SOCIAL SCIENCE

Jonathan T. Estoquia, LPT

 Social Science

HISTORY ARTS & POLITICAL ECONOMICS GEOGRAPHY

HUMANITIES SCIENCE
World
Philippine
The Philippines Literature Government
Money Performing Arts
Human Rights
Visual Arts
Why study History?

1. The study of our early history shows us

how unique and special the human
race is in God‟s plan for creation.
2. We can learn valuable lessons from the
past to help solve present problems
Generation Types

• Traditionalists 1900 - 1945

• Baby Boomers 1946 - 1964
• Generation X 1965 - 1980
• Millennials (Generation Y) 1981 - 2000
• Generation Z 2001 - present
The Origin of Life

1. The religious story of creation.

a. From God‟s word – the Bible
2. The scientific theory of evolution.
a. Based on man‟s wisdom
PERIODIZATION IN HISTORY
1. Prehistoric Period – period when there were
no written records of man„s progress.
a. Paleolithic or Old Stone Age (3.7M - 8000BC)
-palaios “old” and lithos “stone”
-Greatest achievement, discovery of fire
-Java Man, Peking Man, Neanderthal Man
and Cro-Magnon Man existed.
b. Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000 – 4000BC)
-neos “new” and lithos “stone”
-Period started after the disappearance of
the Cro-Magnon Man.
-Greatest achievement, making of dugouts
(the world‟s first boats)
c. Metal Age (Copper, Bronze and Iron)
(4000 – 1500BC)
-Copper was discovered near Mt. Sinai
-Tin was later discovered.
-By mixing copper and tin, bronze was
produced.
-Iron was first used by the Hittites.
2. Historic Period – men‟s progress were
recorded.
I. Ancient
II. Medieval
III. Modern
Ancient World

First Civilization were in the river alleys

a. Mesopotamia – region between the Tigris
and Euphrates River
b. Egypt – a long banks of Nile River in Africa
c. India – in the valley of Indus River
d. Chinese – along the Yellow River
The Invention of Writing

• Ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia invented in

3500 BC the earliest writing called cuneiform,
cuneus “wedge” and forma “form”.
• Egyptians invented their own writing, hieroglyphics.
• The first alphabet was invented by the Phoenicians
which consisted of 22 letters (all consonants).
• Later the Greeks improved it by adding the vowels.
Mesopotamia
• Mesopotamia means “land between two
rivers”.
• The Cradle of Civilization. Birthplace of history
and civilization.
• Refers to an area, rather than a country. Also
called “fertile crescent”.
• Ruled by Sumeria, Akkadia, Babylon, Assyria
and Persia.
Present-day
Countries:

• IRAQ
• JORDAN
• KUWAIT
Mesopotamia’s Contributions
• Invented cuneiform, the earliest form of writing.
• Invented the plow and the wheel.
• Art of irrigation. Cultivated the fertile land and
tamed the floods of the twin rivers by
constructing canals and dikes. Utilized the river
waters to irrigate their farms.
• Wrote the world‟s earliest law codes: Ur
Nammu Code and the Hammurabi Code.
• Literary works. Epic of Gilgamesh, the greatest
literary classic of Ancient Babylon.
• Sexagesimal system in Mathematics – counting
by 60s. Under this system, a minute has 60
seconds, an hour has 60 minutes, and a circle
has six 60s (360°)
• Architecture. Ziggurat: an ancient Babylonian
skyscraper-temple and the Hanging Gardens.
Egypt
• The Nile River, the longest river in the world,
gives abundant water for irrigation, and its
flood makes the soil fertile.
• First discovered by a woman, Egyptus, who was
a daughter of Ham (son of Noah).
• Pharaoh, the eldest son of Egyptus became the
first ruler of Egypt.
• Society in ancient Egypt was divided into 4
social classes: (1) nobles and priests, (2)
soldiers, (3) commoners, and (4) slaves.
• The ancient Egyptian writing was called
hieroglyphics. It means “sacred signs”
because it was written by the priests.
• Pyramid Texts, the oldest known Egyptian
literature.
Egypt’s Contributions
• The Pyramid, the oldest man-made stone
monument.
• World‟s first builders. Erected magnificent
palaces, obelisks and temples.
• Devised the first 365 day calendar, which divided
the year into 12 months of 30 days each.
• First to develop geometry.
• Increased man‟s knowledge of medicine,
surgery and embalming.
India
• Dravidians, dark-complexioned people who first
inhabited the Indus Valley. They were conquered
by the Aryans who later called themselves Hindus.
• Developed the caste system, a rigid social
structure which was a part of Hinduism:
1. Brahmas – priests and scholars
2. Kshatriyas – nobles and warriors
3. Vaishyas – farmers, merchants, craftsmen
4. Sudras – laborers and slaves
• Gautama Buddha (566 – 486 BC), a
Hindu prince, started a new
religion: Buddhism. He did not like
the Hindu beliefs on caste system
which condemned a man to a
certain class for life.
• At the beginning of first century AD,
Buddhism spread to foreign
countries: Tibet, China, Korea,
Japan, Burma, Thailand and other
South-east Asian nations.
India’s Contributions
• India gave the world 4 religions –
Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism.
• Invented “yoga”, a Hindu philosophy that
teaches a person to experience inner
peace by controlling the body and mind.
• Architecture: Taj Mahal
• Enriched world literature by giving mankind:
1. Panchatantara (first fable)
2. The Clay Cart and Sakuntala (the first
dramatic epics)
3. Mahabharata (longest epic with 100,000
couplets and 7x longer than the Greek Iliad
and Odyssey combined)
4. The Bhagavad Gita (world’s greatest
philosophical poem)
China
• The history of China began in 2205 BC when the
dynasty called Xia was founded by Emperor Yu.
• Civil service examinations were rigid requirements for
appointment to any government office.
• Chinese philosophers‟ Confucius, Lao Tzu and
Mencius, their teachings rank with those of Socrates,
Plato and Aristotle.
• Confucius (551 – 479 BC) wrote analects which are
short and witty sayings that treat moral values and
good human relations.
• Lao Tzu (604 – 517 BC) founded a new religion,
Taoism. His favorite saying: “He who overcomes
others is strong, but he who overcomes himself is
stronger.”
• Mencius (372 – 289 BC), the greatest pupil of
Confucius. He taught that, “He who gains the
hearts of the people gains the throne, and he
who loses the people‟s hearts loses the throne.”
• Emperor Qin Shihuangdi (221 – 206 BC) built the
famous Han Great Wall to keep invaders away.
China’s Contributions
• Invented gun powder
• Invented the first printing press using movable blocks
• Introduced Sericulture (silk industry) and the use of
silk clothes which revolutionized clothing
• Printed the first paper money “flying money”; the
oldest known book “Diamond Sutra”; oldest
newspaper in the world “Peking Gazette”
• Introduced the Civil Service Examination
• Great Wall of China
• Great Philosophers: Confucius, Lao Tzu and Mencius
Other Ancient Nations of Asia
• Hittites. The first nation to use iron.
• Phoenicians. The greatest sailors and maritime traders
of ancient times. Their greatest contribution was the
invention of the alphabet.
• Jews. The first people in history to believe in only one
God, Monotheism. They wrote the Bible, the holy book
of both Judaism and Christianity.
• Persians. They practiced Zoroastrianism, a religion
based on the belief that life is a constant struggle
between good and evil.
Western World
Greece
• The ancestors of the Greeks were the Indo-
Europeans from the valley of Danube
• The 4 main Greek tribes:
1. Achaeans
2. Ionians - Athenians
3. Dorians - Spartans
4. Aetolians
• They believed that they descended from a common
mythological ancestor, Hellen. Hence they called
themselves “Hellenes”, their country “Hellas” and
their civilization “Hellenic”.
• Olympic Games were held every four years at
Olympia.
• The main focus of ancient Greek life was the city-
state called polis which means “city”, a political and
social unit. Each city-state included the city proper
and the surrounding farms.
• “Metropolis” a mother city which founded other
cities.
• The main plaza and marketplace of a city-
state is the agora, their main business and
political center.
• Invented pure democracy (direct rule by the
many)
• Forms of government in a city-state:
1. Monarchy <one> Tyranny
2. Aristocracy <few> Oligarchy
3. Democracy <many> Mobocracy
Sparta
• Dictatorial form of government, led by a king.
• 3 classes of Spartan society:
Spartans – citizens and warriors
Perioeci – free-men engaged in trade and
industry
Helots – slaves who worked in farms or house
servants
• A military state. All able-bodied men were obliged
to acquire training in arms and fight for their city-
state.
• All male babies examined by government and only
those who were healthy were allowed to live. Sickly
babies were hurled down in the mountains to die.
• At 7yrs – live in military barracks; 20yrs – become full
citizens with the right to vote; 30yrs – obliged to
marry. Married men enjoyed little family life for they
must eat and sleep at the barracks until they reach
60yrs old.
Athens
• Began the Democratic form of government.
• Largest Greek city-state.
• In 549BC, Solon, a very wise reformer, granted
reforms which started a democratic form of
government. i.e. (1)poor people were given the
right to vote, (2)a court of appeals composed of
citizens from all classes to review the decision of
regular courts.
• Today, a wise legislator is called “solon”
• Athenians were freedom loving and
cultured.
• “A sound mind in a sound body”
• They were fond of the arts, music,
literature, philosophy, public speaking and
debate.
• They believed that the “state must exist for
the individuals and not the individuals for
the state”
Greek - Persian Wars
• 490BC -Darius of Persia declared war on Athens. The
Athenians led by Miltiades, routed the Persian
invaders in the Battle of Marathon.
• 480BC -Xerxes of Persia invaded Greece. 300
Spartan warriors led by King Leonidas defended the
narrow pass of Thermopylae and died fighting unto
the last.
• 479BC -The Greeks defeated the Persians in the
Battle of Plataea and finally rid themselves from
Persian invaders.
Hellenic Civilization

• Religion. Ancient Greeks believed in

numerous gods and goddesses and that
they lived on Mt. Olympus.
 MAJOR GREEK GODS AND GODDESSES

Aphrodite goddess of beauty, love, desire and pleasure.

Apollo god of music, arts, knowledge.
Ares god of war, bloodshed and violence.
Artemis goddess of the hunt, wilderness, animals, childbirth.
Athena goddess of reason, wisdom, intelligence.
Demeter goddess of grain, agriculture, harvest.
Dionysus god of wine, fruitfulness, festivals.
Hades god of the underworld and the dead.
Hephaestus god of fire, metalworking and crafts.
Hera queen of the gods, goddess of marriage, women.
Hermes messenger of the gods, god of boundaries, travel, and communication.
Hestia goddess of the hearth, home and chastity.
Poseidon god of the sea.
Zeus king of the gods, god of the sky, thunder and lightning.
Architecture. 3 architectural styles
perfected by Greece:
(1) Ionian, (2)Doric, (3) Corinthian.

