c

c
²The bundle of Microsoft antivirus and antispyware development lines.

c 
 ²A toolkit for accessing the contents of .NET Common IL binaries. Among its features,
it lets you transform the binaries into structured abstract syntax trees that can be manipulated.

c   ²Language keywords used to specify the visibility of the methods and member
variables declared within a class. The five access modifiers in the C# language are @
, @ ,
@
  ,  , and @
    .

c² Codename for an innovative illustration, painting and graphics tool that provides creative
capabilities for designers working in print, web, video, and interactive media.

c      (ASP)²A Microsoft technology for creating server-side, Web-based application
services. ASP applications are typically written using a scripting language, such as JScipt, VBScript, or
PerlScript. ASP first appeared as part of Internet Information Server 2.0 and was code-named Π.

c (cctiveX ata bjects)²A set of COM components used to access data objects through an OLEDB
provider. ADO is commonly used to manipulate data in databases, such as Microsoft SQL Server 2000,
Oracle, and Microsoft Access.

c (cctiveX ata bjects for )²The set of .NET classes and data providers used to
manipulate databases, such as Microsoft SQL Server 2000. ADO.NET was formerly known as cŒ
.
ADO.NET can be used by any .NET language.

c ²The code name for the user experience provided by Microsoft's Longhorn Operating System.

c (cpplication rogram nterface)²A set of programs, code libraries, or interfaces used by developers
to interact with a hardware device, network, operating system, software library, or application. Calls to the
methods of an API are typically synchronous, but may also be asynchronous through the use of 

 
.

c   ! ²See !

  
  .

c  ²The directory where a .NET application's assembly files are stored. Also called the
@@
 
  or @@
  
.
c "   #$$$²A deployment and management package for Web sites, Web services, and
COM components. Application Center is a key B2B and B2C component of the .NET Enterprise Server
product family.

c  ²The logical and physical boundary created around every .NET application by the
CLR. The CLR can allow multiple .NET applications to be run in a single process by loading them into
separate application domains. The CLR isolates each application domain from all other application
domains and prevents the configuration, security, or stability of a running .NET applications from affecting
other applications. Objects can only be moved between application domains by the use of remoting.

c %  ²The part of an application that provides information to describe the components
that the application uses.

c²A collection of objects of the same type, all of which are referenced by a single identifier and an
indexer. In the .NET Framework, all arrays inherits from the Array class that is located in the ½

namespace.

c ²An Abstract State Machine Language.

c (cctive erver ages for )²A set of .NET classes used to create Web-based, client-side
(Web Form) and server-side (Web Service) applications. ASP.NET was derived from the Microsoft Active
Server Pages (ASP) Web technology and adapted for use in the .NET Framework. Also called  
c and formerly known as c
.

c ²All of the files that comprise a .NET application, including the resource, security
management, versioning, sharing, deployment information, and the actual MSIL code executed by the
CLR. An assembly may appear as a single DLL or EXE file, or as multiple files, and is roughly the
equivalent of a COM module. See  
  , @  
,    
.

c  &    ' ( ²A .NET programming tool (- 

  ) used to view and manipulate
the log of binding information that is updated at run-time when an assembly is loaded by the CLR. This
log viewer is primarily used to discover why an assembly (or satellite assembly) can't be located at
runtime, and to verify that the correct assemblies are being loaded by a .NET application.

c  ! ²A reserved area of memory used to store the assemblies of a .NET applications
running on a specific machine. See r

 c 
   !
  
   Œ

  .
c  "! ' ( ²A .NET programming tool ( 
) used to view, add, remove and
configure information in the Global Assembly Cache using Windows Explorer. This viewer is used by
clicking on the %WINDIR\Assembly folder in Windows Explorer. See r

 c 
  .

c      ²A .NET programming tool (cŒ @   ) used to display all of the
assemblies that a specific assembly is dependent upon.

c       ²A custom attribute that attaches version information to an assembly
in addition to the assembly's version number. The informational version is a string that typically contains
marketing information, such as the product's name and release number (e.g., "Windows 2000 Server" or
"FantastiWidget 3.0").

c   )  *²A .NET programming tool (  ) used to create an assembly manifest from
the specified MSIL modules or resource files. Also call the c 
 !  and c 
 r  

.

c    ²A detailed description of the contents of an assembly. A manifest contains
metadata describing the name, version, types, and resources in the assembly, and the dependencies
upon other assemblies. The manifest allows an assembly to be self-describing, easily deployed, and not
bound to a particular system by storing information in the Windows registry.

c   ²The   stored in assembly files.

c  +  ²A .NET programming tool ( c  ) used to register an assembly in
the Windows registry. Registration is required if COM clients need to call managed methods residing in a
.NET assembly. This tool can also be used to generate a registry (.reg) file containing the necessary
registration information. Registration typically only occurs once when the assembly is installed.

c    , ²Part of an assembly's identity, and used to indicate the version, revision,
and build of an assembly. The version is expressed in dot notation using four, 32-bit integers in the format
"<
  
.<
  
.<
  
.< 
". The version number is stored in the
assembly manifest and only refers to the contents of a single assembly Two assemblies that have version
numbers which differ in any way are considered by the CLR to be completely different assemblies. See
c 
 

  
.

