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Ajustar el sistema de trabajo , para que los esfuerzos no sobrepasen los límites
establecidos:
o Carga física de trabajo.
o Carga mental.
o Descansos y pausas.
o Horarios y turnos.
o Etc.
Estudio postural del puesto de trabajo . Evitando posturas que produzcan
lesiones.
Tipos de ergonomía
La ergonomía es una disciplina diversa, que trata con diferentes aspectos de la realidad
y la relación u adecuación persona-producto-entorno. Esta amplia diversidad hace
que podamos valorar la existencia de diversos tipos de ergonomía. Si bien existen
muchas más, las cuatro más conocidas son las siguientes.
1. Ergonomía física
Cuando hablamos de ergonomía la mayor parte de las personas imagina la adecuación
física del entorno o de los productos. Es la que se encarga de valorar el material de
trabajo, la postura corporal durante el horario de trabajo o los espacios de cara a
evitar la aparición de problemas físicos o facilitar el desempeño en el trabajo, teniendo
especialmente en cuenta el factor fisiológico/mecánico.
2. Ergonomía cognitiva
Este tipo de ergonomía es muy diferente del anterior, estando centrado en las
implicaciones y la adecuación del puesto o producto a las capacidades y necesidades
psicológicas del sujeto.
Estamos hablando de aspectos como la gestión del estrés y la presencia de
dispositivos o servicios para reducirlo, la carga de trabajo, el tratamiento del
impacto emocional de algunos puestos (por ejemplo el cirujano del ejemplo inicial) o la
interacción entre los materiales y las capacidades cognitivas del sujeto.
3. Ergonomía organizacional
En este caso estamos ante un tipo de ergonomía centrado no ya en la relación entre
sujeto-puesto de trabajo sino en la relación sujeto-institución. En este sentido se analiza
el qué actividades lleva a cabo cada uno, la gestión de los recursos humanos o la
comunicación interna de la empresa.
4. Ergonomía ambiental
Dedicada a la evaluación y asignación de espacios, valora elementos como el ruido o el
nivel de luminosidad o temperatura que pueden afectar al sujeto.
En este sentido, se pretende hacer que los materiales, instrumentos, vestuario o incluso
ambientes de trabajo sean lo más seguros posibles, así como que permitan potenciar las
capacidades y la productividad de los empleados. Se intenta asimismo producir un
ambiente de trabajo sano y motivante, que favorezca la satisfacción del empleado y
que permita el correcto desempeño de sus funciones.
Tener en cuenta el diseño ergonómico del puesto de trabajo y los materiales tiene
grandes ventajas, dado que permite reducir la posibilidad de padecer enfermedades
y lesiones laborales y accidentes. También reduce el absentismo laboral y aumenta la
producción, bienestar, compromiso y clima labor
In the case of more specific needs, such as in the case of disability or functional diversity, it is
sought to generate adaptations that allow that there is no affectation that prevents the normal
performance of their functions without difficulties.
• Taking into account the ergonomic design of the workplace and the materials has great
advantages, since it allows reducing the possibility of suffering from occupational diseases and
injuries and accidents. It also reduces absenteeism and increases production, welfare,
commitment and work climate
ERGONOMICS
The main function of Ergonomics is the adaptation of machines and jobs to man.It is a process
in continuous development, which man has applied since he began to adapt and improve, for its
use, the first tools he invented. an interdisciplinary science, where different branches intervene
such as: physiology, psychology, anatomy, engineering or architecture. It is integrated into the
set of sciences that seek the balance of systems, stability between internal and external
conditions linked to work and that They interact with the biology of the person.
1. Select the technology for the most suitable tools and work equipment for the available
personnel.
5. Optimize the interrelation of the people available and the technology used.
6. Promote the interest of workers in the task and in the work environment.
• Conceive machines, equipment and facilities with maximum performance, precision and
safety.
• Adapt the environment (light, noise, temperature ...), to the needs of the man in his workplace.
• Adjust the work system, so that the efforts do not exceed the established limits:
o Physical workload.
o Mental load.
or Etc.
o Stop devices.
or Etc.
• Types of ergonomics
• Ergonomics is a diverse discipline, which deals with different aspects of reality and the
person-product-environment relationship or adequacy. This wide diversity means that we can
assess the existence of various types of ergonomics. While there are many more, the four best
known are the following.
• 1. Physical ergonomics
• When we talk about ergonomics, most people imagine the physical adequacy of the
environment or products. It is the one that is responsible for assessing the work material, body
posture during work hours or spaces in order to avoid the appearance of physical problems or
facilitate work performance, especially taking into account the physiological / mechanical
factor.
• 2. Cognitive Ergonomics
• This type of ergonomics is very different from the previous one, being focused on the
implications and the adaptation of the position or product to the psychological capacities and
needs of the subject.
• We are talking about aspects such as stress management and the presence of devices or
services to reduce it, the workload, the treatment of the emotional impact of some positions (for
example the surgeon of the initial example) or the interaction between materials and cognitive
abilities of the subject.
• 3. Organizational Ergonomics
• In this case we are faced with a type of ergonomics focused not only on the relationship
between subject-job position but on the subject-institution relationship. In this sense, the
activities carried out by each one, the management of human resources or the internal
communication of the company are analyzed.