Finest example of Greek architecture is the

Parthenon, a magnificent marble temple
on the Acropolis in Athens.
IONIAN, DORIC & CORINTHIAN COLUMNS
Parthenon (Doric Order)
• Poetry. The Iliad and the Odyssey by the blind
poet Homer, were the earliest specimens of
Greek poetry.
• The greatest poetess ever produced by Greece
was Sappho, whom Plato called as the “Tenth
Muse” .
• Theatre. The drama, as a literary art, developed
in ancient Hellas. First it was just dancing of the
chorus. Later, the dialogue was added. Thus,
the drama was born.
• First Greek dramatist, Aeschylus, also
known as the “Father of the Greek
Tragedy”.
• Greece developed another type of
drama called “comedy”. A farce in which
the actors ridicule the leaders of the day
with wit and humor.
• Greatest Greek comedian was
Aristophanes.
• History. Herodutos “Father of History”. His
masterpiece was The History of the Persian Wars.
• Oratory. Oratory attained perfection in Greece.
The first teacher of oratory was Corax who made
a living by teaching public speaking to other
men.
• Demosthenes “Prince of Greek Orators”
• Philosophy. Thales “Father of Greek Philosophy”.
Founded the first Greek school of philosophy.
Taught that the universe originated from water.
• Medicine. Hippocrates “Father of Medicine”
Greek Philosophers
Socrates
• Wisest man in Athens.
• Master of the Socratic dialectic, reasoning by questions
and answers.
Plato
• Student of Socrates.
• His masterpiece was The Republic, which portrays
an ideal state.
Aristotle
• Student of Plato.
• A versatile genius and tutor of Alexander the Great.
Phytagoras
• Popularized the number doctrine; some
numbers are lucky like 3, 5 and 7.
• Developed the Phytagorean Theorem.
Protagoras
• Taught that “man is the measure of all things”
Rome
• Indo-European tribes were the early settlers of
Rome.
• The Etruscans were the earliest rulers of Rome
who conquered it on 600 BC.
• In 509 BC, the Romans fought with the
Etruscans and drove them away.
• They then established a republic which lasted
500 years.
• Roman republic, aristocratic form of government.
• Senate was controlled by “patricians” (upper class).
Poor people called “plebeians” (lower class).
• “12 Tablets of Laws”, Romans first written code.
• The Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus and Julius Caesar.
• Caesar became the most successful member of the
Triumvirate and expanded Rome‟s territory.
• “Veni, vidi, vici” (I came, I saw, I conquered), his
famous message to the Roman Senate after he
conquered Egypt.
• Had a romance with Queen Cleopatra, “Serpent of
the Nile”
• Caesar was assassinated by his two friends, Brutus and
Cassius, inside the Senate.
• Second Triumvirate: Mark Anthony, Lepidus, Octavian.
• Battle in Actium on 31 BC, Octavian defeated the
combined forces of Anthony and Cleopatra which
ended the Roman Republic and the beginning of the
Roman Empire.
• Octavian (Augustus Caesar) became the first emperor
of the Roman Empire on 27 BC.
• Corrupt emperors: Tiberius, Caligula, Nero.
• 4 good Emperors: Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus and
Marcus Aurelius.
• Rome’s Grandeur. Pax Romana (Roman Peace),
period of the Good Emperors in which the people
enjoyed: economic prosperity, good government
and good social life.
• Diocletian, “the last great Roman Emperor”. He
divided the empire into two, east (Byzantium-Istanbul)
and west.
• East Empire was led by Constantine, founder of the
Byzantine Empire. West Empire was led by Romulus
Augustus(last emperor of Rome)
• Rome‟s downfall ushered in the “Dark Ages”
Roman Contributions
• The Roman Law (Jurisprudence) which is the
basis of legal systems of modern nations.
• Latin, the language of the Middle Ages which
influenced modern languages.
• The Colosseum, the predecessor of the
modern gymnasium.
• The Republican form of government, in which
the citizens vote for their representatives to
governing bodies.
Colosseum
Medieval Period
• Dark Ages – barbaric tribes, the Goths, the Vandals
and the Huns dominated .
• Triumph of Christianity – Constantine united
Christianity and state. He called for the Council of
Nicea, a great ecumenical council in 325 AD.
• Feudalism – socio political economic system in
Europe, a manorial system; period of chivalry and
knighthood.
• Crusades – military expeditions by Christians against
Muslims to take back Holy Land.
Modern Period

• The Renaissance (14th – 16th century) - Means

“rebirth”, “reawakening” or “revival” of learning.
• Florence, Italy – birthplace of the renaissance.
• Italy was located halfway between the Middle
East and Western Europe. This geographical
position gave Italian city-states the opportunity
to become rich, enabling them to patronize arts
and letters.
 The Arts

LITERATURE PERFORMING ARTS VISUAL ARTS

• Poetry • Music • Drawing

• Novels • Dance • Painting
• Short stories • Theater • Ceramics
• Epic poetry • Sculpture
• Architecture
Literature

• The art of combining spoken or written

words and their meanings into forms
which have artistic and emotional
appeal.
• The term derives from Latin literatura
“writing formed with letters,” from litera
“letter”.
Major forms

Poetry
• A form of literary art which uses aesthetic
and rhythmic qualities of language to
evoke meanings in addition to, or in place
of, prosaic ostensible meaning.
• Any kind of subject consisting of Rhythm or
Verses.
Famous poets

• Elizabeth Barrett Browning – How Do I Love Thee?

• Lewis Carroll – Jabberwocky
• Robert Frost – The Road Not Taken
• William Shakespeare – Seven Ages Of Man
• Edgar Allan Poe – The Bells
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow – Excelsior
Prose

A form of language that possesses ordinary

syntax and natural speech rather than
rhythmic structure; in which regard, along
with its measurement in sentences rather
than lines, it differs from poetry.
Types of Prose

• Novel - a long fictional prose narrative

• Novella - “too short to be a novel, too
long to be a short story”
• Short Story – can usually be read in one
sitting.
Famous Novels
• Wuthering Heights – Emily Brontë
• Middlemarch – George Eliot
• The Hunchback of Notre-Dame – Victor Hugo
• The Lord of the Rings – John Ronald Reuel Tolkien
• Nineteen Eighty-Four – George Orwell
• Great Expectations – Charles Dickens
• Moby Dick – Herman Melville
• Robinson Crusoe – Daniel Defoe
• The Da Vinci Code – Dan Brown
Famous Writers in the Philippines
Nick Joaquin – How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife
Jose Rizal – Noli Me Tangere
Rustica C. Carpio – Talinhaga, Hinaing at Pag-ibig ng Isang Makata
Lualhati Bautista – Dekada „70, Bata, Bata, Pa‟no Ka Ginawa?
Francisco Balagtas – “Father of the Tagalog Poem”;
Florante at Laura
Lope K. Santos – Banaag at Sikat
Drama
Drama is a literature intended for performance.
The form is often combined with music and
dance, as in opera and musical theater.

Types of Drama
• Play – intended for performance in a theater
• Closet Drama – a play written to be read
rather than to be performed.
The celebrated play of William Shakespeare
about two ill-starred individuals who come
from warring families.

A.Romeo and Juliet

B. Anthony and Cleopatra
C. Ana and the King
D. Hamlet and Ophelia
Analects which are short and witty sayings
that treat moral values and good human
relation, are attributed to:

A.Mao Tze Tung

B. Mencius
C. Confucious
D. Lao-Tzu
“Sturdy and strong, the Filipinos are like the
molave” is:

A.Metaphor
B. Alliteration
C. Simile
D. Hyperbole
She is known for the love sonnets she wrote:

A.Paz Marquez Benitez

B. Edith Tiempo
C. Gilda Cordero-Fernando
D. Ophelia Dimalanta
Ophelia Dimalanta – Poet, editor and author.
Known for her love sonnets - Love Woman:
Poems
Paz Márquez-Benítez - Short story writer and
founder of “Woman’s Home Journal”, the first
women‟s magazine in the Philippines.
Edith Tiempo – Filipino Poet and fiction writer in
the English language.
Gilda Cordero-Fernando – Short story writer and
publisher.
A Filipino writer in English who used Hispanic
Filipino culture and traditions in his fiction
works:

A.Edilberto Tiempo
B. Nick Joaquin
C. F. Sionel Jose
D. Jose Garcia Villa
Nick Joaquin - Filipino writer, historian and journalist, best
known for his short stories and novels in the English
language. He also wrote using the pen name Quijano
de Manila.
Edilberto Tiempo – Filipino writer and professor. Credited
by Silliman University for establishing "a tradition in
excellence in creative writing”.
F. Sionel Jose - One of the most widely read Filipino
writers. His novels and short stories depict the social
underpinnings of class struggles and colonialism in
Filipino society.
Jose Garcia Villa - Filipino poet, literary critic, short story
writer, and painter.
Which among the following is the part of the
newspaper where you can see the opinions
of people?

A. Classified Section
B. Obituary
C. Headline
D. Editorial Section
Classified section - the part of a publication that
contains classified advertising.
Obituary - a news article that reports the recent
death of a person, typically along with an account
of the person's life and information about the
upcoming funeral. In large cities and larger
newspapers, obituaries are written only for people
considered significant.
Headline - a head of a newspaper story or article
usually printed in large type and giving the gist of
the story or article.
Music

• An art form and cultural activity whose

medium is sound organized in time.
• The word derives from Greek: mousike “art of
the Muses”. In Greek mythology, the nine
muses were the goddesses who inspired the
arts and who were the source of the
knowledge embodied in the poetry, song-
lyrics, and myths in the Greek culture.
Famous Filipino Singers

Lea Salonga – first Filipina to play Kim in the

broadway play Ms. Saigon
Kuh Ledesma – versatile singer
Regine Velasquez – Asia‟s songbird
FAMOUS MUSIC COMPOSERS
George Frideric Handel (1685 – 1759)

• One of the greatest

composers of the Baroque
era
• Composed a coronation
anthem, Zadok the Priest,
for the coronation of
George II, which has been
performed at every British
coronation.
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 – 1750)
• Composed the
Branderburg Concertos,
the Goldberg Variations,
the Mass in B minor, two
Passions, and over 300
cantatas.
• Generally regarded as one
of the greatest composers
of all time.
Joseph Haydn (1732 – 1809)

• Austrian composer of the

Classical period
• "Father of the Symphony"
and "Father of the String
Quartet“
• He was a friend and
mentor of Mozart, a
teacher of Beethoven
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 – 1791)

• Started composing music

at the age of 5
• Child prodigy
• Composed more than 600
works acknowledged as
pinnacles of symphonic,
concertante, chamber,
operatic, and choral
music.
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 – 1827)

• Virtuoso pianist
• By the last decade of
his life he was almost
completely deaf. But
many of his most
admired works come
from these years
Frédéric Chopin (1810 – 1849)

• Virtuoso pianist of the

Romantic era who
wrote primarily for the
solo piano.
• Invented the concept
of the instrumental
ballade
Famous Philippine Musicians
Cecile Licad – World Class classical pianist
Armando Salarza – titular organist of the Bamboo Organ of
Las Piñas City
Nicanor Abelardo – Father of Philippine Sonata, composer of
Kundiman songs; “Bituing Marikit”
Ryan Cayabyab – composer, the Maestro of Philippine music
Levi Celerio – lyricist, “leaf player”; “Sa Ugoy ng Duyan”
George Canseco – composer of the song: “Ako ay Pilipino”
Julian Felipe – Father of Philippine National Anthem
Lito Molina – Father of Philippine Jazz
Which is the undying musical movie that depicts
the story of a nun named Maria which brought
back music to the family Von Trapp somewhere
in Austria during World War I?

A.Sister Act
B. The West Side Story
C. Titanic
D. Sound of Music
Sound of Music - A tuneful, heartwarming story, it is
based on the real life story of the Von Trapp Family
singers, one of the world's best-known concert groups in
the era immediately preceding World War II. Maria, the
tomboyish postulant at an Austrian abbey who
becomes a governess in the home of the Von Trapp
family, brings a new love of life and music into the
home.
Sister Act - musical comedy film about a female lounge
singer who has been put under protective custody in a
San Francisco convent and has to pretend to be a nun
when a mob boss puts her on his hit list.
West Side Story - A musical in which a modern day
Romeo and Juliet are involved in New York street
gangs. On the harsh streets of the upper west side, two
gangs battle for control of the turf. The situation
becomes complicated when a gang members falls in
love with a rival's sister.
Titanic – an American epic romance-disaster film of a
fictionalized account of the sinking of the RMS Titanic. It
stars Leonardo DiCaprio (“Jack”) and Kate Winslet
(“Rose”) as members of different social classes who fall
in love aboard the ship during its ill-fated maiden
voyage.
The first band who played the Philippine
National Anthem on 12 June 1898 during the
declaration of Philippine Independence:

A.Pangkat Kawayan ng Pateros

B. Kawit Cavite Band
C. San Francisco de Malabon Band
D. San Francisco del Monte Band
San Francisco de Malabon Band - known for
being the first marching band to play the
Marcha Nacional Filipina, which is now known
as Lupang Hinirang, on June 12, 1898 at Kawit,
Cavite. The band is now known as BANDA
MATANDA.
Composer of “Sa Ugoy ng Duyan” and a
National Artist for Music:

A. Buenaventura
B. Celerio
C. San Pedro
D. Cayabyab
Painting

Painting is the practice of applying paint,

pigment, color, or other medium to a solid
surface. The medium is commonly applied
to the base with a brush, but other
implements, such as knives, sponges, and
airbrushes, can be used.
Mediums of Painting

Pigment – part of the paint which supplies

the color, a fine powder ground from some
clay, stone, or mineral extracted from
plants or trees.
Ultramarine Pigment