"c "²The code-name of an antivirus product being developed by Microsoft. (Named after the home
town of one of the product's developers).
"c"²A project investigating algorithms for detecting cloned code.

c, -   ²A programming model that allows flexibility in the behavior of a program
not possible in traditional API call-based programming. Custom attributes add metadata to give classes
extra information that extend the definition a types' behavior. The attribute's values are determined by
programmers at design time, and can be reconfigured at runtime by users and other programs without the
need for code changes or recompilation. See   
.

c, ²Language constructs that are used by programmers to add additional information (i.e.,
 ) to code elements (e.g., assemblies, modules, members, types, return values, and parameters)
to extend their functionality. See  
 c
 .

c ²The code name for Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF), which is the graphical subsystem
(User Interface framework) of Longhorn. It is worth noting that this will be a vector-based system.

&
&#&²&usiness--&usiness. The exchange of information between business entities.

&#"²&usiness--"onsumer. The exchange of information between business and consumer (i.e.,

customer) entities.

&)    #$$$²A suite of Microsoft servers applications used for B2B and B2C services.
Included in this suite are Windows 2000 Server, Exchange Server 2000, SQL Server 2000, Internet
Security and Acceleration Server 2000, Host Integration Server 2000, and Systems Management Server
2.0. These server applications are now referred to as the .NET Enterprise Server product family.

& ²The parent class of a derived class. Classes may be used to create other classes. A class
that is used to create (or   ) another class is called the
  or  @  . See Π  ,
  .

& ! .²A project for building tools to checking things such as deadlock freedom, invariant checking,
and message-understood properties in behavior properties of asynchronous, message-passing programs.
&/)    #$$$²A set of Microsoft Server applications that allow the integration, automation, and
management of different applications and data within and between business organizations. BizTalk
Server is a key B2B component of the .NET Enterprise Server product family.

&0 ²Conversion of a value type to a reference type object (i.e. ½
 ). Value types are
stored in stack memory and must be converted (i.e.,

 ) to a new object in heap memory before they
can be manipulated as objects. The methods, functions, and events of the new object are invoked to
perform operations on the value (e.g., converting an integer to a string). Boxing is implicitly performed by
the CLR at runtime. See 

.

&,-  ²See     @ .

&, ²The codename for Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 Team System.

"
"1 (C-Omega)²An experimental programming language ² actually an extension to C# ² that focuses
on distributed asynchronous concurrency and XML manipulation. This is a combination of research
projects that were formally known as polymorphic C# and Xen (and X#).

"2 (C-Sharp)²An object-oriented and type-safe programming language supported by Microsoft for use
with the .NET Framework. C# (pronounced "see-sharp") was created specifically for building enterprise-
scale applications using the .NET Framework. It is similar in syntax to both C++ and Java and is
considered by Microsoft as the natural evolution of the C and C++ languages. C# was created by Anders
Hejlsberg (author of Turbo Pascal and architect of Delphi), Scot Wiltamuth, and Peter Golde. C# is
defined by the standard ECMA-334.

") % !²A method used to return the results of an asynchronous processing call. Typically,
methods are called in a synchronous fashion, where the call does not return until the results (i.e., the
output or return value) of the call are available. An asynchronous method call returns prior to the results,
and then sometime later a callback method is called to return the actual results. The callback method
itself contains program statements that are executed in response to the reception of the results. Also
referred to as a 
  
 under the Win32 API. See Event.

" ²Conversion of a value from one type to another. Implicit casting is performed silently by the
compiler when the casting would not cause any information to be lost (e.g., converting a 16-bit integer to
a 32-bit integer value). Explicit casting is coded by the programmer using the particular language's cast
operator. This is necessary when the use of a value would cause a possible loss of data (e.g., converting
a 32-bit integer to a 16-bit integer value).

"! ²To trap a program exception. See try/catch block.

"²In .NET languages, classes are templates used for defining new types. Classes describe both the
properties and behaviors of objects. Properties contain the data that are exposed by the class. Behaviors
are the functionality of the object, and are defined by the public methods (also called  
  
)
and events of the class. Collectively, the public properties and methods of a class are known as the

    . Classes themselves are not objects, but instead they are used to  (i.e., create)
objects in memory. See structure.

