Load
PRECAUTION:
4. The machine should be run at its rated speed throughout the experiment.
PROCEDURE:
2. The prime mover is started with the help of the three-point starter and it
is made to run at rated speed when the generator is disconnected from the
load by DPST switch.
TABULATION:
55
Differential compound Cumulative compound
56
4. The ammeter and voltmeter readings are tabulated at no load condition.
5. The ammeter and voltmeter readings are observed for different loads up to
the rated current by closing the DPST switch.
6. After tabulating all the readings, the load is brought in its initial position.
7. The prime mover is switched off using the DPST Switch after bringing all
the rheostat to initial position.
GRAPH:
RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Hopkinson’s Test
57
NAME PLATE DETAILS
Ex.No : Date:
HOPKINSON’S TEST
58
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULAE USED;
Where,
TABULATION:
59
Calculation of stray loss:
Where,
PROCEDURE:
61
Determination of Efficiency as a Generator:
5. Now the field excitation of the generator is varied and all the meter
readings are noted.
6. From the observed readings, the losses of each machine is calculated
and tabulated.
62
RESULT:
63
64
Ex. No: Date:
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 3
2. Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 2
4. SPST Switch - - 1
FORMULAE TO BE USED:
1. Star connection:
Line Current= Phase current
2. Delta Connection:
Line Current= Phase current * 3
3. Transformation Ratio K= V2 / V1
65
66
67
68
TABULATION:
Type of Transfor
Primary voltage Secondary voltage
connection matiom
S.No
Voltage Voltage ratio(K) =
Vph Vline Vph Vline
Primary Secondary ratio(V1) ratio(V2) V2/V1
Volts Volts Volts Volts
Vph/ Vline Vph/ Vline
MODEL CALCULATION:
69
PRECAUTION:
1. Three ideal single phase transformers should be used for this study
purpose if a single unit of three phase transformer is not available.
2. High voltage and low voltage sides of the transformer should be
properly used.
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
70
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
DC MACHINES
Types of DC machines
1. DC Generator
2. DC Motor
Types of AC machines
1. Transformers
2. Alternators
3. Synchronous motor
4. Induction motor
F= BIL Newton.
71
4. Mention the two types of armature winding. What is the number
of parallel Paths in each case?
Type of winding
lap winding
wave winding
No of parallel paths
ZNP
Generator emf, Eg = 60 A volts
P- is the no of poles
P = Ta 2 N watts 1.
The electrical energy is converted into mechanical power in the
armature
P= EbIa watts 2.
i) Resistance commutation
ii) EMF commutation
iii) Interpoles or compoles
i) separately excited
ii) self excited
73
13. Give the types of compound generators?
i) under compound
ii) flat compound
iii) Over compounded.
14. What are the characteristics of DC generator?
60 Eb A
N
Speed ZP volts.
Eb
N
Where Eb is back emf and ф is flux per pole.
Either the direction of the main field or the direction of current through
the armature conductors is to be reversed to reverse the direction of a dc
motor
74
19. Draw the Speed versus armature current curves for the dc shunt
and series motors?
V=250V, I L =20A
Ra=0.3, R sh =200
I L =Ia +Ish
V
Ish
R sh
250
1.25 A
200
Ia I L I sh 20 1.25 18.75 A
V Eb I a R a
Eb V I a R a 250 18.75 X 0.3 244.375V
75
23. Distinguish between shunt and series field coil constructions.
Shunt field coils are wound with wires of small cross section and have
more number of turns. Series field coils are wound with wires of larger cross
section and have less number of turns.
24. How does a d.c motor differ from d.c generator in construction?
N = (V-IaRa)/
27. How can one differentiate between long shunt compound generator
and short shunt compound generator?
76
28. Why is the emf not zero when the field current is reduced to zero
in a dc generator ?
1. Separately excited
2. Self excited
Self excited generator are further classified as
1. dc shunt generator
2. dc series generator
3. dc compound generator
33. What are the necessary conditions for the generator to be self
excited?
77
34. Why a dc series motor should always be started with load?
(N ά 1/ Ф). But when a load current falls and hence Ia falls to a small value.
Speed becomes dangerously high. Hence a series motor should never be
without some mechanical load on it.
Merits:
Demerits:
1. In this motor, the iron losses are assumed to be constant, which is not
true case as they change from no load to full load.
2. Due to armature reaction at full load there will be distribution in flux
which increase the iron loss.
78
TRANSFORMERS
i) It has no loss
iii) Leakage flux is zero i.e 100% flux produced by primary links with
the secondary
E2 N2
= =K
E1 N1
79
6. Define leakage flux.
The entire flux produced by the primary of the transformer does not
link with the secondary winding. A part of the primary flux as well as
secondary flux complete the path through air and links with the respective
flux only. Such a flux is called leakage flux.
For any load condition from no load to full load the flux in the core is
practically constant, because the load component current always neutralizes
the changes in the load. Hence core loss is also constant for all loads and
the transformer is called constant flux machine.
E 2 V2
% voltage regulation= 100
E2
80
12. What is meant by hysteresis losses?
The induced emf in the core set up,eddy currents in the core and
hence the power loss due to the flow of this eddy current is known as eddy
current loss
14. What are the methods to reduce the iron losses in a transformer?
The iron losses are minimized by using high grade core material like
silicon steel having very low hysteresis loop and by manufacturing the core
in the form of laminations.
The copper losses are the power wasted in the form of I2R due to the
ohmic resistances of the primary and secondary windings. The copper loss
is found from the short circuit test.
All day efficiency is the ratio energy (in kwh) delivered in a 24 hours
period to the energy (in kwh) input for the same length of time.
output.in.kwh
All day efficiency = (for 24 hrs)
input.in.kwh
81
18. Why the OC and SC tests are to be performed in transformer?
23. What are the two main components of primary current (I o)?
82