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Rail transport in China

Rail transport is an important mode of long-distance transportation in the People's

Republic of China. As of 2015, the country has 121,000 km (75,186 mi) of railways,
the second longest network in the world. By the end of 2018, China had 29,000
kilometres (18,020 miles) of high-speed rail (HSR), the longest HSR network in the
world.
Almost all rail operations are handled by the China Railway Corporation, a state-owned
company created in March 2013 from dissolution of the Ministry of Railways.
China's railways are among the busiest in the world. In 2014, railways in China
delivered 2.357 billion passenger trips, generating 1,160.48 billion passenger-
kilometres and carried 3.813 billion tonnes of freight, generating 2,753 billion cargo
tonne-kilometres. Freight traffic turnover has increased more than fivefold over the
period 1980-2013 and passenger traffic turnover has increased more than sevenfold
over the same period. Driven by need to increase freight capacity, the railway network
has expanded with the country budgeting $130.4 billion for railway investment in 2014,
and has a long term plan to expand the network to 274,000 km (170,000 mi) by 2050.
China built 9,000 km of new railway in 2015.

History

he first railway to be built in China was a 600-metre narrow gauge demonstration line
that a British merchant assembled in Beijing in 1864 to demonstrate rail technology.
The Qing government was uninterested and had the line dismantled. The first railroad
to enter commercial service was the Woosung Railway, a 9 ¼ mi (14 km) railway from
Shanghai to Woosung (modern Shanghai's Baoshan District) which opened in 1876.
This was also built by the British, without approval from the Qing government, which
had the line dismantled one year later. Until the defeat of China in the First Sino-
Japanese War, the government remained hostile toward railway construction.
Beginning in 1895, the government began to grant rail concessions to foreigners, and
permitted direct connection to the capital Beijing.
Republic of China in Mainland Period (1912–1949)
See also: Rail transport in Taiwan

A train with an American-made locomotive on the South Manchuria Railway in

northeastern China.

An old chinese railway of Beiping to Hankou

During the Republic of China era from 1912 until 1949, the development of the railway
network in China slowed due to repeated civil wars and the invasion of Japan in
the Second Sino-Japanese War. One of the few exceptions was in Northeastern China
(Manchuria). The Russians opened the Chinese Eastern Railway in 1901; after
the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), the Japanese gained control of the portion of the
Chinese Eastern Railway south of Changchun, using it to create the
A steam locomotive and a diesel locomotive near the Badaling Great Wall in Beijing
in 1979.
From 1990 to 2001, on average some 1,092 km of new railways, 837 km of multiple-
track, and 962 km of electrified railways were opened to traffic annually, 2.4-fold, 1.7-
fold and 1.8-fold increases respectively over the previous 10 years. At the end of 2004,
railways in operation reached 74,200 km, including 24,100 km of multiple track and
18,900 km of electrified railways.
Since 1997, train speed has been raised significantly six times. The top speed of express
trains increased from 120 km to 200 km per hour, and passenger trains can reach
maximum speed of 350 km per hour on some sections of the arterial railways.
In March 2013, the Ministry of Railways was dissolved and its safety and regulation
duties were taken up by the Ministry of Transport, inspection duties by the State
Railway Administration and construction and management by the China Railway
Corporation (CR).

Railway administration

Railways in China are defined into three main legal categories: national railways, local
railways and designated railways. National railways are managed by the State Council
of the national government and account for the bulk of railways in China. Local
railways, which are operated by provincial or municipal governments, totaled a mere
40,000 km in 2013, less than 4% of the national total. Designated railways are operated
by enterprises such as mines and steel mills. Since the 1980s, the national and local
governments have jointly funded railway construction, sometimes using private capital.
Joint stock railways constituted about 32% of the national network in 2013.

