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INTRODUCTION TO RESERVOIR
ENGINEERING
CLASSIFICATION OF RESERVOIRS
AND RESERVOIR FLUIDS
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Pressure-Temperature Diagram
Figure 1-1 shows a typical pressure-temperature diagram of a
multicomponent system with a specific overall composition.
Although a different hydrocarbon system would have a
different phase diagram, the general configuration is similar.
These multicomponent pressure-temperature diagrams are
essentially
used to:
• Classify reservoirs
• Classify the naturally occurring hydrocarbon systems
• Describe the phase behavior of the reservoir fluid
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Basic Concepts of Origin, Accumulation and
Conventional Beam
Rotary Donkey Head
pumping unit
Beam PU
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POROSITY
• For rock to contain petroleum and later allow petroleum to
flow,it must have certain physical characteristics. Obvilusly,
there must be some spaces in the rock in which the
petroleum can be stored.
• If rock has openings,voids,and spaces in which liquid and
gas may be stored,it is said to be porous .For a given
volume of rock, the ratio of the open space to the total
volume of the rock is called porosity,the porosity may be
expressed a decimal fraction but is most often expressed as
a percentage.For example,if 100 cubic feet of rock contains
many tiny pores and spaces which together have a volume
of 10 cubic feet, the porosity of the rock is 10%.
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POROSITY
The porosity of a rock is a measure of the storage capacity (pore
volume)that is capable of holding fluids. Quantitatively, the
porosity is the ratio of the pore volume to the total volume (bulk
volume). This important rock property is determined
mathematically by the following generalized
relationship:
where porosity
POROSITY
• Absolute porosity
• Effective porosity
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Absolute porosity
The absolute porosity is defined as the ratio of the total pore space in
the rock to that of the bulk volume. A rock may have considerable
absolute porosity and yet have no conductivity to fluid for lack of pore
interconnection. The absolute porosity is generally expressed
mathematically by the following relationships:
or
Effective porosity
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PERMEABILITY
Permeability is a property of the porous medium that measures the
capacity and ability of the formation to transmit fluids. The rock
permeability, k, is a very important rock property because it
controls the directional movement and the flow rate of the reservoir
fluids in the formation. This rock characterization was first defined
mathematically by Henry Darcy in 1856. In fact, the equation that
defines permeability in terms of measurable quantities is called
Darcy’s Law.
Darcy developed a fluid flow equation that has since become one of
the standard mathematical tools of the petroleum engineer. If a
horizontal linear flow of an incompressible fluid is established
through a core sample of length L and a cross-section of area A,
then the governing fluidflow equation is defined as
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The term dL has been replaced by dr as the length term has now
become a radius term.
Saturation
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SATURATION
Saturation is defined as that fraction, or percent, of the pore volume
occupied by a particular fluid (oil, gas, or water). This property is
expressed mathematically by the following relationship:
where
So oil saturation
Sg gas saturation
Sw water saturation
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Capillary pressure
If a glass capillary tube is placed in a large open vessel containing
water, the combination of surface tension and wettability of tube to
water will cause water to rise in the tube above the water level
in the container outside the tube as shown in Figure 3.
The water will rise in the tube until the total force acting to pull the
liquid upward is balanced by the weight of the column of liquid
being supported in the tube.
Figure 3
CAPILLARY PRESSURE
The capillary forces in a petroleum reservoir are the result of the
combined effect of the surface and interfacial tensions of the rock
and fluids, the pore size and geometry, and the wetting
characteristics of the system.
Any curved surface between two immiscible fluids has the tendency to
contract into the smallest possible area per unit volume. This is true
whether the fluids are oil and water, water and gas (even air), or oil
and gas. When two immiscible fluids are in contact, a discontinuity
in pressure exists between the two fluids, which depends upon the
curvature of the interface separating the fluids. We call this
pressure difference the capillary pressure and it is referred to by pc.
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Figure
Transition Zone
The figure indicates that the saturations are gradually
changing from 100% water in the water zone to irreducible
water saturation some vertical distance above the water
zone. This vertical area is referred to as the transition zone,
which must exist in any reservoir where there is a bottom
water table. The transition zone is then defined as the
vertical thickness over which the water saturation ranges
from 100% saturation to irreducible water saturation Swc.
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Figure
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WETTABILITY
Wettability is defined as the tendency of one fluid to spread
on or adhere to a solid surface in the presence of other
immiscible fluids. The concept of wettability is illustrated in
Figure1. Small drops of three liquids-mercury, oil, and
water—are placed on a clean glass plate.
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PVT Behaviour
LECTURE 11
Classification of Hydrocarbon
Reservoir
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CLASSIFICATION OF RESERVOIRS
AND RESERVOIR FLUIDS
pressure-temperature diagram
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Pressure-Temperature Diagram
Pressure-Temperature Diagram
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Pressure-Temperature Diagram
Pressure-Temperature Diagram
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Low-shrinkage oil
Gas Reservoirs
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Wet-gas reservoir
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Wet-gas reservoir
Dry-gas reservoir
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LECTURE 14
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Characteristics Trend
Oil recovery 35 to 75 %
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Solution-gas Drive,Gas-cap
Drive,Gravity Drive
LECTURE 15
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Characteristics Trend
Well behavior
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TYPES OF FLUIDS
In general, reservoir fluids are classified into three
groups:
• Incompressible fluids
• Slightly compressible fluids
• Compressible fluids
Incompressible fluids
An incompressible fluid is defined as the fluid whose
volume (or density) does not change with pressure.
Incompressible fluids do not exist; this behavior,
however, may be assumed in some cases to simplify
the derivation and the final form of many flow
equations.
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FLOW REGIMES
There are three flow regimes:
• Steady-state flow
• Unsteady-state flow
• Pseudosteady-state flow
Steady-State Flow
The flow regime is identified as a steady-state flow if the
pressure at every location in the reservoir remains
constant, i.e., does not change with time.
Mathematically, this condition is expressed as:
(4-1)
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(4-2)
Pseudosteady-State Flow
When the pressure at different locations in the reservoir is declining
linearly as a function of time, i.e., at a constant declining rate, the
flowing condition is characterized as the pseudosteady-state
flow. Mathematically, this definition states that the rate of
change of pressure with respect to time at every position is
constant, or
(4-3)
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RESERVOIR GEOMETRY
For many engineering purposes, however, the actual flow geometry
may be represented by one of the following flow geometries:
• Radial flow
• Linear flow
• Spherical and hemispherical flow
Because fluids move toward the well from all directions and coverage
at the wellbore, the term radial flow is given to characterize the
flow of fluid
into the wellbore. Figure 4-1 shows idealized flow lines and iso-
potential lines for a radial flow system.
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Linear Flow
Linear flow occurs when flow paths are parallel and the fluid flows
in a
single direction. In addition, the cross sectional area to flow must
be
constant. Figure 4-2 shows an idealized linear flow system.
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Horizontal Wells
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Method I
Joshi proposed that the drainage area is represented by two half
circles of radius b (equivalent to a radius of a vertical well rev) at
each end and a rectangle, of dimensions L(2b), in the center.
The drainage area of the
horizontal well is given then by:
Figure 5-1
(5-1)
where
A drainage area, acres
L length of the horizontal well, ft
b half minor axis of an ellipse, ft
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Method II
Joshi assumed that the horizontal well drainage area is an ellipse
and given by:
(5-2)
with
(5-3)
(5-4)
Where
reh drainage radius of the horizontal well, ft
A drainage area of the horizontal well, acres
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Mechanical Recovery
(rod system)
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Skin Factor
Skin Factor
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