• Name comes from

ultramarinus, which
means “beyond the
sea”
• Made from Lapis
lazuli, a mineral
found in
Afghanistan
Tempera – earth or mineral pigments mixed
with egg yolk and egg white. Since the
paint dries quickly, corrections are difficult
to make.
Watercolor – is tempered paint made of
pure ground pigment bound with gum
Arabic. It gives a delicate luminous texture
to the painting.
Oil – the pigment is mixed with linseed oil
applied to primed canvas. It is flexible. Oil
paints are slow to dry and the painting can
be changed and worked over a long
period of time.
Acrylic – synthetic paint using acrylic
polymer emulsions as binder. They are the
newest medium and are widely used by
today‟s painters. They dry quickly like the
watercolor and also flexible like the oil. They
do not tend to crack, turn yellow or darken
with age.
Types of painting

Allegory painting is a figurative mode of

representation conveying meaning other
than the literal. An example of a simple visual
allegory is the image of the grim reaper.
Viewers understand that the image of the
grim reaper is a symbolic representation of
death.
Bodegon painting is a still life painting
depicting pantry items, such as victuals,
game, and drink, often arranged on a
simple stone slab, and also a painting with
one or more figures, but significant still life
elements, typically set in a kitchen or
tavern.
Figure painting is a work of art in any of the
painting media with the primary subject
being the human figure, whether clothed
or nude.
Landscape painting is a term that covers
the depiction of natural scenery such as
mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, and forests,
and especially art where the main subject
is a wide view, with its elements arranged
into a coherent composition.
Portrait paintings are representations of a
person, in which the face and its expression
is predominant. The intent is to display the
likeness, personality, and even the mood of
the person.
Still life painting is a work of art depicting
mostly inanimate subject matter, typically
commonplace objects – which may be
either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks,
or shells) or man-made (drinking glasses,
books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so
on).
Abstract painting is a type of a modern art.
It is a revolt against the conservative values
of realism. It is an American post-World War
II art movement that combined the
emotional intensity and self-denial of the
German Expressionists with anti-figurative
aesthetic of the European abstract schools.
FAMOUS PAINTERS
Leonardo Da Vinci
(1452 – 1519)
Last Supper
Mona Lisa (La Gioconda)

• Portrait of Lisa Gherardini

del Giocondo, wife of
Francesco del Giocondo

• Adjusted to inflation,
painting is worth $ 785M
Michelangelo
(1475 – 1564)
Sistine Chapel Paintings
Raphael
(1483 – 1520)
Mond Crucifixion The Wedding of the Virgin
Rembrandt
(1606 – 1669)
The Storm of the sea of The Jewish Bride
Galilee
Claude Monet
(1840 – 1926)
Water lilies Women in the garden
Vincent Van Gogh
(1853 – 1890)
Sunflowers

Café Terrace at Night

The Starry Night

Wassily Kandinsky
(1866 – 1944)
Pablo Picasso
(1881 – 1973)
Guernica
Juan N. Luna
(1857 - 1899)
Spoliarium
The Parisian Life
Fernando Amorsolo
(1892 - 1972)

First Filipino National

Artist in Painting
Carlos “Botong” Francisco
(1912 - 1969)
Famous Filipino painters
Fabián de la Rosa -mentor of Fernando Amorsolo
Victorio Edades -leader of the revolutionary art group,
13 Moderns
Felix Hidalgo -won the silver medal, behind Juan
Luna‟s gold, in the 1884 Madrid Art
Exposition
Benedicto Cabrera -noted as "arguably the best-selling
painter of his generation of Filipino
artists.
Sculpture

• The term sculpture comes from Latin word

"sculpere" which means to cut or remove
pieces with a stone.
• The action or art of processing (by carving,
modeling, or welding) any 3 dimensional
(length, width, height) object from wood,
stone, clay, metal or any medium into works of
art.
Relief
Free - standing
FAMOUS SCULPTORS
Donatello
(1386 - 1466)
Michelangelo
(1475 – 1564)
Pieta
Moses
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
(1598 - 1680)
Auguste Rodin
(1840 - 1917)
The Thinker
Guillermo Tolentino
(1890 – 1976)
 Napoleon Abueva
(1930 – present)
“Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture”
Abdulmari Imao
(1936 – 2014)
Eduardo Castrillo
(1942 – 2016)
Ramon Orlina
(1944 – present)
Architecture
Architecture is both the process and the
product of planning, designing, and
constructing buildings and other physical
structures. Architectural works, in the material
form of buildings, are often perceived as
cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical
civilizations are often identified with their
surviving architectural achievements.
According to Vitruvius, a Roman architect in the early
1st century AD: a good building should satisfy the three
principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas. An equivalent in
modern English would be:

• Durability – a building should stand up robustly and

remain in good condition.
• Utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for
which it is used.
• Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing.
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
Ancient Roman Architecture
Persian Islamic Architecture
Gothic Architecture
Renaissance Architecture
Baroque Architecture
Neoclassical Architecture
Historicism
Early Modern Architecture
Postmodern Architecture
Architectural Landmarks
around the world
Eiffel Tower
France
Stephen Sauvestre
Lotus Temple
India
Fariborz Sahba
 Taj Mahal
India
Ustad Ahmad Lahauri
Sydney Opera House
Australia
Jorn Utzon
Colosseum
Italy
Vespasia
Casa Milà
Spain
Antoni Gaudi
Leaning Tower of Pisa
Italy
Bonanno Pisano
The Whitehouse
U.S.A.
James Hoban
Cologne Cathedral
Germany
Master Gerhard
St. Peter’s Square and Basilica
Vatican City
Michelangelo and Bernini
Burj Khalifa
Dubai, UAE
Adrian Smith
Guggenheim Musuem
New York, USA
Frank Lloyd Wright
 Parthenon
Greece
Iktinos & Callicrates
St. Basil’s Cathedral
Russia
Barma & Postnik Yakovlev
 Pantheon
Rome, Italy
Publius Aelius Hadrianus
 Dome of the Rock
Jerusalem
Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik
Pyramid of Giza
Egypt
Lloyd’s Building
London
Richard Rogers
Iconic Architectural Structures
in the Philippines
Quezon Hall – UP Dilliman
Juan Nakpil
Philippine International Convention Center
Leandro Locsin
Cultural Center of the Philippines
Leandro Locsin
Tanghalang Mariang Makiling (National Arts Center)
Leandro Locsin
 San Miguel Corporation Building
Mañosa Brothers (Manuel, Francisco, Jose)
Philam Life Building
Carlos Arguelles
Malacañang Palace
Don Antonio V. Rocha
 LIST OF PHILIPPINE FATHERS

ANDRES BONIFACIO FATHER OF PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION, FATHER OF THE KATIPUNAN

AQUILINO PIMENTAL, JR FATHER OF PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENT
ARTURO M. TOLENTINO FATHER OF PHILIPPINE THE ARCHIPELAGIC DOCTRINE
CARLOS BULOSAN FATHER OF FILIPINO-AMERICAN LITERATURE
CARLOS P. GARCIA FATHER OF THE FILIPINO FIRST POLICY
CECILIO LOPEZ FATHER OF PHILIPPINE LINGUISTICS
CLARO M. RECTO FATHER OF THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
FRANCISCO BALAGTAS FATHER OF THE TAGALOG POEM
GERARDO DE LEON FATHER OF PHILIPPINE CINEMA
ILDEFONSO SANTOS FATHER OF PHILIPPINE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
JULIAN FELIPE FATHER OF PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ANTHEM
DR. LEON MA. GUERRERO FATHER OF PHILIPPINE PHARMACY
LITO MOLINA FATHER OF PHILIPPINE JAZZ
MACARIO ADRIATICO FATHER OF MANILA CITY CHARTER
MANUEL L. QUEZON FATHER OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL LANGUAGE
NICANOR ABELARDO FATHER OF PHILIPPINE SONATA
ARTURO ALCARAZ FATHER OF GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT
Reformation

The Reformation, also referred to as the

Protestant Reformation and the European
Reformation, was a schism from the Roman
Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther,
and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych
Zwingli, and other early Protestant
Reformers in 16th century Europe.
Protestant Reformers

John Wycliffe Ulrich Zwingli John Calvin Martin Luther

England Switzerland Switzerland Germany
John Wycliffe (England)
• Denounced the corruption and abuses of
the Catholic church and condemned the
pope as anti-Christ.
• Translated the scriptures and circulated
them among the common people.
• He was strongly condemned by the church,
but his teachings were widely accepted
among his countrymen.
Ulrich Zwingli (Switzerland)

• Zwingli convinced the citizens of Zurich

that the Bible should be the only standard
of religious truth.
• Using the Bible as standard, he rejected
life in a monastery, celibacy, the mass,
and other Catholic practices.
John Calvin (Switzerland)
• At Geneva, he attempted to create a
holy city around biblical models.
• Founded a religion, Calvinism, which
became predominant in many parts of
Switzerland and spread to France,
England, Scotland, Holland and Germany.
Martin Luther (Germany)

• A law student but abandoned his legal training

to enter the monastery of the Augustinian Order.
• Seemed to have been tormented by the wide
discrepancy between the doctrines and
teachings of the scriptures and the practices of
Catholicism.
• His intensive study of the Bible led him to the
doctrinal position that later came to mark the
reform movement.
• Luther‟s direct opposition to the Church in
Rome was the sale of indulgences by the
agents of Pope Leo X.
• These indulgences were offered to repay
Albert of Mainz his cost in acquiring the
archbishopric of Mainz and to continue
work on St. Peter‟s unfinished Basilica.
• Purchase of these indulgences will grant the
individual: remission of sin and punishment in
purgatory and complete remission of all sins for the
dead.

• 31 Oct 1517, Luther nailed to the

church door at Wittenberg his
Ninety-five Theses, which
challenged the church to
debate on the efficacy of
indulgences and the church‟s
sacramental practices.
• His resistance led to his excommunication
from the church and was banned in the
empire, which made him an outlaw.
• He was protected by German royals who
wanted more political autonomy from
Rome.
• When it was evident the Catholic church
would not reform, Luther‟s followers
founded the Lutheran church.
History of Money

Concerns the development of means of

carrying out transactions involving a
medium of exchange.
Mediums of exchange

• Barter System
• Cowry Shells
• Gold
Mickey Mouse Money
WORLD WARS
World War I (1914-1918)
Underlying causes:
Nationalism – the desire to be a free nation
degenerated to jingoism or chauvinism, such
bigoted kind of nationalism existed in many
European countries. German jingoists
considered themselves “superior race” hence,
they aspired to dominate the world.
Imperialism – the policy of extending national power
by acquiring colonies and economic advantages.
Rivalry among European powers for colonies and
trade produced tensions between nations.
Militarism – a powerful army and a great navy are
required to support nationalism and imperialism. The
European arms race produced pressure. England
had long been the “Mistress of the Sea”, but
Germany challenged it by building a strong fleet.
England accepted the German challenge by
constructing more warships, and so the naval race
was on.
Rival Alliances – competition between nations
led to the formation of two rival alliances - Triple
Alliance (1882): Germany, Austria & Italy; Triple
Entente (1907): Britain, France & Russia. These
rival alliances divided Europe into two hostile
armed groups. Any war between them would
involve the whole world, for both alliances had
friends among other nations of the world.
Assassination of the Austrian Archduke – Francis
Ferdinand, heir to Austria‟s throne was assassinated on
June 18, 1914 by a Serbian patriot, Gavrilo Princip.
Austria rejected Serbia‟s offer for a peaceful
settlement, and promptly declared war to Serbia on
July 18, 1914.
Allies versus Central Powers
Allies (France, Russia, Britain, Serbia)
Central Powers (Austria, Hungary, Germany, Turkey,
Bulgaria)
War ended, with the Allies winning, on November 11,
1918. In accordance with this armistice, all hostilities
ceased at 11 am of the same day – “the eleventh hour
on the eleventh day of the eleventh month of the year”.
“League of Nations”
The League was established in Geneva, Switzerland on
January 10, 1920 with 62 member states. Its aims: (1)
prevent war, (2) protect member countries against
aggression, (3) arbitrate all disputes between nations, (4)
promote international cooperation, & (5) implement the
provisions of the peace treaties ending World War I.
World War II (1939-1945)
Underlying causes:
• Clash between two rival political ideologies –
democracy & totalitarianism.
• The unchecked aggressions of Germany, Italy &
Japan.
• The foolish dream of Hitler and Mussolini to be
masters of the world.
• Failure of the League of Nations to settle
international crisis.
• The outbreak of war started when Nazi Germany
attacked Poland in the summer of 1939. Countries in
Europe were rampaged by Germany.
• USA entered war when Japan attacked Pearl
Harbor, America‟s base in Hawaii, on December 8,
1941. Japan then conquered the Philippines, which
was under the American Commonwealth
Government.
• War ended in the Pacific after US forces dropped
atomic bombs in Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and
Nagasaki (August 9, 1945).
History of Human Rights
• Cyrus the Great conquered
Babylon in 539 BC
• He declared that “slaves are
free and that they have the
freedom to choose their
religion.
• His words were documented
in clay known as “the Cyrus
Cylinder”
Ancient Rome