"   ²The elements of a class which define it behaviors and properties. Class members
include events, member variables, methods, constructors, and properties. Also called @  
.

")  ²A deployment technology introduced with the release of Whidbey that allows client program
to be used and installed as seamless as Web applications. This includes the ability to download files to be
installed, versioning, side-by-side installation, and more.

" ²Any application that requests information or services from a server. See    
   .

" - ²An operation or event that occurs on a client system. Examples include   @,
  
, and    . See Server-side.

" 3   ! , ²An application architecture in which the server dispenses (or   )
information that is requested by one or more client applications. In the 2-tier client/server model, the client
contain the user interface and business logic, and the server contains the database engine and
information storage. In the 3-tier model, the business logic is located on a middle-tier server to reduce the
processing load on the database server and to make system maintenance easier. The number of users
that can be supported by a client/server system is based on the bandwidth and load of the network and
processing power of the server. See Œ
     .

" +  , ²A .NET programming tool (Œ
  ) used as a Windows-based, source-level
debugging utility for MSIL applications. See   Œ
 .
" + % , ²A .NET programming tool (a
@  ) used to produce a mini-dump image
file (i.e., a core dump) of the CLR at runtime. This tool is used to examine runtime problems by taking a
snapshot of the CLR as the problems occurs. Windows automatically invokes the CLR Minidump Tool
prior to running the Dr. Watson utility (Œ
  ).

" c   , (CAS)²The common language runtime's security model for applications. This is
the core security model for new features of the Longhorn Operating System.

"  ²A class used to logically organize a group of identical types using a single identifier.
Examples of collection types in the .NET Framework include array, arraylist, queue, and stack.

"% ("omponent bject %odel)²A software architecture developed by Microsoft to build component-
based applications. COM objects are discrete components, each with a unique identity, which expose
interfaces that allow applications and other components to access their features. COM objects are more
versatile that Win32 DLLs because they are completely language independent, have built-in interprocess
communications capability, and easily fit into an Object-Oriented program design. COM was first released
in 1993 with OLE2, largely to replace the interprocess communication mechanism Dynamic Data
Exchanged (DDE) used by the initial release of OLE. See COM+.

"%4²The "next generation" of the COM and DCOM software architectures. COM+ (pronounced "COM
plus") makes it easier to design and construct distributed, transactional, and component-based
applications using a multi-tiered architecture. COM+ also supports the use of many new services, such as
Just-in-Time Activation, object pooling, and Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) 2.0. The use of COM,
DCOM, and COM+ in application design will eventually be entirely replaced by the Microsoft .NET
Framework.

"%4 #$²This was one of the pre-release names for the original Microsoft .NET Framework. See also
Web Services Platform.

"% " 5  (CCW)²A metadata wrapper that allows COM components to access managed
.NET objects. The CCW is generated at runtime when a COM client loads a .NET object. The .NET
assembly must first be registered using the Assembly Registration Tool. See   
 @@ 
!.

"     #$$$²Microsoft's e-commerce server application package for developing and

maintaining business Web sites. Commerce Server is a key component to creating B2C solutions using
the .NET Enterprise Server product family.
"      , (CIL)²The system-independent code generated by a .NET language
compiler. CIL defines a file format for storing managed code as both program instructions and metadata
in a single file. Either the ILASM assembler or JIT compiler is then used to convert CIL to native machine
code. CIL is also referred to as Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL).

"  ,  ,, (CLI)²The .NET infrastructure that allows applications written in
multiple programming languages to operate many different environments without the need to modify the
program code. The CLI consists of a file format (PE), a common type system (CTS), an extensible
metadata system, an intermediate language (CIL), a factored base class library (FCL), and access to the
underlying operating system (Win32). The CLI is defined by the standard ECMA-335.

"  , +,  (CLR)²A runtime environment that manages the execution of .NET
program code, and provides services such as memory and exception management, debugging and
profiling, and security. The CLR is a major component of the .NET Framework, and provides much of its
functionality by following the rules defined in the Common Type System. Also known as the 0 
"  
   0"!.

"  ,   (CLS)²A set of common conventions used to promote

interoperability between programming languages and the .NET Framework. The CLS specifies a subset
of the Common Type System and set of conventions that are adhered to by both programming language
designers and framework class library authors.

" 6  7 7 (COFF)²See Portable Executable file.

"    (CTS)²The .NET Framework specification which defines the rules of how the
Common Language Runtime defines, declares, and manages types, regardless of the programming
language. All .NET components must comply to the CTS specification.