Railway bureaus and management

The China Railway Corporation assumed most of the assets of the Ministry of
Railways and continues to manage the railways at three levels—the national level, the
bureau or subsidiary company level, and the station level. Below are the 18 rail bureaus
of the China Rail Corporation and the number of passenger stations each bureau
managed in 2013.[17]The National Railway Administration has seven oversight
bureaus, based in Shenyang, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Wuhan, Xian and
Lanzhou, to oversee

Track network

Main article: List of railways in China

As of 2014, the length of railways in China totaled 112,000 km (69,594 mi), including
16,000 kilometres (9,942 miles) of high-speed rail (HSR). China had the second
longest railway network in the world and the longest high-speed rail network. All
provinces and regions are connected by rail except Macau and Taiwan.
In 2011, the network length was about 91,000 kilometres (56,545 miles), including
41.1% double tracked (37,000 km) and 46.6% electrified (42,000 km). As of 2014
50.8% of the railroad was double-tracked (57,000 kilometres (35,418 miles)) and
58.3% was electrified (65,000 kilometres (40,389 miles)). The railway network's
density was 116.48 km per 10,000 km2.

Stations
Railway stations in China are classified into six classes: special, first, second, third,
fourth and fifth. A special class station can handle at least 60,000 passengers and
20,000 pieces of baggage, load at least 750 freight carriages or assign at least 6,500
carriages per day. A first class station can handle at least 15,000 passengers and 1,500
pieces of baggage, load 350 carriages or assign 3,000 carriages per day. A second class
station can handle at least 5,000 passengers and 500 pieces of baggage, load 200
carriages or assign 1,500 carriages per day. In 2008, there were 5,470 train stations,
including 50 special class stations, 236 first-class stations, 362 second-class stations
and 936 third-class stations.

Bridges
The Beipan River Bridge on the Liupanshui–Baiguo Railway in Guizhou Province of
southwest China, is the highest railway bridge in the world. The bridge deck is 275
metres (902 feet) above the Beipan River in a deep gorge.
The rail network across China's diverse topography makes extensive use of bridges and
tunnels. In recent years, advances in bridge-building and tunneling techniques have
enabled Chinese railroad builders to reduce overall track length and increase train
speeds on rail lines through rugged terrain. The Yichang–Wanzhou Railway, built from
2003 to 2010 across the karst landscape between Wuhan and Chongqing, has 159
tunnels and 253 bridges, which account for 74% of the railway's total length. High-
speed rail lines are often built on elevated tracks to reduce the need to acquire land and
involve very long bridges. The Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway has three of
the longest railroad bridges in the world with lengths of 164.8 kilometres (102.4 miles),
113.7 kilometres (70.6 miles) and 48.15 kilometres (29.92 miles). The Beipan River
Shuibai Railway Bridge built in 2003 in Guizhou Province is the world's highest
railway bridge. Its bridge deck is 275 metres (902 feet) above the Beipan River in a
deep gorge.
As of 2008, there were 47,524 railway bridges in use in Mainland China (excluding
Hong Kong and Taiwan), including 872 major bridges over 500 metres (1,600 feet) in
length.

Tunnels
The Greater Khingan Ridge Tunnel on the Harbin-Manzhouli Railway, built in 1904.
Main article: List of tunnels in China
As of 2008, there were 6,102 railway tunnels in use in Mainland China (excluding
Hong Kong and Taiwan), including 183 over 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) and seven over
10 kilometres (6.2 miles) in length.[4] The first railroad tunnel was built in 1888 by the
Qing Dynasty in Taiwan. The Shi-chiu-lin Tunnel near Keelung, 261 metres (856 feet)
long, is now a historical landmark. The oldest rail tunnel on the mainland is the 3,077.2
metres (10,096 feet) Greater Khingan Rail Ridge built in 1904 on the Chinese Eastern
Railway in modern-day Inner Mongolia. The longest tunnel in China is the 27,848
metres (91,365 feet) Taihangshan Tunnel on the Shijiazhuang–Taiyuan High-Speed
Railway in northern China. Several longer tunnels are under construction.