• 4. Environmental ergonomics
• Dedicated to the evaluation and allocation of spaces, it values elements such as noise or the
level of luminosity or temperature that can affect the subject.
• In this sense, it is intended to make the materials, instruments, clothing or even work
environments as safe as possible, as well as to enhance the capabilities and productivity of
employees. It also attempts to produce a healthy and motivating work environment that favors
employee satisfaction and allows the proper performance of their duties.
• Aspects such as brightness, exposure to noise, size of spaces, temperature, use of appropriate
clothing and allowing the protection of the employee in the event that their work involves any
danger, separation of light sources, position of materials and materials are assessed. instruments
(for example chair-table separation or inclination of the chair back).
• And not only with respect to what is present: the possible impact and adaptation of the
introduction of new methodologies and instruments by employees has also been assessed. Body
posture, schedules and breaks and the instruments themselves are other important aspects.
Directos:
o Conocer los hechos sucedidos.
o Deducir las causas que los han producido.
Preventivos:
o Eliminar las causas para evitar casos similares.
o Aprovechar la experiencia para la prevención.
La formación para la investigación de las causas de los accidentes de trabajo promueve la cultura
de prevención: sirve para erradicar el concepto de 'acto inseguro' como causa determinante de los
accidentes.
¿Porqué investigar los accidentes?
Cada vez que en un lugar ocurre un accidente, debemos tener presente que hay un problema que dio origen a
este hecho. Ese problema existe porque:
Todo incidente, accidente o defecto de proceso, debe ser informado para ser investigado y el trabajador debe
cooperar para transformar el hecho negativo, en una acción de seguridad u oportunidad de mejorar.
Del mismo modo, el supervisor tiene la obligación de escuchar el aporte del trabajador, analizar lo informado y
tomar una decisión para mejorar el proceso.
ara desarrollar el tema en comento, vamos a definir algunos términos asociados al mismo.
Investigación de accidentes
Es una técnica preventiva orientada a detectar y controlar las causas que originaron el accidente, con el fin de
evitar la repetición de uno igual o similar al ya ocurrido.
Consiste en evaluar objetivamente todos los hechos, opiniones, declaraciones o informaciones relacionadas,
como un plan de acción para solucionar el problema que dio origen a la deficiencia.
Propósito de la investigación
El propósito fundamental de la investigación de accidentes es:
Descubrir las causas que provocaron el accidente para eliminarlas. Cuando se investiga un accidente se debe
llegar a establecer con la mayor precisión posible cuales fueron los actos y condiciones sub estándares que
permitieron que el accidente ocurriera.
Accidente
Acontecimiento no deseado que da por resultado perdidas por lesiones a las personas, daño a los equipos,
los materiales y/o el medio ambiente. Generalmente involucra un contacto con una fuente de energía, cuya
potencia supera la capacidad límite de resistencia del cuerpo humano o de las estructuras.
Es todo echo inesperado que interrumpe un proceso normal y que puede llegar a producir lesiones o daños.
No es necesario que haya lesiones en un accidente, basta que exista solo una interrupción. Además esta
interrupción es inesperada.
to neutralize the risk from its source or origin, avoiding assuming its consequences as
inevitable.
• Direct:
• Preventives:
Training for the investigation of the causes of occupational accidents promotes a culture of
prevention: it serves to eradicate the concept of 'unsafe act' as a determining cause of
accidents.
Why investigate accidents?
Every time an accident occurs in a place, we must keep in mind that there is a problem that
gave rise to this fact. That problem exists because:
3.- The working conditions are not inspected or evaluated and the risk is underestimated
4.- Someone without authorization or without experience decided to move forward, despite
the deficiency
5.- Someone with authority decided that the cost to correct the deficiency exceeded the
benefit derived from the correction.
6.- Someone with authority did not listen to the worker when he reported the deficiency.
Any incident, accident or process defect must be informed to be investigated and the worker
must cooperate to transform the negative event into a security action or opportunity to
improve.
In the same way, the supervisor has the obligation to listen to the worker's contribution,
analyze the information and make a decision to improve the process.
To develop the topic in comment, we will define some terms associated with it.
Accident investigation
It is a preventive technique aimed at detecting and controlling the causes that caused the
accident, in order to avoid the repetition of one equal to or similar to the one already
occurred.
It consists of objectively evaluating all the facts, opinions, statements or related information,
as an action plan to solve the problem that gave rise to the deficiency.
Accident
Unwanted event that results in loss due to injuries to people, damage to equipment, materials
and / or the environment. It usually involves contact with an energy source, whose power
exceeds the limit resistance capacity of the human body or structures.
It is all unexpected echo that interrupts a normal process and can lead to injury or damage. It
is not necessary to have injuries in an accident, it is enough that there is only one
interruption. In addition this interruption is unexpected.
Procedure to do an investigation
We must remember that it is an investigation like any other. therefore, we will have to answer
the same questions that all research tries to answer. But what is the best way to do the
research?
Of all the possible means of information, the one that presents the greatest problems is the
interview with the witnesses and the injured person as a result of the accident. The
problems that arise are human relations, because in the development of an interview, the
supervisor must convince the worker, how valuable is his help for the investigation of the
accident and that the investigation is not seeking guilty of the accident , but to know the
causes of the accident to eliminate them.