Romans noticed that people naturally

followed certain laws even if they
weren't told to. They call this, the
Natural Law.
1215 AD Magna Carta (England)

• They finally let a king

(King John) to agree that
no one can overrule the
rights of the people…not
even a king.
• People were now safe
from those in power.
1689 British Bill of Rights
1776 U.S. Declaration of Independence
“All men are created equal,
that they are endowed by
their Creator with certain
unalienable rights, that
among these are life, liberty
and the pursuit of
happiness”
-4 July 1776
American Revolutionary War (1775 – 1783)
French Revolutionary War (1789 – 1799)
1789 Rights of Man and of the children (France, 1789)

France insisted that

these rights are not
made up…they are
NATURAL.
-26 August 1789
Napoleon Bonaparte
• Countries of Europe
joined forces and
defeated Napoleon.
• They draw up
international
agreements broadly
granting many rights
across Europe…but
only across Europe.
Rest of the world somehow didn‟t qualify about these
rights. Instead they got invaded, conquered and
consumed by Europe‟s massive empires.
Mahatma Gandhi (India)
• Gandhi led India
Protests in 1915 against
the British Government.
• In the face of violence,
he insisted that all of
the earth have
rights…not just in
Europe.
Gandhi – Irwin Pact (1931)

Europeans agree
Gandhi‟s
declarations
World Wars
United Nations established (1945)
Eleanor Roosevelt, Chair UN HR Commission
“First Lady of the World”

Nations agreed on a set of rights

that apply absolutely to everyone:
“Universal Declaration of Human
Rights”

-1946
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• Consists of 30 articles.
• Adopted on 10
December 1948.
• 48 countries voted in
favour of the
Declaration, including
the Philippines.
• International Human
Rights Day is
commemorated every
December 10.
Article 1 Right to Equality
Article 2 Freedom from Discrimination
Article 3 Right to Life, Liberty, Personal Security
Article 4 Freedom from Slavery
Article 5 Freedom from Torture and Degrading Treatment
Article 6 Right to Recognition as a Person before the Law
Article 7 Right to Equality before the Law
Article 8 Right to Remedy by Competent Tribunal
Article 9 Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Exile
Article 10 Right to Fair Public Hearing
Article 11 Right to be Considered Innocent until Proven Guilty
Article 12 Freedom from Interference with Privacy, Family, Home
and Correspondence
Article 13 Right to Free Movement in and out of the Country
Article 14 Right to Asylum in other Countries from Persecution
Article 15 Right to a Nationality and the Freedom to Change It
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
Article 11, states: "Everyone charged with a
penal offence has the right to be presumed
innocent until proven guilty according to
law in a public trial at which he has had all
the guarantees necessary for his defense."
"You have the right to remain silent. If you give
up the right to remain silent, anything you say
can and will be used against you in a court of
law. You have the right to an attorney. If you
desire an attorney and cannot afford one, an
attorney will be obtained for you before police
questioning."

-Miranda Rights
Miranda Rights are named after the landmark
US Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona.
Ernesto Miranda (1941 – 1976) was arrested for
stealing $8.00 from an Arizona bank worker.
After two hours of questioning, Miranda
confessed not only to the robbery but also to
kidnapping and rape. When he was brought in
for questioning, he was never told that he did
not have to speak to police, or that he could
consult with a lawyer; he simply confessed to
the crimes. He was found guilty.
Miranda's conviction was appealed to the
United States Supreme Court. The Justices
ruled that the statements Miranda made to
the police could not be used as evidence
against him because he had not been
advised of his Constitutional rights. Since
this decision, police are required to recite
the Miranda warning to suspects before
any questioning is conducted.
Writ of Habeas Corpus
Habeas corpus is a writ which requires a person under
arrest to be brought before a judge or into court. This
ensures that a prisoner can be released from unlawful
detention, in other words, detention lacking sufficient
cause or evidence. The remedy can be sought by the
prisoner or by another person coming to the prisoner‟s
aid. The legal right to apply for a habeas corpus is also
called by the same name. This right originated in the
English legal system to assist wealthy landowners, but it is
now available in many nations. It has historically been
an important legal instrument safeguarding individual
freedom of certain individuals against arbitrary state
action.
Writ of Habeas Data
The writ of habeas data is a remedy available to
any person whose right to privacy in life, liberty
or security is violated or threatened by an
unlawful act or omission of a public official or
employee, or of a private individual or entity
engaged in the gathering, collecting or storing
of data or information regarding the person,
family, home and correspondence of the
aggrieved party.
Writ of Amparo
The writ of amparo is a remedy for the protection of
constitutional rights, found in certain jurisdictions. In
some legal systems, the amparo remedy or action is an
effective and inexpensive instrument for the protection
of individual rights.
Amparo, generally granted by a supreme or
constitutional court, serves a dual protective purpose: it
protects the citizen and his basic guarantees, and
protects the constitution itself by ensuring that its
principles are not violated by statutes or actions of the
state that undermine the basic rights enshrined therein.
Thus, in the same way that habeas corpus guarantees
physical freedom, amparo protects other basic rights.
Writ of Kalikasan
A Writ of Kalikasan is a legal remedy under Philippine law
which provides for the protection of one‟s right to “a
balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the
rhythm and harmony of nature,” as provided for in
Section 16, Article II of the Philippine Constitution. It is
compared with the writ of amparo but protects one’s
right for a healthy environment rather than constitutional
rights. The writ of Kalikasan may be sought to deal with
environmental damage of such magnitude that it
threatens life, health, or property of inhabitants in two or
more cities or provinces.
Who May File?
• Any aggrieved party may file a petition. However,
in cases of extralegal killings and enforced
disappearances, the petition may be filed by:
• Any member of the immediate family of the
aggrieved party, namely: the spouse, children
and parents; or
• Any ascendant, descendant or collateral relative
of the aggrieved party within the fourth civil
degree of consanguinity or affinity.
Where to File?
• The petition may be filed with the Regional Trial
Court where the petitioner or respondent resides, or
that which has jurisdiction over the place where the
data or information is gathered, collected or stored,
at the option of the petitioner.
• The petition may also be filed with the Supreme
Court or the Court of Appeals or the
Sandiganbayan when the action concerns public
data files of government offices.
Article 16 Right to Marriage and Family
Article 17 Right to Own Property
Article 18 Freedom of Belief and Religion
Article 19 Freedom of Opinion and Information
Article 20 Right of Peaceful Assembly and Association
Article 21 Right to Participate in Government and in Free Elections
Article 22 Right to Social Security
Article 23 Right to Desirable Work and to Join Trade Unions
Article 24 Right to Rest and Leisure
Article 25 Right to Adequate Living Standard
Article 26 Right to Education
Article 27 Right to Participate in the Cultural Life of Community
Article 28 Right to a Social Order that Articulates this Document
Article 29 Community Duties Essential to Free and Full Development
Article 30 Freedom from State or Personal Interference in the above
Rights
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Historical names of the Philippines
• Ma-i (“country of the Blacks”) - historians claimed
that Ma-i was not an island, but all the south of South
Sea islands groups and Manila itself, which was
known to be an overseas Chinese settlement,
Mindoro being the center, which was in constant
contact with the Chinese mainland as early as the
9th century AD.
• Las Islas de San Lazaro (St. Lazaru‟s Islands) - Named
by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when he reached
the islands of Homonhon in Samar (now Eastern
Samar) on the feast day of Saint Lazarus of Bethany.
• Las islas Felipinas (Philippine Islands/Islands
belonging to Philip). Named by Ruy López de
Villalobos in 1543 to Samar and Leyte,
honoring the Prince of Asturias, the then Philip II
of Spain.
• Filipinas (Philippines). Vernacular corruption of
Las islas Felipinas; irrevocably became the
archipelago's name.
Prehistory
The history of the Philippines is believed to have
begun with the arrival of the first humans using
rafts or boats at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007
discovery of Callao Man in Cagayan, the earliest
archeological evidence for man, in the
archipelago and the Angono Petroglyphs in Rizal.
Both of whom appear to suggest the presence of
human settlement prior to the arrival of the
Negritos and Austronesian speaking people.
Theories on the origins of ancient Filipinos
• F. Landa Jocano - theorizes that the ancestors of the
Filipinos evolved locally.
• Wilhelm Solheim (Island Origin Theory) - postulates
that the peopling of the archipelago transpired via
trade networks originating in the Sundaland area
around 48,000 to 5000 BC rather than by wide-scale
migration.
• Austronesian Expansion Theory - states that Malayo-
Polynesians coming from Taiwan began migrating to
the Philippines around 4000 BC.
• The Negritos were early settlers, but their
appearance in the Philippines has not been reliably
dated.
• They were followed by speakers of the Malayo-
Polynesian languages, a branch of the Austronesian
language family, who began to arrive in successive
waves beginning about 4000 BC.
• By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the Philippine
archipelago had developed into four distinct kinds
of peoples: (1) tribal groups, such as the Aetas,
Hanunoo, Ilongots and the Mangyan who
depended on hunter-gathering and were
concentrated in forests;
(2) warrior societies, such as the Isneg and Kalinga
who practiced social ranking and ritualized warfare
and roamed the plains;
(3) petty plutocracy of the Ifugao Cordillera
Highlanders, who occupied the mountain ranges of
Luzon;
(4) harbor principalities of the estuarine civilizations
that grew along rivers and seashores while
participating in trans-island maritime trade.
• Around 300–700 AD, the seafaring people of the islands
traveling in balangays (boat) began to trade with the
Indianized kingdoms in the Malay Archipelago and the
nearby East Asian principalities, adopting influences
from both Buddhism and Hinduism.
• Barangay was the socio-political unit with Datu as
chieftain. Social classes existed: nobles, freeman and
slaves (Aliping namamahay and aliping sagui-guilid).
• The archipelago was divided into barangays, each
barangay comprising of 40 - 100 families. Contacts with
other nations such as Chinese, Indians and Malays
existed. Arab influence Islam religion was brought by
Malays.
Pre-colonial period (900 AD – 1565)
Kingdom of Tondo - led by kings under the title “Lakan”
which belongs to the caste of the Maharlika. They were
called Hidalgos by the Spaniards.
Wangdom of Pangasinan - was a sovereign Prehispanic
Philippine state, notable for having traded with the
Kingdom of Ryukyu, Japan. It was locally known the
Luyag na Kaboloan which existed in the fertile Agno
River valley. Urduja, a legendary woman warrior, is
believed to have ruled in Pangasinan around the 14th
century.
The Nation of Ma-i - the nation of Ma-i, a pre-Hispanic
Philippine island-state centered in Mindoro, flourished as
an entrepôt, attracting traders and shipping from the
Kingdom of Ryukyu to the Yamato Empire of Japan.
The Kedatuan of Madja-as - During the 11th century
several exiled datus led by Datu Puti led a mass
migration to the central islands of the Philippines, fleeing
from Rajah Makatunao of the island of Borneo. Upon
reaching the island of Panay and purchasing the island
from Negrito chieftain Marikudo, they established a
confederation of states and named it the Kedatuan of
Madja-as centered in Aklan.
The Rajahnate of Cebu - The Rajahnate of Cebu
was founded by Sri Lumay otherwise known as
Rajamuda Lumaya, a minor prince of the Hindu
Chola dynasty which happened to occupy
Sumatra. He was sent by the maharajah to
establish a base for expeditionary forces to
subdue the local kingdoms but he rebelled and
established his own independent Rajahnate
instead.
The Rajahnate of Butuan – founded by
Rajah Sri Bata Shaja, the monarch of the
Indianized Rajahnate of Butuan. Evidence
of the existence of this rajahnate is given by
the Butuan Silver Paleograph.
The Sultanate of Sulu - In 1380, Karim ul'
Makdum and Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu
Bakr, an Arab trader born in Johore, arrived
in Sulu from Malacca and established the
Sultanate of Sulu. This sultanate eventually
gained great wealth due to its diving for
fine pearls.
The Sultanate of Maguindanao - The Sultanate of
Maguindanao rose to prominence at the end of
the 15th century, Shariff Mohammed
Kabungsuwan of Johor introduced Islam in the
island of Mindanao and he subsequently
married Paramisuli, an Iranun Princess from
Mindanao, and established the Sultanate of
Maguindanao. It ruled most parts of Mindanao
and continued to exist prior to the Spanish
colonization until the 19th century
The Sultanate of Lanao - The Sultanates of
Lanao were founded in the 16th century
through the influence of Shariff Kabungsuwan,
who was enthroned as first Sultan of
Maguindanao in 1520. Islam was introduced to
the area by Muslim missionaries and traders
from the Middle East, Indian and Malay regions
who propagated Islam to Sulu and
Maguindanao.
Rulers
Rajah – translated means “king”. A Rajah is a
king, or princely ruler from Kshatriya/Rajput
lineages. The title has a long history in the Indian
subcontinent and Southeast Asia, being attested
from Rigveda.
Sultan – an Islamic title, with several historical
meanings. Originally it was an Arabic language
abstract noun meaning “strength”, “authority”,
or “rulership”.
Viceroy – a royal official who governs a
country or province in the name of and as
representative of the monarch. The term
derives from the Latin prefix “vice” meaning
“in the place of” and French “roi” meaning
“king”.
Tribal Chief – leader of a tribe, or the head
of a tribal form of self-government.
Spanish settlement and rule (1521–1898)
Parts of the Philippine Islands were known to Europeans
before the 1521 Spanish expedition around the world
led by Portuguese-born Spanish explorer Ferdinand
Magellan. He landed on the island called Homonhon,
claiming the islands he saw for Spain, and naming them
Islas de San Lázaro. They anchored on Homonhon and
later sailed to an islet south of Leyte where they had the
first mass on March 31, 1521 celebrated by Fr. Pedro de
Valderrama. However, Magellan was killed on April 28
during the Battle of Mactan against the local datu,
Lapu-Lapu.
Other Spanish Expeditions in the Philippines:
• Loaysa Expedition (1525-26) by Father Juan Garcia
Jofre De Loaysa
• Cabot Expedition (1526-1530) by Sebastian Cabot
• Sayavedra Expedition (1527-1528) by Alvaro de
Sayavedra
• Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546) by Ruy Lopez de
Villalobos. Reached Mindanaw in Februay 1543. He
named the islands of Samar and Leyte Las Islas
Filipinas in honor of Prince Phillip II of Spain. The name
was then extended to the entire archipelago later on
in the Spanish era.
European colonization began in earnest when Spanish
explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in 1565 and
formed the first European settlements in Cebu. Beginning
with just 5 ships and 500 men accompanied by
Augustinian monks, and further strengthened in 1567 by
two hundred soldiers. He concluded blood compact
with Sikatuna, chief of Bohol, then a treaty of friendship
with Rajah Tupas of Cebu where the first Spanish
settlement (San Miguel) was established. Further
colonization was made in Visayas and up north. In 1571,
Legazpi established Manila as the capital of the
Philippines.
Political changes
• Government was centralized. For 250 years,
Philippines was administered through the Council of
Indies which transmitted to the Governor General of
the Philippines the royal decree that served as guide
in the administration of the colony.
• Provincial governments started with encomiendas
which were rewards given by the Spaniards who
helped in the pacification of the country.
Encomenderos were empowered to collect taxes,
protect and convert natives to Catholicism.
• Due to abuses perpetrated by encomenderos,
encomiendas were abolished and replaced by a system
of provincial governments:
1. Provinces are called Alcaldia headed by Alcalde
Mayor for pacified areas and Corregimentos headed
by Corregidors for unpacified areas.
2. Cities are called Ayuntamiento headed by two
Alcalde.
3. Towns are called Pueblos headed by a
Gobernadorcillo.
4. Barangays were retained and headed by a Cabeza
de Barangay.
Notable Spanish Governor Generals of the Philippines

• Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1st Governor General).

• Narciso Clavería (responsible for the use of
Spanish Surname by the Filipinos).
• Eulogio Despujol (responsible for Rizal‟s exile in
Dapitan)
• Jose Basco (implemented the Tobacco
Monopoly)
• Diego de los Rios (last Spanish Governor General)
British Occupation of Manila (1762 – 1764)
The British occupation of Manila was an episode in Philippine
colonial history when the British Empire occupied the Spanish
colonial capital of Manila and the nearby principal port of
Cavite for twenty months between 1762 and 1764. The British
wanted to use Manila as an entrepôt for trade in the region,
particularly with China. In addition, a ransom for the city was
delivered to the Spanish on the basis that the city would not
be sacked or burnt. The resistance from the provisional
Spanish colonial government and their Filipino allies
prevented British forces from taking control of territory beyond
the neighboring towns. The British occupation ended as part
of the peace settlement of the Seven Years' War.
 British Governor Generals (1762 – 1764)

1. Simón de Anda y Salazar (Oct 6, 1762 – Feb 10, 1764)

2. Dawsonne Drake (Nov 2, 1762 – May 31, 1764)
Economic Policies
• Mostly characterized by monopoly that favored and
benefited the Spaniards.
• Taxation - started as a tribute of 1 peso (Spanish reales).
This was abolished in 1884 and personal cedula, a poll tax
based on income, was instituted for residents 18 years of
age and above. Taxes were excessive and most of which
went into pockets of officials.
• Forced Labor - male from 16 to 66 years were required to
render service to the government for 40 days supposedly
with daily allowances and meager food ration.
• Encomienda - became the source of corruption of
officials, particularly in the sharing of produce between
encomienderos, workers and landowners. Encomienda
means land granted to deserving Spaniards who served
the government.
• Galeon Trade or Manila-Acapulco Trade - Doctrine of
Mercantilism (monopoly of goods from colonies) was
imposed by Spain. Philippines traded with Acapulco,
Mexico in the 16th century and goods were shipped by
the Spanish galleons. Tobacco was in great demand in
Europe.
Del Superior Govierno was the first Philippine
newspaper established in 1811 to 1832. It was
primarily published and edited by the Spanish
Governor General himself. The newspaper was
printed in movable type and intended for local
Spaniard readers.
 Religious Influence
• Christian religion was introduced replacing the
paganist anito worship. Friars were responsible for
spreading the religion such as Franciscans, Jesuits
(1851), Dominicans (1857) and Recollects (1606). Early
missionaries learned the dialects of the people and
introduced highly church-oriented literature.
• Education was controlled by friars. Religious orders
found the first school and colleges. University of Sto.
Tomas was the first university founded in 1611.
 Growth of Filipino Nationalism
• It was in the 19th century when national consciousness
developed the Sporadic Uprisings started as early as
1574 by Lakandula and followed by Sulayman then by
Magalat in 1596. Revolts by Tamblot, Bangkaw, Palaris,
Dagohoy, Diego Silang and many others grew intensely
about 200 years later.
• Nationalism (devotion to or advocacy of national unity
and independence) developed due to the following
factors: opening the Philippines to World Trade; rise of
the middle class; racial prejudice; Cavite mutiny and
the execution of Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora
(GOMBURZA)
• Campaign for reforms started with the formation by the
middle class Propaganda Movement. Foremost among
them where Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce, M.H. Del
Pilar, and Rizal that clamored for adequate
representation to the Spanish law-making body, the
Cortes and later for independence.
• The movement failed to attain the reforms they
demanded. José Rizal, the most celebrated intellectual
and radical ilustrado of the era, wrote the novels "Noli
Me Tángere", and "El filibusterismo", which greatly
inspired the movement for independence.
• Andres Bonifacio founded the Katipunan
(Kataastaasang, Kagalang-galangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan) in July 7, 1892
on a radial platform: to secure independence
and freedom of the Philippines by force.
• The society remained secret until Teodoro Patinio
exposed the society to Fr. Mariano Gil on August
19, 1896. On August 23, 1896, the Katipuneros tore
up their cedulas shouting – “Long Lived the
Philippines” thus making the so-called “Cry of
Pugad Lawin”.
Pen names of Propaganda Movement and KKK Leaders
• Dr. Jose Rizal Dimasalang, Laong Laan
• Marcelo del Pilar Plaridel, Dolores Manapat
• Graciano Lopez-Jaena Diego Laura
• Mariano Ponce Tikbalang, Naning, Kalipulako
• Antonio Luna Taga-ilog
• Jose Maria Panganiban Jomapa
• Emilio Jacinto Dimasilaw, Pingkian
• Andres Bonifacio Agapito Bagumbayan, May pag-asa
• Pio Valenzuela Madlang-away
• Apolinario Mabini Bini, Paralitico
• Juan Luna Buan
• Emilio Aguinaldo Magdalo
• The Katipunan in Cavite split into two groups,
Magdiwang, led by Mariano Álvarez (a relative of
Bonifacio's by marriage), and Magdalo, led by
Emilio Aguinaldo.
• March 22, 1897 - The Tejeros Convention. The
Magdalo faction under Aguinaldo and Magdiwang
under Mariano Alvarez agreed to convene in
Tejeros (now part of Gen. Trias) to settle their
differences and to establish a new government that
would replace the Katipunan.
Elected Officers, Tejeros Convention
• Emilio Aguinaldo President
• Mariano Trias Vice President
• Artemio Ricarte Captain-General
• Emiliano Riego de Dios Director of War
• Andres Bonifacio Director of the Interior
May 10, 1897 – Andres Bonifacio and his brother
Procopio were executed after being found
guilty of treason and sedition by a military court.
November 1, 1897 – The Biak-na-Bato
Constitution was signed. It was prepared by Felix
Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho, who copied, almost
word for word the Cuban constitution. It has
effectively established the Biak-na-Bato
Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo as the
President.
• December 15, 1897 - Pact of Biak-na-Bato, a
ceasefire between the Spanish colonial
Governor General Fernando Primo de Rivera
and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo
was signed.
• The terms of the pact called for Aguinaldo and
his militia to surrender. Other revolutionary
leaders were given amnesty and a monetary
indemnity by the Spanish government in return
for which the rebel government agreed to go
into exile in Hong Kong.
Spanish – American War
April 25, 1898 – The USS Maine, having been sent to
Cuba because of U.S. concerns for the safety of its
citizens during an ongoing Cuban revolution, exploded
and sank in Havana harbor. This event precipitated the
Spanish–American War.
May 1, 1898 - George Dewey led a U.S. naval squadron
into Manila Bay in the Philippines and destroyed the
anchored Spanish fleet in a leisurely morning
engagement that cost only seven American seamen
wounded. Manila itself was occupied by U.S. troops by
August.
• The U.S. invited Aguinaldo to return to the Philippines in
the hope he would rally Filipinos against the Spanish
colonial government. Aguinaldo arrived on May 19,
1898, via transport provided by Dewey.
• June 12, 1898 - Between 4 and 5 in the afternoon,
Aguinaldo, in the presence of a huge crowd,
proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in
Kawit, Cavite, establishing the First Philippine Republic.
The Philippine National Flag made in Hongkong by
Marcela Agoncillo was officially hoisted for the first
time and Marcha Nacional Filipina composed by
Julian Felipe was played by the San Francisco de
Malabon Band.
December 10, 1898 - The Spanish-American War ended
with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. It established the
independence of Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico and Guam
to the United States, and allowed the victorious power to
purchase the Philippine Islands from Spain for $20 million.
December 11, 1898 - US President McKinley proclaimed
the policy "a gift from the gods" and that since "they
were unfit for self-government, … there was nothing left
for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the
Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them". The
First Philippine Republic resisted the U.S. occupation,
resulting in the Philippine–American War (1899–1913).
Philippine–American War (1899 – 1902)