Train ferries
Freight cars at the Port of Lüshun, the northern terminus for the Bohai Train Ferry.
The most notable train ferries in China are the Guangdong–Hainan Ferry, across
the Qiongzhou Strait between the Leizhou Peninsula on the south coast
of Guangdong and the island of Hainan, and the Bohai Train Ferry, connecting
the Liaodong and Shandong Peninsulas across the Bohai Bay. These two ferries began
operating, respectively, in 2003 and 2007.
A river ferry carries trains on the Xinyi–Changxing Railway across the Yangtze
River at Jingjiang, halfway between Nanjing and Shanghai. In the first half of the 20th
century, all trains traversing the Yangtze River required ferries. Since the completion
of the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge in 1953, at least fifteen railway bridges and two
subway tunnels now span the Yangtze.

Passenger transport

The Beijing West railway station, opened in 1996, is one of the largest rail stations in
Asia. The station handles an average of 150,000–180,000 passengers per day.
Rail is one of the principal means of passenger transport in China. In 2014, railways
delivered 2.357 billion passenger trips and generated 1,160.48 billion passenger-
km, compared to 1.456 billion trips and 772.8 billion passenger-km in 2008. The sharp
increase in the number of train trips taken is driven by the rapid growth of high-speed
rail service.
Average trip distance declined slightly from 530 km to 503 km, which shows that train
travel is primarily used for long-distance trips. This contrasts greatly with countries
such as Germany, where the average rail trip is only about 40 km long. The difference
may be explained by the near-absence of traditional commuter rail systems (low cost,
frequent service, frequent stops) in China; the incipient Beijing Suburban Railway may
perhaps be their only specimen in the country. However, a number of high-speed
intercity railways have been opened since 2005, and many more are under construction;
they may attract an increasing share of short-distance trips.

Freight transport

Freight train on the Suihua–Jiamusi Railway in Yichun, Heilongjiang Province.

Freight trains in China are primarily used to ship bulk cargo. The important cargo
is coal, which accounts for more than half of total rail freight tonnage. In 2013, 2.322
billion tonnes of coal were shipped on trains in China, about 58% of the total rail freight
tonnage of 3.967 billion. Another one-fifth of rail freight was devoted to ores and
minerals, which were 851 million tonnes (21.5%) in 2013. Other major categories of
bulk goods include grain (110 million tonnes, 2.77% in 2013) and fertilizer (87 million
tonnes, 2.19% in 2013). Container cargoconstitutes a small fraction of the total freight,
about 88 million tonnes or 2.21% in 2013. Despite impressive passenger statistics,
freight rail in China trails other countries like USA, where some 40% of all tonnage is
shipped by rail, according to US Federal Railroad Administration. In China, that
number is only 8% as of 2016 and 77% for highways out of 43 billion tonnes, but that
number is expected to increase due to new environmental regulations in regards to air
pollution, which is expected to force millions of trucks off roadways.
Military transport

The People's Liberation Army (PLA) uses the railway system to transport personnel,
supplies, conventional and strategic arms. The military used to play a more prominent
role in railway development and management. The PLA's Railway Construction Corps,
which in the 1950-1970s built many of the railroads in the Southwest, became a civilian
company in 1984 and is now China Railway Construction Corporation. For a time
during the Cultural Revolution, the entire Railway Ministry was placed under the
PLA's command.

International linkages
China is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The country's UIC
code is 33. Chinese railways has adopted and begun to implement the GSM-R wireless
rail communications standard. China is also a signatory to the Trans-Asian Railway
Network Agreement, an initiative of the UN Economic and Social Commission for
Asia and the Pacific to promote the integration of railway networks across Europe and
Asia.
Current and past links
International passenger train services are available to destinations in:
 Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia. These countries
use 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in) gauge, so there is a break-of-gauge.
 Hong Kong SAR and North Korea. These use standard gauge.
 Vietnam, although Vietnam predominately uses 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) rail
gauge, the line running up from Hanoi to the border between China and Vietnam,
which is the only line currently receiving international passenger train service from
China, is dual-gauged. Therefore, there are no break of gauge problem in the
service.

SUMBER: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China