"   %       #$$
²Microsoft's server package for building, deploying, and maintaining

dynamic content for both private or commercial Web sites.

" ,²A method that is automatically called when an object is created. The constructor is used to
initialize the object and place it in a valid state (e.g., setting the values of member variables). The
constructor method always has the same identifier as the class in which it is defined. See Π 
.

"²The pre-release code name used for C#.

"²A tool in the Microsoft research division for type-checking security protocols. In fact, the name
stands for "Cryptographic Protocol Type Checker."

""²The .NET C# command line compiler (  ).

", c, ²Attributes defined by a programmer to store the instance of any type in metadata.
See c
 
  @
   
.


  ²A set of classes in the .NET Framework that allow access to the information a data
source. The data may be located in a file, in the Windows registry, or any any type of database server or
network resource. A .NET data provider also allows information in a data source to be accessed as an
ADO.NET DataSet. Programmers may also author their own data providers for use with the .NET
Framework. See a  @
 .

"% (istributed "omponent bject %odel)²An extension of the Microsoft Component Object Model
(COM) that allows COM components to communicate across network boundaries. Traditional COM
components can only perform interprocess communication across process boundaries on the same
machine. DCOM uses the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) mechanism to transparently send and receive
information between COM components (i.e., clients and servers) on the same network. DCOM was first
made available in 1995 with the initial release of Windows NT 4.

   ²A mechanism used to implement event handling in .NET Framework code. A class that needs
to raise events must define one delegate per event. Types that use the class must implement one event
handler method per event that must be processed. Delegates are often described as a managed version
of a C++ function pointer. However, delegates can reference both  and  (also called  )
methods, while function pointers can only reference static methods.

  ²The process of installing an application, service, or content on to one or more computer
systems. In .NET, deployment is performed using XCOPY or the Windows Installer. More complex
deployment applications, such as System Management Server, can also be used. See   #

.

   %  ²The part of an application that tells the system how to install and maintain an
application.
   ²A class that was created based on a previously existing class (i.e., base class). A
derived class inherits all of the member variables and methods of the base class it is derived from. Also
called a    @ .

 ,²In traditional Object Oriented Programming, a destructor is a class method that is called
when an object goes out of scope. In .NET languages, the destructor method is instead called when the
object is garbage collected by the CLR²which happens at some indeterminate time after an object goes
out of scope. In C#, the destructor is actually a syntactic mapping to a -
  method. See

 
, Œ@
 .

% (ocument bject %odel)²A programming interface that allows HTML pages and XML documents
to be created and modified as if they were program objects. DOM makes the elements of these
documents available to a program as data structures, and supplies methods that may be invoked to
perform common operations upon the document's structure and data. DOM is both platform- and
language-neutral and is a standard of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

"²An Microsoft-created XML protocol used for discovering Web Services. Much of DISCO is now a
subset in the newer, more universal protocol UDDI. It is expected that DISCO will become obsolete in
favor of UDDI.

 ²A class-only method used to implement an explicit way to release the resources allocated by
an object. The „


 method is actually in implementation of the 


 interface, and is
typically called by the destructor or -
  method of a class.

,  ! , ²An application architecture in which the components of an application may be
distributed across many computers. Although the client/server architecture is fundamentally distributed in
its design, the distributed model is not limited to only two or three tiers in its design. A distributed, n-tier
architecture may use many components running on dozens, hundreds or thousands of computers on a
network to service a single application. This concept is reflected in Sun Microsystems' visionary phrase,
"The network is the computerTM."

Œ
 
²Part of the assembly cache used to store information downloaded from a private
network or the public Internet. Objects in the download cache are effectively isolated from all other
assemblies loaded into other assembly caches. See c 
  .

²Was Microsoft's istributed ystem nitiative. Is also Microsoft's ynamic ystem nitiative.
 (ocument ype efinition)²A document defining the format of the contents present between the
tags in an HTML, XML, or SGML document, and how the content should be interpreted by the application
reading the document. Applications will use a document's DTD to properly read and display a document's
contents. Changes in the format of the document can be easily made by modifying the DTD.

     

²A 10-year plan to simplify management of software and hardware. It
includes assemssment, configuration, monitoriing, management, and development tools. These tools will
communicate their status in order improve how they operate.


"%c (uropean "omputer %anufactures cssociation)²The ECMA (known since 1994 as "%c
    ) is an industry association founded in 1961 and dedicated to the standardization of
information and communication systems. The C# and CLI specification were ratified by the ECMA on
December 31, 2001 as international standards, and assigned to them the ECMA standards designations
of ECMA-334 (C#) and ECMA-335 (CLI), and Technical Report TR-84. These standards are available at
www.ecma.ch.

