Health Promotion-HS 490 Need Assessment Assignment- 100

Purpose and Scope of the Assessment

Sexual Violence includes any unwanted sexual activity, from unwanted touching to rape. Sexual assault on
college campuses is a common problem that often goes unreported. Sexual assault has become imbued in
campus culture. Although colleges and universities have combated this culture in many ways, what has resulted
is a sexual assault survivors’ culture dominated by women. Issues of male sexual assault have not been
addressed fully. Preventing sexual violence of all types requires a shift in culture and climate. Primary
prevention, preventing violence before it occurs, is difficult work and change takes time. Culture change doesn’t
happen overnight, but culture change does happen.

Step 2- Quality of Life and Social Assessment

The population of Moscow is estimated to be 26,485 people with +2.4% of population change since 2010. The
median age of our community is 26 years old, this is younger than the U.S. Median age of 37.7 years. For an age
distribution chart see appendix A.

Within the community of Moscow 88.7% of residents are White Non-Hispanic, 6.12% Other Non-Hispanic, and
4.40% Hispanic. Moscow has a higher percentage (98.2%) of people in their community to have graduated High
School compared to the U.S. benchmark of 87.0%.

34% of people in our community are low income while the U.S benchmark is 24.5% (Percent of population living
below 150% federal poverty level). See Appendix A regarding chart of Socioeconomic Status that reveal
indicators comprising The Area Deprivation Index.

8.6% of Moscow’s Population have no insurance compared to the National U.S Benchmark of 11.7%.
 Epidemiological Data from National College Health Assessment University of Idaho 2017 (NCHA)

Data Indicator Male % Female % Unknown%

Health insurance

College/University sponsored 23% 17%

Parents plan 64% 73%
Another Plan 12% 9%
Don’t have health insurance 44% 1%

Campus Safety (Daytime) 0%

Not safe at all 0% 0%
0%
Somewhat unsafe 1% 0%
67%
Somewhat safe 6% 9%
33%
Very Safe 94% 91%

Campus Safety (Nighttime)

Not safe at all 1% 1% 0%
Somewhat unsafe 3% 17% 67%
Somewhat safe 31% 57% 0%
Very Safe 66% 24% 33%

Appendix A
Academic Performance: affected by
sexual assault

Within the last 12 months, Students

involved in intimate relationships

No 70% 66% N/A

Yes 30% 34%

Step 3-Epidemiological Assessment

Children born today in our community can expect to live for 81 years which is better compared to the nation.
Life expectancy for children born in Idaho can expect to live 79.5 years. The national average for life expectancy
is 79.1 years. To see Life Expectancy Trends from 1980 to 2014 compared at community, Idaho, and National
Level, see appendix B.

According to the US Census Bureau people with a disability in Latah County, under the age of 65 years, is 9.5%
(2013)

Community Commons Report, The Leading Causes of Death in our Moscow community.

Age-adjusted mortality rates in 20014 (IHME 2016)

Moscow, Idaho Greater or lower than U.S.
Benchmark
Cardiovascular Disease 213.06 Lower

Cancer and other Tumors 162.65 Lower

Neurological Disorders 96.4 Higher

Diabetes & other Diseases 42 Lower

Self-Harm/ Violence 16.99 Lower

Unintentional Injuries 23.15 Greater

Mental Health & Substance 8.73 Lower

Abuse
Deaths Per 100K People

With the data that has been researched, Moscow’s Epidemiological health levels are for the most part higher
than National Levels. Residents who are born in Latah county can expect to have a higher life expectancy than
compared to the state and national level. Latah County has lower mortality rates compared at the National
Level except for unintentional injuries. Moscow’s Mortality Rate for Unintentional Injuries is greater than the US
Benchmark.
Step 4- Health Behavior Data

ULLMAN, S. E., KARABATSOS, G., & KOSS, M. P. (1999). Alcohol and Sexual Assault in a National Sample of
College Women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(6), 603–625.

Alcohol is involved in one third to two thirds of rapes (Abbey,1991; Pernanen,1991). Researchers have suggested
that attention is needed on the role that Pre-assault alcohol use (e.g. drinking prior to attack) may play a part in
increasing the risk of sexual victimization and more severe sexual assault outcomes (e.g. Completed Rape).
Alcohol and substance abuse increase the risk of sexual violence to occur. These factors can be preventative (e.g.
Alcohol 101) with workshops and programming’s that allow students to learn the possible consequences and
alter their habits to practice safe drinking and use. Because pre-assault alcohol use has been shown to be more
strongly related to violence (Colins & Schlenger, 1988) than lifetime alcohol consumption.