Filipinos initially saw their relationship with the United

States as that of two nations joined in a common
struggle against Spain. However, the United States
later distanced itself from the interests of the Filipino
insurgents. Emilio Aguinaldo was unhappy that the
United States would not commit to paper a
statement of support for Philippine independence.
Relations deteriorated and tensions heightened as it
became clear that the Americans were in the
islands to stay.
US Military Government (1898 – 1901)

The American military government was established

following the defeat of Spain in the Spanish–American
War. During the transition period, executive authority in
all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised
by the military governor.
• Wesley Merritt (Aug 14 – 30, 1898)
• Elwell S. Otis (Aug 30, 1898 – May 5, 1900)
• Arthur MacArthur, Jr. (May 5, 1900 – Jul 4, 1901)
• Adna Chaffee (Jul 4, 1901 – Jul 4, 1902)
On February 4, 1899, an American soldier,
Private William Grayson, shot a Filipino soldier at
the bridge of San Juan, Manila. This marked the
beginning of the Philippine-American War,
which lasted for three years and resulted in the
death of over 4,200 American soldiers and over
20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000
Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and
disease.
Insular Government (1901–1935)
• The Philippine Organic Act was the basic law for
the Insular Government, so called because civil
administration was under the authority of the U.S.
Bureau of Insular Affairs. This government saw its
mission as one of tutelage, preparing the
Philippines for eventual independence. On July 4,
1902 the office of military governor was abolished
and full executive power passed from Adna
Chaffee, the last military governor, to Taft, who
became the first U.S. Governor-General of the
Philippines.
US Governor Generals
NAME FROM UNTIL

WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT July 4, 1901 February 1, 1904

LUKE EDWARD WRIGHT February 1, 1904 November 3, 1905
HENRY CLAY IDE November 3, 1905 September 19, 1906
JAMES FRANCIS SMITH September 20, 1906 November 11, 1909
WILLIAM CAMERON FORBES November 11, 1909 September 1, 1913
NEWTON W. GILBERT September 1, 1913 October 6, 1913
FRANCIS BURTON HARRISON October 6, 1913 March 5, 1921
CHARLES YEATER March 5, 1921 October 14, 1921
LEONARD WOOD October 14, 1921 August 7, 1927
EUGENE ALLEN GILMORE August 7, 1927 December 27, 1927
HENRY L. STIMSON December 27, 1927 February 23, 1929
EUGENE ALLEN GILMORE February 23, 1929 July 8, 1929
DWIGHT F. DAVIS July 8, 1929 January 9, 1932
GEORGE C. BUTTE January 9, 1932 February 29, 1932
THEODORE ROOSEVELT, JR February 29, 1932 July 15, 1933
FRANK MURPHY July 15, 1933 November 14, 1935
• In socio-economic terms, the Philippines made solid
progress in this period. Foreign trade had amounted
to 62 million pesos in 1895, 13% of which was with the
United States. By 1920, it had increased to 601 million
pesos, 66% of which was with the United States.
• A health care system was established which, by
1930, reduced the mortality rate from all causes,
including various tropical diseases, to a level similar
to that of the United States itself. The practices of
slavery, piracy and headhunting were suppressed
but not entirely extinguished.
Commonwealth
• Enacted 24 on Mar 1934, the Tydings–McDuffie Act
(Sen. Millard Tydings, John McDuffie) provided for
the establishment of the Commonwealth of the
Philippines with transition to full independence
after a ten-year period.
• The Commonwealth Government was
inaugurated on the morning of November 15,
1935. The Tydings–McDuffie Act meant that the
date of full independence for the Philippines was
set for July 4, 1946.
High Commissioners (1935 – 1942 and 1945 – 46)

• Frank Murphy (1935 – 1937)

• Paul V. McNutt (1937 – 1939)
• Francis Bowes Sayre, Sr. (1939 – 1942)
• *Paul V. McNutt (1945 – 1946)

*Following Philippine independence, became 1st U.S.

Ambassador to the Philippines
WWII and Japanese Occupation

• On Dec. 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor,

the US naval base in Hawaii. On the same day,
they attacked Baguio, Pampanga, Manila and
other parts of the Philippines. The following day,
Dec. 8, the US Congress declared war against
Japan. This mark starts World War II in the Pacific.
General MacArthur declared Manila as an Open
City to avoid further destruction.
Japanese Military Governors (1942 – 1945)
• Masaharu Homma (Jan 3, 1942 – Jun 8, 1942)
• Shizuichi Tanaka (Jun 8, 1942 – May 28, 1943)
• Shigenori Kuroda (May 28, 1943 – Sep 26, 1944)
• Tomoyuki Yamashita (Sep 26, 1944 – Sep 2, 1945)
*Japan Emperor - Hirohito
• Japan successfully occupied the Philippines after the
fall of Bataan on April 9, 1942 and Corregidor on May
6.
• 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the Japanese at
Bataan were forced to undertake the infamous Bataan
Death March to a prison camp 105 kilometers to the
north. About 10,000 Filipinos and 1,200 Americans died
before reaching their destination.
• On October 14, 1943, the Japanese sponsored
Philippine Republic was proclaimed with Jose P. Laurel
as President. Japan finally surrendered after Hiroshima
(August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) were
destroyed by atomic bombs.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Political Science
Political science is the systematic study of
the State and Government. The word
political is derived from the Greek word
“polis” meaning a city, the word “science”
comes from the Latin word „scire‟ meaning
to know.
State
State - a community of persons more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a
definite portion of the territory, independent
from outside or external control and
possessing a government wherein a great
body of inhabitants render habitual
obedience.
Government
• Government is a system of people, laws, and
officials that define and control the country
that you live in.
• The group of people who officially control a
country.
• The government is the agent through which
the will of the state is carried out.
 “The state cannot exist
without the government
but it is possible to have a
government without a
state. “
Origin of the State

Divine Theory – it holds that the state of divine

creation and the ruler is obtained by God to
govern the people. Reference has been made by
advocates of this theory to the laws which Moses
received at Mt. Sinai.
Necessity or Force Theory – it maintains that states
must have been created through force by some
great warriors who imposed their will up on the
weak.
Paternalistic Theory – it attributes the origin of states to
the enlargement of the family, which remained under
the authority of the father or the mother. By natural
stages, the family grew into a clan , then developed into
a tribe which broadened into a nation then becomes a
state.
Social Contract Theory – it asserts that the early states
must have been formed by deliberate and voluntary
compact among the people to form a society and
organize government for their common good. This
theory justifies the right of the people to revolt against a
bad ruler.
Three Inherent Powers of the State
Police Power - it is the power of the state to regulate
individual‟s rights and property for the general welfare.
Eminent Domain or Power of Expropriation – it is the
power of the state to take possession of private
property for public purpose and after payment of just
compensation.
Power of Taxation - the power of the state to enforce
proportionate contributions from the people for
support of all government programs and services.
Elements of a State
Population – the most essential and indispensable
element of a state. This is the mass of the
population, or the number of people living within
the state. There is no specific number of people
required living within a state so that it could be
called a state.
Territory – the established area that rightly belongs
to the people of the state. This is the aerial (air),
terrestrial (land), fluvial (stream/river), and maritime
(water) domains of the state.
Government – the agency to which the will of the
state is expressed, created and administered. This
is a group of people or institutions which run and
rule the society.
Sovereignty – It is the soul of a state. It implies that
the state is independent from external
interference, as well as can maintain integrity
within itself. India could not be referred to as a
state prior to 1947, as it did not have an
independent government.
Forms of Government
Democracy – It is a form of government wherein the
power or sovereignty is exercised and or resides in the
people. It may be classified as pure or representative
democracy.
Aristocracy – a form of government wherein the power
is exercised by a limited few or the so-called elite.
Monarchy – a form of government wherein the power
or sovereignty is exercised by one person only, usually a
king or a queen. It could either be absolute or limited
monarchy.
Parliamentary – a form of government wherein
the President serves as nominal or titular head. It is
the Prime Minister that runs the affairs of the State.
He is directly accountable to the people. Under
this system the ministry is legally responsible to
legislature and consequently to the electorate.
Presidential – a form of government wherein the
President is the chief executive of the state and
independent of the legislature with respect to his
tenure, acts and policies.
Federal – a form of government where the power
of the state is divided into two namely: national
for national affairs and local for local affairs. Each
organ is independent in its own sphere.
Military – a form of government established and
controlled by military authorities over a
beleaguered state.
Revolutionary – a form of government wherein
the State is obtained by means of force.
De Jure – a form of government that is founded on
existing legal or constitutional basis.

De Facto – a form of government that is not

founded on constitutional law. It exists in fact but
not in law.

Civil – a form of government that is run by elected

civilian officials.
 Democracy

• „„government of the People, by the People and

for the People.‟‟ (Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg
Address).
• demos „„people‟‟ and kratia „„government.‟‟
• The Government of the Philippines is a unitary
state presidential, representative, and
democratic republic.
Constitution - body of rules and maxims in
accordance with which the power of sovereignty
is habitually exercised.
Functions:
• To prescribe the permanent framework of the
system of government assigned to the different
departments their respective powers and duties,
and established certain fixed first principles on
which the government is founded
• To promote public welfare, which involves the
safety, prosperity, health, and happiness of the
people.
 Kinds:
• Written or rigid – the provisions of which have been
reduced to writing and embodied in one or more
instruments at a particular time.
Example: Philippine and U.S Constitutions
• Unwritten or flexible – is one which has not been
committed to writing at any specific time but is the
collective product and accumulation of customary
rules, judicial decisions, dicta of statements and
legislative enactments of fundamental character
written but scattered in various records without
having any compact form in writing.
Requisites of a good written constitution:
• Broad – because it must outline an
organization of the government for the whole
State.

• Brief – because its nature requires that only its

great outlines should be marked. Its important
objects designated and the ingredients which
compose those objects be reduced.
Evolution of the Constitution of the Philippines

• 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato - established

the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
• 1899 Malolos Constitution – the 1st republic and
the 1st republican constitution in Asia.
• Philippine Organic Act of 1902 – enacted by
the US Congress.
• Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 – “Jones Law”
• Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934) - Commonwealth
• 1935 Constitution – Commonwealth.
• 1943 Constitution - 2nd Republic, “Puppet Republic”.
• 1935 Constitution (1946-1972) – 3rd Republic
• 1973 Constitution – 4th Republic, modified
parliamentary-style government, “the new republic”
• 1986 Freedom Constitution – provisional constitution.
• 1987 Constitution – 5th Republic
Changing the Constitution
Amendment or revision?
• Amendment - an isolated or piecemeal
change in the Constitution.
• Revision - the revamp or the rewriting of
the entire instrument.
How?
Proposal
• By Congress – ¾ vote of both houses (Senate and
House of Representatives)
• Constitutional Convention – “CON-CON”
• People‟s Initiative
Ratification - which means the submission of the draft
constitution to the electorate. A proposal made by the
people„s initiative requires at least 12% of the entire
electorate and 3% must come from every legislative
district.
The 1987 Constitution - Structure
Preamble (“preambulare” „to walk before‟)
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid
of Almighty God, in order to build a just and
humane society, and establish a Government that
shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote
the common good, conserve and develop our
patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our
posterity, the blessings of independence and
democracy under the rule of law and a regime of
truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace,
do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
• Article I – National Territory
• Article II – Declaration of Principles and State
Policies
• Article III – Bill of Rights
• Article IV – Citizenship
• Article V – Suffrage
• Article VI – Legislative Department
• Article VII – Executive Department
• Article VIII – Judicial Department
• Article IX – Constitutional Commissions
Forms of Suffrage