    ,  7 () (EIF)²A feature that expands the program execution tracing
capabilities found in the initial release of the .NET Framework. EIF allows the use of configurable event
filtering and tracing by integrating .NET applications with the event log and tracing services built into the
Windows operating system. Warnings, errors, business events, and diagnostic information can be
monitored and reported for immediate, runtime analysis by developers, or collected and stored for later
use by technical support personnel. Support for EIF will be included in the next release of Visual
Studio.NET.

 ²A notification by a program or operating system that "something has happened." An event may
be   (or  ) in response to the occurrence of a pre-defined action (e.g., a window getting focus, a
user clicking a button, a timer indicating a specific interval of time has passed, or a program starting up or
shutting down). In response to an event, an     is called.

  8  ²A function or method containing program statements that are executed in response to
an event. See Callback method.

  ²The pre-release code name of Visual Studio .NET 2003. Everett offers increased performance
over Visual Studio .NET 1.0, integration with Windows Server 2003 and SQL Server 2003 (Yukon),
extended support for XML Web services, MS Office programmability (the Visual Studio Tools for Office
Development), improved migration tools for VB6 code, new managed data providers for Oracle and
ODBC, and the addition of the Enterprise Instrumentation Framework (EIF) and mobile device support in
the form of the .NET Compact Framework.

0  ²A signal that is generated when an unplanned or unexpected event occurs. Exceptions are
typically caught by an exception handler and dealt with in an appropriate way. A   @
 (also
called a  or 
@ 
) is an event that cannot be properly handled to allow the
application²or the operating system²to continue running.

0  8  ²The process of trapping an exception and performing some sort of corrective
procedure in response. See 

.

0!     #$$$²A set of Microsoft server applications use to ingrate messaging and data
storage technologies. Exchange Server's features include instant messaging, email, calendaring, real-
time conferencing, and contact management. Exchange Server can also store documents, Web content,
and applications that are accessible via Internet protocols, such as NNTP and HTTP.

Executable file²A file containing program instructions that are executed by an operating system or
runtime environment. See Portable Executable file.

0  %),  , (XML)²See XML.

7
7 ²Same as member variables.

7 / ²A class-only method that is automatically called when an object is destroyed by the garbage
collector. The -
  method is primarily used to free up unmanaged resources allocated by the
object before the object itself is removed from memory. A -
  method is not needed when only
managed resources are used by the object, which are automatically freed by the garbage collector. In C#,
when a destructor is defined in a class it is mapped to a -
  method. Also called a $ . See
Dispose.

7  )²A block of program statements that will be executed regardless if an exception is thrown
or not. A finally block is typically associated with a try/catch block (although a catch block need not be
present to use a finally block). This is useful for operations that must be performed regardless if an
exception was thrown or not (e.g., closing a file, writing to a database, deallocating unmanaged memory,
etc).

7 () "  (FCL)²The collective name for the thousands of classes that compose the
.NET Framework. The services provided by the FCL include runtime core functionality (basic types and
collections, file and network I/O, accessing system services, etc.), interaction with databases, consuming
and producing XML, and support for building Web-based (Web Form) and desktop-based (Windows
Form) client applications, and SOAP-based XML Web services.

7,, (FCL)² A tool for helping you write better .NET code. It is a "defect detection" tool. Fugue will do
things such as check for fields that shouldn't be null, check for use of objects after they've been disposed,
check to verify that methods are used in the proper order, and much more. Using Fugue, you record a set
of rules for using a class or interface. Fugue will then verify that the rules are followed.

9
9 "  (GC)²The process of implicitly reclaiming unused memory by the CLR. Stack
values are collected when the stack frame they are declared within ends (e.g., when a method returns).
Heap objects are collected sometime after the final reference to them is destroyed.

9 (9raphics evice nterface)²A Win32 API that provides Windows applications the ability to access
graphical device drivers for displaying 2D graphics and formatted text on both the video and printer output
devices. GDI (pronounced "gee dee eye") is found on all version of Windows. See GDI+.

94 (9raphics evice nterface lus)²The next generation graphics subsystem for Windows. GDI+
(pronounced "gee dee eye plus") provides a set of APIs for rendering 2D graphics, images, and text, and
adds new features and an improved programming model not found in its predecessor GDI. GDI+ is found
natively in Windows XP and the Windows Server 2003 family, and as a separate installation for Windows
2000, NT, 98, and ME. GDI+ is the currently the only drawing API used by the .NET Framework.