American College Health Association- National College Health Assessment Institutional Data Report:
University of Idaho 2017

Within the last 12 months, have you experienced any of the following when drinking alcohol:
Someone had sex with me without my consent?
Male Female Unknown
Don’t Drink 27% 19% 33%

No 72% 77% 67%

Yes 1% 4% 0%

Within the last 12 months, have you experienced any of the following when drinking alcohol:
Someone had sex with me without their consent?
Male Female Unknown
Don’t Drink 27% 19% 33%

No 73% 80% 67%

Yes 0% 1% 0%

Literature and Data have shown that alcohol and substance abuse are the most common health behaviors
that we see with sexual violence on college campuses. These behavioral factors can be preventable. Results
imply that pre-assault alcohol use by survivors and offenders. Among graduate and professional students,
8.8% of females and 2.2% of males experience rape or sexual assault through physical force, violence, or
incapacitation. Among undergraduate students, 23.1% of females and 5.4% of males experience rape or
sexual assault through physical force, violence, or incapacitation.
Step 5- Environmental Data

I believe that all the 4 environmental factors are very important to change of education/prevention/treatment
of sexual violence. But I think that we must first change the social environment first.

Schwartz, Ivy L. “Sexual Violence Against Women: Prevalence, Consequences, Societal Factors, and
Prevention.”1991,

Recent evidence implicates societal factors, such as acceptance of rape myths, rigid sex role stereotyping
beliefs, and acceptance of violence as a legitimate means for obtaining compliance in interpersonal
relationships, in the etiology of sexual violence

SOCIETAL FACTORS FOR SEXUAL VIOLENCE PERPETRATION

 Societal norms that support sexual violence

 Societal norms that support male superiority and sexual entitlement.
 Societal norms that support sexual violence.
 Societal norms that support male superiority and sexual entitlement.
 Societal norms that maintain women’s inferiority and sexual submissiveness.
 Weak laws and policies related to sexual violence and gender equity.
 High levels of crime and other forms of violence.

Step 6- Identifying the Program Purpose

Sable, Marjorie R., et al. “Barriers to Reporting Sexual Assault for Women and Men: Perspectives of College
Student.” Taylor and Francis Online, Journal of American College Health, 2010.

The authors asked the college students to rate the importance out of a list of barriers to reporting rape and
sexual assault among male and female victims. The findings indicate that barriers prevalent in the 1970’s, prior
to efforts by the rape reform movement, continue to be considered important among college students.

The survey instrument, The Rape and Sexual Assault Awareness Campus Survey, consisted of 76 structured
items formulated by the authors from qualitative research and a review of a similar instruments. The survey
consisted of 6 sections with questions, scenarios, and statements designed to provide information about the
participants ‘perceptions and attitudinal beliefs about rape and sexual assault. An advisory committee
comprising experts in the field of sexual assault criminology and officials from the state department of Health
review the instrument for face and content validity.

Two hundred and fifteen students participated in the survey. More than half (54.7%) of the respondents were
female, and 45.3% were male. Most (83%) were 18 or 19 years old. Most respondents were Caucasian (83.6%),
with the remainder of African-American descent (10.3%) or of other ethnicities (6.1%). Most respondents
(81.8%) were single, with 17.5% identifying themselves as an unmarried partner, and 0.9% as a married partner.
Table 1 shows the relative ratings of importance among a list of 13 barriers to female victims reporting a sexual
assault crime, and among a list of 14 barriers to male victims reporting a sexual assault crime.

Table 2 highlights those barriers that were perceived by the students to be more important for the respective
genders.
Enabling Factors
University Policies/Expectations, Dean of Students, Student Health Resources, Women’s Center, Office
of Multi-Cultural Affairs, Title IX Coordinator, Alternative Violence of the Palouse, Professional
Counselors, Students, Staff, Campus/ Local Police departments, and LGBTQA resources

What needs to be changed, maintained, and abandoned?

Campus-based rape and sexual assault prevention strategies could develop from collaboration among
professional counselors, students, faculty, student health center workers, and campus police; these
partners could review local rape statistics and formulate policy specifically designed to make the campus
a safe place to learn. By coordinating the efforts of interested campus-based organizations, date rape
could be diminished. Any efforts to reduce homophobia among college students, as well as in the
society at large, also could minimize the fear of being judged gay as a barrier to reporting sexual assault
for male victims.

