LITERATURE REVIEW

India is a country with population estimated over 1.25 billion, thus making food security an crucial
factor to ensure that no one sleeps hungry. Apart from this 60% of people live in rural areas and 80%
of them are into agriculture (According to the The Economist). This means that agriculture facilitates
a major portion of country’s economy as well as rural livelihood. This important sector, however
lacks the intervention of technology and crops are often infested by pest or destroyed by birds and
animals. This either leads to loss of a good margin of yield or produces a quality less yield, both of
them bringing heavy losses. ICAR- Central Rice Research Institute states that pest account to 26%
and 33% by animals like rodents as reasons for loss in crops.

Since we are involved in different project over a long period of time, we have been able to know the
working mechanism of multiple sensors and components, through which we have come to develop
an idea of protect the yield in a smarter and better way, by depending less on chemical use. This
model of ours aims at putting technological intervention in the field of modern agriculture. For
instance, ultrasonic though not irritating to humans since it life out of the the range of human
audible bandwidth, it has the ability to immensely irritate animals such as money, rodents and birds.
This facts has been proved upon verifying and concurring with study by The Journal of Acoustic
Society of America Hearing in Monkey: Sensitivity and Differentially, which says that monkey audible
range is 8 KHz optimum but extends to 45 KHz. They feel irritated and intolerable beyond the range
of 36Khz. HCSR04 ultrasonic sensor emits sonic waves at 40 KHz, making it well suited for irritating
monkey and avoiding destruction of crops. On the other hand insects tend to use sunlight and moon
as navigation reference, and mimicking this mechanism might help in mitigating pest by alluring
them and setting up trap, effectively reducing the population of pests. Both these mechanisms tend
to protect crop yields. On the other hand, water level in crops has to be good especially during the
time of harvestation. This has been referred from Science Direct article Crop water Requirement
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/crop-water-
requirement). Thus a soil moisture sensor will be good enough to indicated moisture levels in soils,
so that farmer can have accurate data of control of irrigation.