9 c  "! (GAC)²A reserved area of memory used to store the assemblies of all of the
.NET applications running on a specific machine. The GAC is necessary for side-by-side execution and
for the sharing of assemblies among multiple applications. To reside in the GAC, an assembly must be
public (i.e., a shared assembly) and have a strong name. Assemblies are added and removed from the
GAC using the Global Assembly Cache Tool.
9 c  "! ²A .NET programming tool (rc  ) used to install, uninstall, and
list the contents of the Global Assembly Cache. This tool is similar in function to the Assembly Cache
Viewer that run on Windows Explorer, but as a separate program it can be called from batch files,
makefiles, and scripts.

9/ ²The practice of designing and developing software that can be adapted to run in multiple
locales. Globalized software does not make assumptions about human language, country, regional, or
cultural information based on a single locale. Instead, the software is written to change the locale-specific
information it uses to process data and display information to the user based on the configured locale of
the operating system, or the personal preference of the user. Also called  
$
. See
localization, satellite assembly.

8
8! " ²A unique number generated to identify each module in an assembly. The hash is used to
insure that only the proper version of a module is loaded at runtime. The hash number is based on the
actual code in the module itself.

:8 :²Codename for Team Foundation Version Control tool. This is the new version control in
Visual Studio 2005.

8 ²An area of memory reserved for use by the CLR for a running programming. In .NET languages,
reference types are allocated on the heap. See .

8       #$$$²A set of Microsoft server applications use to ingrate the .NET platform
and applications with non-Microsoft operating systems and hardware (e.g., Unix and AS/400), security
systems (e.g., ACF/2 and RACF), data stores (e.g., DB2), and transaction environments (e.g., CICS and
IMS).

8% (8yperext %arkup anguage)²A document-layout and hyperlink-specification language. HTML is

used to describe how the contents of a document (e.g., text, images, and graphics) should be displayed
on a video monitor or a printed page. HTML also enables a document to become interactive with other
documents and resources by using hypertext links embedded into its content. HTML is the standard
content display language of the World Wide Web (WWW), and is typically conveyed between network
hosts using the HTTP protocol. See XHTML.
8 (8yper ext ransfer rotocol)²An Internet protocol used to transport content and control
information across the World Wide Web (WWW). Web content typically originates from Web servers (also
called ##   ) that run services which support the HTTP protocol. Web clients (i.e., Web browsers)
access the content on the server using the rules of the HTTP protocol. The actual Web content is
encoded using the HTML or XHTML languages.


  ²The names that programmers choose for namespaces, types, type members, and variables.
In C# and VB.NET, identifiers must begin with a letter or underscore and cannot be the same name as a
reserved keyword. Microsoft no longer recommends the use of Hungarian Notation (e.g., strMyString,
nMyInteger) or delimiting underscores (e.g., Temp_Count) when naming identifiers. See Ñ  
  .

 c%²See MSIL Assembler.

 c%²See MSIL Disassembler.

  ²The code name for for Windows Communication Foundation (WCF), which is the
communications portion of Longhorn that is built around Web services. This communications technology
focuses on providing spanning transports, security, messaging patterns, encoding, networking and
hosting, and more.

: :²The code-name for a capacity Planning tool being developed by Microsoft. This was originally a
part of Longhorn, but is speculated to ship earlier.

       , (IDL)²A language used to describe object interfaces by their names,
methods, parameters, events, and return types. A compiler uses the IDL information to generate code to
pass data between machines. Microsoft's IDL, called COM IDL, is compiled using the Microsoft IDL
compiler (MIDL). MIDL generates both type libraries and proxy and stub code for marshaling parameters
between COM interfaces.

  0 ²A CLR language feature that allows array-like access to the properties of an object using   
and    methods and an index value. This construct is identical to 
 in C++. See 
@ .
   ²A .NET programming tool (  ) used to install or uninstall one or more
assemblies by executing the installer components contained within an assembly. During installation, all
necessary files are saved to the application base folder and the required resources are created, including
the uninstallation information.

   ²The set of properties, methods, indexers, and events exposed by an object that allow other
objects to access its data and functionality. An object guarantees that it will support all of the elements of
its interface by way of an interface contract.

    ²The guarantee by an object that it will support all of the elements of its interface. In
C#, this contract is created by the use of the 
  keyword, which declares a reference type that
encapsulates the contract.

     , (IL)²See MSIL.

 !   ²The ability of a class to be created from another class. The new class, called a   
 or 
, is an exact copy of the
  or  @  and may extend the functionality of the
base class by both adding additional types and methods and overriding existing ones.

    ²The member variables in an object instance.

     ,   c      #$$$²A set of applications used to provide firewall security
and Web caching services to a single Web site or to an enterprise-scale Web farm.

    ²See G  #@ .

   ²A data storage mechanism used by the CLR to insure isolation and type safety by
defining standardized ways of associating code with saved data. Data contained in isolated storage is
always identified
   and
  
, rather than by an address in memory, or the name and path of
a file on disk. Other forms of security credentials, such as the application domain, can also be used to
identify the isolated data.