Reinforcing Factors
Collaboration with the CDCs, Sexual Violence on Campus: Strategies for Prevention and my knowledge of
community assets in our community, this is the list of possible assists that would help improve this health issue.
o CDC’s Rape Prevention and Education (RPE) Program, State Department of Health
o Local Rape Crisis Centers, Domestic Violence Shelters and Victim Service Centers
o Local Emergency Medical Departments
o Community Organizations: LGBTQ centers, Legal Aid, City or County Health Department, and
Social Services
o College & University: Office of President, SA prevention programs and services, Title IX
coordinators, campus/university administrators, Board of Regents, Student Health
Department/Office, Campus Police & Advocacy Centers, Women Centers, Athletic Programs,
Sororities/Fraternities, & Alumni Associations.

Steps 7- Validating needs and conclusion

“Rape and Sexual Violence.” National Institute of Justice

Sexual Violence may occur in any type of relationship, most perpetrators of sexual assault are known to their
victims. Among victims ages to 18-29, two- thirds had a prior relationship with the offender. The Bureau of
Justice Statistics reports that 6 in 10 rape or sexual assault victims said that they were assaulted by an intimate
partner, relative, or acquaintance.

 Women are more likely to be victims of sexual violence than are men
 Women are significantly more likely to be victims of sexual violence than men to be injured during
assault.
 Sexual Violence may begin early in life
 Early abuse and later victimization
 Assault among college women

Sexual Violence against men and boys is a significant problem. Except for childhood sexual abuse, though,
it is one that has been largely been neglected in research. Rape and other forms of sexual coercion
directed against men and boys take place in a variety of settings, including in the home, the workplace,
schools, on the streets, in the military and during war, as well as in prisons and police custody. Elsewhere,
 men who have sex with other men may be “punished”, by rape, for the behavior which is perceived to
transgress social norms.

Most experts believe that official statistics vastly under-represent the number of male rape victims. The
available evidence suggests that males may be even less likely than female victims to report an assault to
authorities. There are a variety of reasons why male rape is under-reported, including shame, guilt and fear
of not being believed or of being denounced for what has occurred. Myths and strong prejudices
surrounding male sexuality also prevent men from coming forward

As is the case with female victims of Sexual Assault, research suggests that male victims are likely to
suffer from a range of psychological consequences. In addition to these reactions, studies of adolescent
males have also found an association between suffering rape and substance abuse, violent behavior,
stealing and absenteeism from school.

Step 8- Assessment Team

College & University:

Office of President, SA prevention programs and services, Title IX coordinators, campus/university
administrators, Board of Regents, Student Health Department/Office, Campus Police & Advocacy Centers,
Women Centers, Athletic Programs, Sororities/Fraternities, & Alumni Associations.

Local Emergency Medical Departments

Community Organizations: LGBTQ centers, Legal Aid, City or County Health Department, and Social Services

Survivors of Sexual Violence

What types of influencers are needed for this topic and why?

Health Educators
Trained in prevention and wellness services that provide a wide range of ongoing campus and educational
programs.

Survivors
Who work for sexual assault advocacy programs work directly with survivors, explaining their rights, and what
they can expect from the medical and legal systems. They help survivors gain medical care, provide emotional
support, and connect victims to other services and maintains the survivor’s confidentiality.

Health Care Professionals

Patients’ health is a priority. Health Care providers might one of the first people survivors choose to talk to
about an experience. Focus often is on treating survivor in the aftermath of sexual violence, professionals are
also a critical part of primary prevention.

College/University Staff
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 was created to protect students from discrimination based on
sex which can include sexual harassment and sexual violence. Every school receiving funding from the federal
government must abide by Title IX, by responding effectively to any situations of sexual harassment and to put
in measures to prevent a recurrence. Every school must administer a policy stating it does not discriminate
based on sex, and the school must have a Title IX coordinator. Under Title IX the student must be notified of the
time frame of the investigation and of the outcome. If you feel you have been sexually discriminated against at
your school, then there are several resources available to you.
Appendix

A).Quality of Life and Social Assessment

B) Epidemiological Assessment

References:
“Sexual Violence on Campus: Strategies for Prevention.” https://www.cdc.gov.

Ullman, Sarah E., et al. “Alcohol and Sexual Assault in a National Sample of College Women.” SAGE Journals,
1991

“Sexual Assault Advocacy Programs.” Sexual Assault Advocacy Programs,

www.stopvaw.org/sexual_assault_advocacy_program.