• Election - the means by which the people

choose their officials for definite and fixed
period and to whom they entrust the exercise
of powers of government.
• Plebiscite – It refers to a vote of the people
expressing their choice for or against a
proposed law or enactment submitted to them.
• Referendum – It is the submission of a law or part
thereof passed by legislative body to the voting
citizens of a country for ratification or rejection.
• Initiative – the process whereby the people
directly propose and enact laws or amendments
to the Constitution.
• Recall – It is a method by which a public officer
may be removed from office during his tenure or
before the expiration of his term by a vote of the
people.
• Article X – Local Government
• Article XI – Accountability of Public Officers
• Article XII – National Economy and Patrimony
• Article XIII – Social Justice and Human Rights
• Article XIV – Education, Science and Technology,
Arts, Culture and Sports
• Article XV – The Family
• Article XVI – General Provisions
• Article XVII – Amendments or Revisions
• Article XVIII – Transitory Provisions
Classes of rights
• Natural Rights – possessed by every citizen conferred
upon him by God as a human being.
Ex: right to life, right to live
• Constitutional Rights - rights conferred and protected
by the Constitution part of the fundamental law
cannot be modified or taken away by the law
making body.
• Statutory Rights – it is provided by laws promulgated
by the law making body. It can be abolished by the
same body.
Branches of the government
Legislative. Congress is a bicameral legislature. The
upper house, the Senate, is composed of 24 senators
elected via the plurality-at-large voting with the
country as one at-large "district." The senators elect
amongst themselves a Senate President. The lower
house is the House of Representatives, currently
composed of 292 representatives, with no more than
20% elected via party-list system, with the rest elected
from legislative districts. The House of Representatives
is headed by the Speaker.
Senate of the Philippines
• Founded on October 16, 1916.
• Composed of 24 senators who are
elected at large by qualified voters as
may be provided by law.
• Term of Office – six (6) years.
• Term limits – 2 consecutive terms (12
years).
Prominent Senators
Presidents
• Manuel L. Quezon – 2nd President.
• Jose P. Laurel – 3rd President.
• Sergio Osmeña – 4th President.
• Manuel Roxas – 5th President.
• Elpidio Quirino – 6th President.
• Carlos P. Garcia – 8th President.
• Ferdinand E. Marcos – 10th President.
• Joseph Ejercito Estrada – 13th President.
• Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo – 14th President.
• Benigno S. Aquino III – 15th President.
• Geronima Josefa Tomelden Pecson – 1st woman senator.
House of Representatives

• Currently composed of 292

representatives, with no more than 20%
elected via party-list system, with the rest
elected from legislative districts.
• Term of Office – three (3) years.
How a bill becomes a LAW?
1. The bill is assigned a number. First reading.
2. Referral to appropriate committee.
3. Second reading. Period of amendments.
4. Debates.
5. Printing and distribution.
6. Third reading.
7. Referral to the other House.
8. Submission to joint Bicameral Committee.
9. Submission to the President. If signed, bill becomes LAW. If the
President fails to communicate his veto of the bill within 30
days after the receipt thereof, the bill automatically becomes
a LAW.
• If the president vetoes the bill, Congress
can override the veto with a two-thirds
supermajority. If either house voted down
on a bill or fails to act on it after an
adjournment sine die, the bill is lost and
would have to be proposed to the next
congress, with the process starting all over
again.
• Each house has its own inherent power,
with the Senate given the power to vote on
treaties, while the House of Representatives
can only introduce money bills.
• The constitution provides Congress with
impeachment powers, with the House of
Representatives having the power to
impeach, and the Senate having the power
to try the impeached official.
Impeachment
Impeachment has been defined as a method of
national inquest into the conduct of public men.
It aims to protect form official delinquencies or
malfeasance.
Officials removable by Impeachment
• The president and vice-president
• Members of the Supreme Court
• Members of the Constitutional Commissions
• The Ombudsman (Tanodbayan)
Grounds for Impeachment

• Culpable violation of the constitution

• Treason
• Bribery
• Graft and corruption
• Betrayal of public trust – (new ground for
impeachment)
• Executive. Executive power is vested to the President;
in practice however, the president delegates his
power to a cabinet. The cabinet is mostly composed
of the heads of the executive departments, which
provide services to the people, and other cabinet-
level officials.
• The president, who is both the head of state and
head of government, is directly elected to a single
six-year term. In case of death, resignation or
incapacitation, the Vice President acts as the
president until the expiration of the term.
 PRESIDENT VICE PERIOD

EMILIO F. AGUINALDO MARI ANO TRI AS Rev olutionary 1ST REPUBLI C

MANUEL L. QUEZON SERGI O OSMEÑA
COMMONWEALTH
SERGIO S. OSMEÑA, SR
BENI GNO AQUI NO, SR.
JOSE P. LAUREL Japanese Occupation 2ND REPUBLI C
RAMON AVANCEÑA
MANUEL L. ROXAS ELPI DI O R. QUI RI NO
ELPIDIO R. QUIRINO FERNANDO H. LOPEZ
RAMON F. MAGSAYSAY CARLOS P. GARCI A
3RD REPUBLI C
CARLOS P. GARCIA DI OSDADO P. MACAPAGAL
DIOSDADO P. MACAPAGAL EMMANUEL N. PELAEZ
FERDINAND E. MARCOS FERNANDO H. LOPEZ
FERDINAND E. MARCOS ARTURO M. TOLENTI NO "THE NEW REPUBLI C" 4TH REPUBLI C
CORAZON C. AQUINO SALVADOR H. LAUREL
FIDEL V. RAMOS JOSEPH E. ESTRADA
JOSEPH E. ESTRADA GLORI A MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
TEOFI STO T. GUI NGONA 5TH REPUBLI C
GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
MANUEL L. DE CASTRO
BENIGNO C. QUINO III JEJOMAR C. BI NAY
RODRIGO R. DUTERTE MA. LEONOR S. ROBREDO
Judiciary. The judiciary is composed of the Supreme
Court and other lower courts. The Supreme Court is the
court of last resort, and decides on constitutionality of
laws via judicial review. It is composed of a Chief
Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The Court of Appeals
is the second highest appellate court, the Court of Tax
Appeals rules on tax matters, and the Sandiganbayan
(People's Advocate) is a special court for alleged
government irregularities. The Regional Trial Courts
(RTC) are the main trial courts. The Regional Trial Courts
are based on judicial regions, which almost correspond
to the administrative regions.
 NAME TENURE APPOINTED BY

CAYETANO ARELLANO 1901 - 1920 WILLIAM MCKINLEY

VICTORINO MAPA 1920 - 21 WOODROW WILSON
MANUEL ARAULLO 1921 - 24 WARREN G. HARDING
RAMON AVANCEÑA 1925 - 1941 CALVIN COOLIDGE
JOSE ABAD SANTOS 1941 - 42 MANUEL L. QUEZON
JOSE YULO 1942 - 45 JAPANESE OCCUPATION
MANUEL MORAN 1945 - 1951 SERGIO OSMEÑA
RICARDO PARAS 1951 - 1961 ELPIDIO QUIRINO
CESAR BENGZON 1961 - 66 CARLOS P. GARCIA
ROBERTO CONCEPCION 1966 - 1973
QUERUBE MAKALINTAL 1973 - 75
FRED RUIZ CASTRO 1976 - 79
FERDINAND MARCOS
ENRIQUE FERNANDO 1979 - 1985
FELIX MAKASIAR JUL - NOV 1985
RAMON AQUINO 1985 - 87
CLAUDIO TEEHANKEE 1987 - 88
PEDRO YAP APR - JUN 1988
CORAZON AQUINO
MARCELO FERNAN 1988 - 1991
ANDRES NARVASA 1991 - 98
HILARIO DAVIDE, JR 1998 - 2005 JOSEPH ESTRADA
ARTEMIO PANGANIBAN 2005 - 07
REYNATO PUNO 2007 - 10 GLORIA M. ARROYO
RENATO CORONA 2010 - 2012
MA. LOURDES SERENO 2012 - PRESENT BENIGNO AQUINO III
ECONOMICS
Economics

• “Oikonomia” Greek word meaning

“management of the household”.
• Economics is the study of how scarce
resources are allocated to fulfill the infinite
wants of consumers.
NEEDS: are the basic necessities that a
person must have in order to survive.
e.g. food, water, shelter and clothing.

WANTS: something we would like to have

but is not necessary for survival.
e.g. things that people would like to
have, such as bigger homes, iphones, etc.
Microeconomics – the study of the
economic decisions and actions of
individual people, companies, etc.

Macroeconomics – the study of the large

economic systems of a country or region.
Factors of Production
• Land – the “gifts of nature”, or natural
resources not created by human effort.
• Capital – tools, equipment, machinery, and
factories used in production.
• Labor – includes people with all their efforts,
abilities, and skills.
• Entrepreneurs – risk-taking individuals in search
of profits.
Types of Products
• Consumer goods – products sold to general public.
e.g. rice, milk, sugar
• Capital goods - products purchased by other
businesses to produce other goods and services.
e.g. computers, machines, tools
• Services - intangible products provided by
businesses.
e.g. barber, teacher (education), doctor (health
care)
Inflation
Inflation – a continuing rise in the general
price level usually attributed to an increase
in the volume of money and credit relative
to available goods and services.
Effects of Inflation

• Decrease in the value of money

(Purchasing Power of the Peso).
• Inflation Losers – fixed salary worker,
retirees living on pension.
• Inflation Gainers – People with flexible
income, debtors.
Stocks and Equities Bonds
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

• Gross domestic product is the best way to

measure a country‟s economy. GDP is the
total value of everything produced by all the
people and companies in the country. It
doesn‟t matter if they are citizens or foreign-
owned companies. If they are located within
the country‟s boundaries, the government
counts their production as GDP.
Gross National Product (GNP)

• An estimated value of the total worth of

production and services, by citizens of a
country, on its land or on foreign land,
calculated over the course on one year.
• Total value of Goods and Services produced
by all nationals of a country (whether within or
outside the country).
Philippine Economy
• 33rd largest economy in the world.
• El Banco Español Filipino de Isabel II (Bank of the
Philippine Islands) – 1st bank opened in the
Philippines in 1851.
• The Philippines is the world‟s largest producer of
coconuts producing 19,500,000 tons in 2009, and
pineapples producing 2,458,420 metric tons in 2013.
• In 2008, the Philippines has surpassed India as the
world leader in business process outsourcing (BPO).
GEOGRAPHY
• “Geo” (earth), “graphien” (to describe or
write about)
• Geography literally means “to write about
the earth”.
• Geography is devoted to the study of the
Earth‟s landforms, oceans, environment and
ecosystems, and the interactions between
the human society and their environment.
 Geography

PHYSICAL HUMAN
GEOMORPHOLOGY POPULATION

OCEANOGRAPHY CULTURAL

METEOROLOGY ECONOMIC

CLIMATOLOGY POLITICAL

HYDROLOGY ANIMAL

BIOGEOGRAPHY HEALTH
Notable geographers
• Erastosthenes – calculated the size of the Earth.
• Strabo – wrote Geographica, one of the first books
outlining the study of geography.
• Alexander von Humboldt – considered as Father
of modern geography.
• Walter Christaller – inventor of Central place
theory.
• William Morris Davis – father of American
geography and developer of the cycle of erosion.
Y axis

X axis
On the map horizontal lines
are lines of LATITUDE

vertical lines are lines of

LONGITUDE.
Equator

Prime Meridian
 Tropic of
Cancer

Greenwich,
England
Tropic of
Capricorn
 6
3 1
2
4
7

5
Continents of the World
Asia
• Largest continent and includes within its limits an
area of 44,444,100 km2 (17,159,995 mi2), or about
33% of the world„s total land surface.
• Most populous of all the continents, with a
population of 4,436,224,000 (2016), or 59.69% of the
world„s total population.
• The nations of Asia are usually grouped into five
main geographical and political-cultural
subdivisions: (1)Southwest Asia, (2)South Asia, (3)East
Asia, (4) Southeast Asia and (5) Central/North Asia.
• The highest point is in Mount Everest,
which towers to 8,848 m (29,029 ft) in
Nepal; the lowest point is 395 m (1,296 ft)
below sea level along the shores of the
Dead Sea in Israel and Jordan.
Africa
• Africa is the second-largest continent after Asia.
• Total population as of 2016 is 1,216,130,000 or 16.36% of
the world‟s total population.
• Europeans called Africa the “Dark Continent”
• Africa has a number of outstanding natural features that
have influenced its history and development. The
northern coastal area is separated from the rest of the
continent by the Sahara, the largest desert in the world.
• Rising above this plateau is Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895
m/19,340 ft), a semi-active volcano and Africa„s highest
peak.
• The Nile River, the world‟s longest (6650
km/4,132 mi), the Congo, Africa„s second-
longest river and third-longest river, the
Niger. Only few areas of Africa possess
fertile soils, while animal life in is
remarkable for its great diversity.
• Africa is the most rural and least urbanized
of the continents.
North America
• The continent„s land area places its third in size among
the seven continents, smaller only than Asia and Africa.
• Total population is 579,024,000 or 7.79% of the world‟s
total population.
• It is extended in the northwest by the peninsula of
Alaska and its Aleutian Island chain, in the northeast by
the world„s largest island (Greenland), in the southeast
by Florida„s peninsula, and in the southwest by Mexico
and the land bridge to South America.
• Of the more than 400 million people in
North America, almost 60% are located in
the United Sates and another 20% live in
Mexico.
• In North America, the overwhelming
majority are Christian
South America

