(Pavement Analysis and Design)

CE 62
History

• The beginning of road

construction
• The construction of
Modern Highways
Design Policies Standards

• AASHTO - American Association of State Highway

and Transportation Officials
• TRO - Transportation Research Board
• ITE - Institute of Transportation Engineers
• FHA - Federal Highway Administration
• DT - Department of Transportation
 Highway Engineering

Highway engineering is an engineering discipline branching

from civil engineering that involves the planning, design,
construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges,
and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people
and goods.
Standards of highway engineering are continuously being
improved. Highway engineers must take into account future
traffic flows, design of highway intersections/interchanges,
geometric alignment and design, highway pavement materials
and design, structural design of pavement thickness, and
pavement maintenance.
 Topics in HIGHWAY Engineering
• Highway in the
Philippines, Planning • Highway Programming • Community • Highway
Difficulties Involvement Economy

• Cross-Section • Highway Plans

• Design Speed • Consistency • Location of
Typical Highways and the Proposed
Specifications Highway

• Road Shoulder • Cut or Fill Slope • Cross Slope • Highway Median

• Islands • Widening Curves • Road Alignment • Right of Way • Gridline

• Types of Interchange • Aggregates for • Bituminous Pavement
Portland Cement Failure
Concrete Pavement
• Highway Intersections
• Macadam Asphalt
• Mineral Fillers Material
• Freeway entrance
and Exit
• Bituminous Materials • Aggregate Bituminous
and Binder Concrete
• Materials: Aggregates
• Bituminous Pavement • DRAINAGE and SLOPE
PROTECTION
• Aggregates for
Bituminous Pavement
• Asphalt Concrete
Pavement
 The Development
• Highways
• Planning
• Financing
• Environmental Impact Assessment
• Highway Safety
• Design
• Geometric design
• Materials
• Flexible pavement design
• Rigid pavement design
• Flexible pavement overlay design

• Drainage system design • Rigid pavement overlay design

 Planning and development

• Highway planning involves the estimation of current and

future traffic volumes on a road network. Highway engineers
strive to predict and analyze all possible civil impacts of
highway systems.
 Financing

• Developed countries are constantly faced with high maintenance cost

of aging transportation highways. The growth of the motor vehicle
industry and accompanying economic growth has generated a demand
for safer, better performing, less congested highways. The growth of
commerce, educational institutions, housing, and defense have largely
drawn from government budgets in the past, making the financing of
public highways a challenge.
• The multipurpose characteristics of highways, economic environment,
and the advances in highway pricing technology are constantly
changing. Therefore, the approaches to highway financing,
management, and maintenance are constantly changing as well.
Environmental impact assessment

• The economic growth of a community is dependent upon

highway development to enhance mobility. However,
improperly planned, designed, constructed, and
maintained highways can disrupt the social and economic
characteristics of any size community. Common adverse
impacts to highway development include damage of
habitat and bio-diversity, creation of air and water
pollution, noise/vibration generation, damage of natural
landscape, and the destruction of a community's social
and cultural structure. Highway infrastructure must be
constructed and maintained to high qualities and
standards.
Highway safety

• Highway systems generate the highest price in human

injury and death, as nearly 50 million persons are
injured in traffic accidents every year, not including
the 1.2 million deaths. Road traffic injury is the
single leading cause of unintentional death in the
first five decades of human life.
• The key for increasing the safety of highway systems is to
design, build, and maintain them to be far more tolerant
of the average range of this man/machine interaction with
highways. Technological advancements in highway
engineering have improved the design, construction, and
maintenance methods used over the years.
 Design

• The most appropriate location, alignment, and shape of a highway are selected
during the design stage. Highway design involves the consideration of three major
factors (human, vehicular, and roadway) and how these factors interact to provide a
safe highway.
• Human factors include reaction time for braking and steering, visual acuity for traffic
signs and signals, and car-following behavior. Vehicle considerations include vehicle
size and dynamics that are essential for determining lane width and maximum
slopes, and for the selection of design vehicles.
• Highway engineers design road geometry to ensure stability of vehicles when
negotiating curves and grades and to provide adequate sight distances for
undertaking passing maneuvers along curves on two-lane, two-way roads.
Geometric design

• Highway and transportation engineers must meet many

safety, service, and performance standards when
designing highways for certain site topography.
• Highway geometric design primarily refers to the visible
elements of the highways. Highway engineers who design
the geometry of highways must also consider
environmental and social effects of the design on the
surrounding infrastructure.
• There are certain considerations that must be properly addressed in the design process to successfully fit a
highway to a site's topography and maintain its safety. Some of these design considerations include:
• Design speed
• Design traffic volume
• Number of lanes
• Level of Service (LOS)
• Sight Distance
• Alignment, super-elevation, and grades
• Cross section
• Lane width
• Horizontal and vertical clearance
The operational performance of a highway can be seen through drivers’ reactions to the design considerations
and their interaction.
 Materials

• The materials used for roadway construction have progressed with time,
dating back to the early days of the Roman Empire. Advancements in
methods with which these materials are characterized and applied to
pavement structural design has accompanied this advancement in
materials.
• There are two major types of pavement surfaces - Portland cement
concrete (PCC) and hot-mix asphalt (HMA). Underneath this wearing
course are material layers that give structural support for the pavement
system. These underlying surfaces may include either the aggregate
base and subbase layers, or treated base and subbase layers, and
additionally the underlying natural or treated subgrade. These treated
layers may be cement-treated, asphalt-treated, or lime-treated for
additional support.