   ²A .NET programming tool (

   ) used to list and remove all existing
stores for the current user. See 
  
 .
 ,²The code name for the newest member of the Microsoft Office System ² predicted to be out in
2005 ² that will provide integrated communications capabilities including instant messaging, extensible
presence, PC-based voice and video, and telephony integration.

;
;2 (J-Sharp). A Microsoft-supported language for .NET. J# (pronounced "jay sharp") is Microsoft's
implementation of the Java programming language. It specifically designed to allow Java-language
developers to easily transition to the .NET Framework and to create .NET applications. Tools are also
available that allow existing Java and Microsoft J++ code to be migrated to J#. Because J# compiles to
MSIL and not Java bytecodes, J# applications are not compatible with the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) or
the Java 2 platform. However, J# applications can be written using Visual Studio .NET and then compiled
using third-party Java tools. See Java Language Conversion Assistant.

;# (;ava # nterprise dition)²A Java-based, runtime platform created by Sun Microsystems used for
developing, deploying, and managing multi-tier server-centric applications on an enterprise-wide scale.
J2EE builds on the features of J2SE and adds distributed communication, threading control, scalable
architecture, and transaction management. J2EE is a competitor to the Microsoft .NET Framework.

;#% (;ava # %icro dition)²A Java-based, runtime platform created by Sun Microsystems that allows
Java applications to run on embedded devices, such as cellular telephones and Personal Digital
Assistants (PDA). J2ME is a competitor to the Microsoft .NET Compact Framework.

;# (;ava # tandard dition)²A Java-based, runtime platform that provides many features for
developing Web-based Java applications, including database access (JDBC API), CORBA interface
technology, and security for both local network and Internet use. J2SE is the core Java technology
platform and is a competitor to the Microsoft .NET Framework.

;²A computing platform and programming language released by Sun Microsystems in 1995. A Java
application has the ability to run on many different types of computers, devices, operating systems (e.g.,
Windows, Macintosh, Linux and UNIX), and application environments (e.g., Web browsers) without
requiring any changes to its code (this technology is referred to by Sun as "Write Once, Run AnywhereTM"
portability). The Java 2 platform and language is a competitor to the Microsoft .NET Framework and the
J# language. See the java.sun.comWebsite.
;  , "   c  (JLCA)²A tool used to convert Java-language source code into
C# or J# code. JLCA aides in the migration of Java 2 applications to the Microsoft .NET Framework, and
is one of the .NET Framework Migration Tools created by ArtinSoft for Microsoft.

; ', %! (JVM)²A component of the Java runtime environment that JIT²compiles Java
bytecodes, manages memory, schedules threads, and interacts with the host operating environment (e.g.,
a Web browser running the Java program). The JVM is the Java equivalent of the .NET Framework's
CLR.

; ²A Microsoft-supported language for .NET. JScript .NET (pronounced "jay script dot net") is
Microsoft's "next generation" implementation of the JavaScript programming language. JScript .NET
includes all of the features found in the JScript language, but also provides support for true object-
oriented scripting using classes and types, and adds features, such as true compiled code, packages,
cross-language support, and access to the .NET Framework.

;,   (JIT)²The concept of only compiling units of code just as they are needed at runtime. The
JIT compiler in the CLR compiles MSIL instructions to native machine code as a .NET application is
executed. The compilation occurs as each method is called; the JIT-compiled code is cached in memory
and is never recompiled more than once during the program's execution.

<
< (²Names that have been reserved for special use in a programming language. The C#
language defines about 80 keywords, such as ,


 , 

,
 , and  . The 160
or so keywords reserved in VB.NET include 
, 
, -
 
,  , and  

.
Keywords may not be used as identifiers in program code.

: ,:²Code-name for product officially known as the Microsoft Developer Network Product
Feedback Center where testers can submit online bug reports and provide product suggestions via the
Web.

  " ²A .NET programming tool (  ) used to produce  


files that can be
embedded in a CLR executable.
   ²The duration from an objects existence. From the time an object is instantiated to the time it is
destroyed by the garbage collector.

   ! ²The assembly cache that stores the compiled classes and methods specific to
an application. Each application directory contains a \bin subdirectory which stores the files of the local
assembly cache. Also call the @@
  
  . See Global Assembly Cache.

 ' ²Same as a member variable.

 ²A collection of rules and data specific to a spoken and/or written language and/or a geographic
area. Locale information includes human languages, date and time formats, numeric and monetary
conventions, sorting rules, cultural and regional contexts (semantics), and character classification. See
Localization.