• South America is the world„s fourth-largest

continent; it is smaller than North America
but larger than Antarctica.
• The Amazon River surpasses all others in
volume of flow, and the Amazon Basin is
the world„s largest area of tropical rain
forest.
• South America„s racial heritage stems
from three basic sources: Caucasian,
African and Indian.
• The continent is part of Latin America, so
named because most of its settlers during
the colonial period came from the Iberian
Peninsula.
• Roman Catholicism is found throughout
South America.
Antarctica
• Antarctica is the fifth-largest and southernmost
continent. Its position at the South Pole, together
with its elevation and ice-and-snow cover,
generates the coldest climate on Earth. At least at
third of the coastline (about 30,000 km/18,600 mi) is
hidden beneath perennial ice.
• Total population is 4,490 (2016).
• The summer population is several thousand, but only
a few hundred scientists and support personnel stay
during the winter. They live in semitransparent bases.
Europe
• Europe is the second to the smallest continent, its
geographical units is not clearly defined. It is
physically attached to Asia and forms the western
end of the immense Eurasian land mass. For historical
reasons it has been treated as a separate continent.
• The highest elevations in Europe are in the Caucasus
Mountains (Mount Elbrus, 5,633m/18,481 feet) and
the Alps (Mont Blanc, 4,807 m/15,771 ft).
• Vatican City with around 1,000 people is the world„s
smallest sovereign state.
Australia
• Australia is the world‟s smallest continent, it is the sixth-
largest country, one of the world„s oldest landmasses,
the flattest continent, and (after Antarctica) the driest
one.
• In 1996, Australia„s population was more than double
that of 1945. Immigration continues to play an important
role in population increase. Prior to permanent
European settlement in Australia, the continent was
populated by a number of diverse groups of hunter-
gatherer peoples, who as usually referred to as
“Aborigines”.
Oceania - Refers to a group of island countries and
territories in the Pacific Ocean, together with the continent
of Australia.
1. Melanesia (“black islands”) includes the large quasi-
continental islands immediately north and east of
Australia, from New Guinea to New Caledonia.
2. Micronesia (“little islands”) is almost exclusively
composed of tiny atolls dotting the western Pacific.
3. Polynesia (“many islands”) is an immense region in
the central Pacific, those islands farthest removed
from Asia. It includes both large volcanic islands and
coral atolls within a triangle connecting Hawaii,
Easter Island, and New Zealand.
RELIGION
3 Major World Religions

Judaism -14 million followers

- 10th largest religion in the world
Christianity -2.4 billion followers
- largest in the world
Islam -1.8 billion followers
- 2nd largest religion
- fastest growing major religion
in the world
Judaism - The Hebrew leader Abraham
founded Judaism around 3,000 B.C.
Judaism is considered one of the oldest
monotheistic faiths (religions with one God).
Judaism
• Judaism is around 3,000 years old and is
one of the oldest of the monotheistic
religions. It is also the smallest with only
about 14 million followers around the
world.
• Its holy city is Jerusalem.
• The Jewish calendar is based on 29 or 30
days therefore they have 12.13 months.
Beliefs
• Jews believe that there is a single God who not
only created the universe, but with whom
every Jew can have an individual and
personal relationship.
• They await the Messiah, who will be an earthly
king. They believe in heaven, but that God
determines where they go after life on earth.
• They give a tithe (10%). Ten Commandments is
the basic code of law.
 Holy Book
• The most holy Jewish book is the Torah (the first
five books of the Christian Bible). Others include
Judaism's oral tradition, the written form of which
is known as the Talmud.
• The Torah (scroll of teachings) contains the five
books revealed to Moses by God on Mount Sinai.
• Torah - Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and
Deuteronomy
• Hebrew is read right to left.
Worship
• Jews worship in Synagogues or temples.
Men and women usually sit separately.
• Worship is led by a Rabbi (“My Master”).
• Friday evening is time for worship.
Christianity - Founded by Jesus Christ, who
was crucified around A.D. 30 in Jerusalem.
It was after his death that many accepted
his teachings through the ministering of his
apostles. His followers came to believe in
him as the Christ, the promised Messiah.
Christianity
• Christianity is the world's biggest religion,
with about 2.4 billion followers worldwide.
It is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ
who lived in the Holy Land 2,000 years
ago.
Beliefs
• Christians believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of
God.
• God sent his Son to earth to save humanity
from the consequences of sin.
• Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after
his Crucifixion (the Resurrection).
• Christians believe that Jesus is the Messiah
promised in the Old Testament.
• Christians believe that God created the earth.
• Christians believe that they can have a
personal relationship with God, and that
they are saved by faith in Christ and
following His teachings.
• They believe in actual heaven and hell.
• They believe that the Bible is the inspired
word of God.
• They give tithes or offerings.
Holy Book
• The Bible is the Christian holy book. It is
divided into the Old and New Testaments.
Parts of the writing contained in the Old
Testament are also sacred to Jewish and
Muslim people.
Worship
• The Christian place of worship is called a
Church. Services are led by a priest,
bishop, pastor or reverend.
• Day of worship is normally Sunday but
most recently Saturday has been added.
Westminster Abbey, London Sistine Chapel, Vatican City
Islam
• Islam is the second most popular religion
in the world with over a billion followers.
Islam began in Arabia and was revealed
to humanity by the Prophet Muhammad.
Those who follow Islam are called Muslims.
Muslims believe that there is only one
God, called Allah.
Holy Book
• The Muslim scripture is the Holy Qur'an. It is 'the
word of God'. Muslim beliefs and practices are
rooted in the Qur'an.
• Muslims treat the Qur'an with great respect
because they believe that the Qur'an is from
Allah, and every word and every letter is sacred.
• Muslims regard the Qur'an as the unaltered
word of God.
• It is read from right to left and written in Arabic.
Worship
• The Muslim building for communal worship
is called a Mosque/Masjid. The word
comes from the Arabic for "place of
prostration".
• Worshippers are called to prayer 5 times a
day from minarets – towers on the
mosque corners.
• Normal day of worship is Friday.
Jamia Mosque in Derby, England
5 Pillars of Islam
Shahadah: the declaration of faith
"I bear witness that there is no god, but God; I
bear witness that Muhammad is the prophet
of God." By reciting this, one enters Islamic
faith.
Salah: prayer
Muslims are required to pray five times a day,
washing themselves before prayer and
facing in the direction of Mecca while
praying.
Zakat: giving a fixed proportion to charity
Muslims are required to give away a
percentage of their earnings to those less
fortunate, regardless of their religion.

Saum: fasting during the month of Ramadan

Fasting from sunrise to sunset. Muslims fast for
one lunar month each year, a period called
Ramadan. During this time, Muslims reflect on
their behaviour and strive to purify their
thoughts.
Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca
If it is financially possible, Muslims are
required to travel to Mecca once in their
lifetime.
Who is the first mythical geographer who
was recognized due to his vivid descriptions
of lands and people encountered by his
hero Ulysses?

A.Virgil
B. Plato
C. Homer
D. Cicero
Homer – Greek author of the Iliad and the
Odyssey, two epic poems of ancient Greek
literature. The Iliad is set during the Trojan War &
focuses on a quarrel between King
Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles. The
Odyssey focuses on the journey home of
Odysseus (Ulysses) after the fall of Troy.
Virgil - an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan
period. He wrote three of the most famous
poems in Latin literature, the Eclogues, the
Georgics, and the epic Aeneid.
Plato - a philosopher in Classical Greece
and the founder of the Academy in Athens,
the first institution of higher learning in the
Western world.
Cicero - a Roman politician and lawyer,
who served as consul in the year 63 BC. He
is considered as one of Rome's greatest
orators and prose stylists.
Famous Filipino sculptor of landmark
structures.

A.Jacinto
B. Manansala
C. Castrillo
D. Orlina
Castrillo - award-winning Filipino sculptor who
pioneered his own constructivism method of
sculpture and is known for big landmark
sculptures.
Jacinto – A Filipino painter.
Manansala - Filipino cubist painter and
illustrator.
Orlina - a Filipino sculptor and an architect who
created sculptural form in glass as a medium.
Which of the following is an artistic tradition
that seeks to revive past glory in various
forms?

A. Antique
B. Modern
C. Contemporary
D. Classical
Classical - relating to ancient Greek or Latin
literature, art, or culture.
Antique - a collectible object such as a piece
of furniture or work of art that has a high value
because of its considerable age.
Modern - relating to the present or recent times
as opposed to the remote past.
Contemporary - happening, existing, living, or
coming into being during the same period of
time.
Haiku is a traditional Japanese poem
consisting of:

A. 8 lines
B. Poetry in free verse
C. 3 lines
D. 4 lines
Haiku - poem consists of three lines, with
the first and last lines having 5 syllables, and
the middle line having 7.

Ex: An old silent pond...

A frog jumps into the pond,
splash! Silence again.
Civilization is where large ideas and tools, as
well as human settlements flourished. Where
do historians say civilization had first been
born?

A. China
B. Middle East
C. Egypt
D. Jordan
Agency tasked to nurture Philippine Arts:

A. NBI
B. CCP
C. NCAA
D. NCCA
Who was the first editor of La Solidaridad,
and an orator of the Reform Movement?

A.Juan Luna
B. Graciano Lopez Jaena
C. Jose Rizal
D. Marcelo H. del Pilar
As a Social Science teacher which should
Teacher Nora avoid?

A. Abreast with all the other issues

B. Appreciative of change
C. Facilitator of learning
D. As a sage on the stage
Governor General Narciso Claveria was
responsible for the:

A.Abolition of the Galleon Trade

B.Establishment of the Tobacco Monopoly
C.Use of Spanish surname by Filipinos
D.Establishment of the Galleon Trade
The Rizal Day celebration reminds us about
heroes worth:

A. Appreciating
B. Emulating
C. Emanating
D. Reading
Which type of reading is Choral Reading?

A.Reading aloud to students

B. Shared
C. Buddy
D. Guided
In the Count of Monte Cristo, Edmond
Dantes was wrongfully imprisoned in:

A. Castle of Chillon
B. The Conciergerie
C. The Bastille
D. The Devil‟s Island
An aspect of Philippine culture that does
much to promote interpersonal
communication beyond the community
boundary is the:

A.Fiesta Celebration
B. Television
C. Tagalog Movies
D. Zarsuela
She is a vision of feminine pulchritude.
Pulchritude stands for:

A.Ugliness
B. Plain
C. Beauty
D. Homeliness
She had ILLUSIVE dreams of instant wealth.

A.Beyond comprehension
B.Moving swiftly
C.Based on false ideas
D.Tending to slip away
Thomas Carlyle said “the man without purpose is
like a ship without rudder…” it could be
interpreted as:

A.Direction can never come into one‟s life

B.One‟s life doesn‟t need to be controlled
C.There should be sufficient energy in one‟s life
D.There should be a strong driving force in one‟s
life
The line, “Under the bludgeoning of
chance, my head is bloody but un-bowed”
depicts the person‟s:

A.Optimism
B. Confidence
C. Courage
D. Determination
In social trends, how do you call those who
are for the revival of the classics?

A.Existentialists
B. Rationalists
C. Humanist
D. Reformists
Which religious missionaries first arrived in
the Philippines?

A.Dominicans
B. Franciscan
C. Jesuits
D. Augustinians
Who is known as the “Father of Local
Government Code” in the Philippines?

A.Joey Lina
B. Joseph Estrada
C. Jovito Salonga
D. Aquilino Pimentel
What is the name of the plane who first
dropped the Atomic Bomb in Hiroshima,
Japan during World War II?

A. B-52 Stealth Bomber

B. Enola Gay
C. Kitty Hawk
D. F-16 Eagle
The Philippine President who is the “Father
of the Filipino First Policy”:

A.Ramon Magsaysay
B. Carlos P. Garcia
C. Elpidio Quirino
D. Ferdinand E. Marcos