/ ²The practice of designing and developing software that will properly used all of the
conventions defined for a specific locale. See Globalization.

 ²The codename for Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005.

 ! ²The "next generation" release of Windows Server after Windows Server 2003 and named
Microsoft Windows Vista.

 ! c²The application programming interface for the Longhorn operating system.

%
:% :²The code-name for Windows Mobile 5.0. This version is to unify the Windows CE,
PocketPC, and SmartPhone platforms. This platform includes a new user interface, improved video
support, better keyboard support, and more.

%) *²A .NET programming tool (   ) used to interpret script files (i.e., makefiles) that
contain instructions that detail how to build applications, resolve file dependency information, and access
a source code control system. Microsoft's nmake program has no relation to the nmake program originally
created by AT&T Bell Labs and now maintained by Lucent. Although identical in name and purpose these
two tools are not compatible. See !    
 .
%   c²Same as ASP.NET.

%   "44²Same as Visual C++ .NET.

%    ²Code that is executed by the CLR. Managed code provides information (i.e., metadata)
to allow the CLR to locate methods encoded in assembly modules, store and retrieve security
information, handle exceptions, and walk the program stack. Managed code can access both managed
data and unmanaged data.

%   ²Memory that is allocated and released by the CLR using Garbage Collection. Managed
data can only be accessed by managed code.

%   0 , ²The process used by the CLR to execute managed code. Each time a method in
an object is called for the first time, its MSIL-encoded instructions are JIT-compiled to the native code of
the processor. Each subsequent time the same method is called, the previous JIT-compiled code is
executed. Compiling and execution continued until the program terminates.

%   0    "44²Language extensions added to the C++ language that enable
developers to write code that makes use of the .NET Framework's CLR. See as Visual C++ .NET.

%       ²An object reference that is managed by the CLR. Used to point to unmanaged
data, such as COM objects and some parameters of Win32 API functions.

%     ²A pointer that directly references the memory of a managed object. Managed
pointers may point to the field of an object or value type, an element of an array, or the address where the
next element just past the end of an array would be stored.

%    ².NET objects that provide managed access to services using a simplified data
access architecture. The functionality of a provider is accessed via one or more object interfaces. The
most common examples of managed providers are the data providers, such as SQL Server Managed
Provider (½
 ½  
), OLE DB .NET Data Provider (½
 „ ), and ADO
Managed (½
  ). .NET managed providers operate completely within the bounds of the
CLR and require no interaction with COM interfaces, the Win32 API, or other unmanaged code.

%    , ²A resource that is part of an assembly.

%  ²See c 
  .

%! ²The process of preparing an object to be moved across a context, process, or application
domain boundary. See  
.

%  ²See   
.

%    ²Typed memory locations used to store values. Also called  .

% ²All information used by the CLR to describe and reference types and assemblies. Metadata is
independent of any programming language, and is an interchange medium for program information
between tools (e.g., compilers and debuggers) and execution environments. See a!.

% !²A function defined within a class. Methods (along with events) defined the behavior of an
object.

:% :²Code-name for a set of print document specifications along with the set of printer drivers. This
is being built as a part of Longhorn. It appears that it could become a competitor to PDF and Adobe's
PostScript.

% (%icrosoft nterface efinition anguage) " ²The program used to compile Interface
Definition Language (IDL) files into type libraries.

%      #$$#²A set of applications used for extending Microsoft .NET applications,
enterprise data, and intranet content to mobile client devices such as cell phones and Personal Digital
Assistants (PDA). Features include network gateway, notification routing, security (SSL, IPSec, VPN),
mobile device support (WAP, SMS) and integration with Windows 2000.

%, ²A subunit of an assembly. Assemblies contain one or more modules, which are DLLs that must
be combined into assemblies to be used. The assembly manifest (sometimes called a 
   )
describes all of the modules associated with an assembly.

% #$$$ (%icrosoft ata ngine)²A light weight release of the SQL Server 7.0 data engine. The
MSDE is used as a relational data store on many Microsoft products, including BizTalk Server 2000, Host
Integration Server 2000, SQL Server 2000, Visual Studio.NET, and the .NET Framework. The MSDE a
modern replacement for the older Microsoft Jet database technology.

% (%icrooft ntermediate anguage)²The machine-independent language into which .NET

applications are compiled using a high-level .NET language compiler (e.g., C# and VB.NET). The MSIL
output is then used as the input of the Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler, which compiles the MSIL instructions
to machine language just prior to its execution. MSIL can also be converted to native machine object
code using the Native Image Generator utility.

%&,²The build tool (aG   ) for Longhorn applications.

% c  ²A .NET programming tool (!c  ) used to create MSIL portable executable (PE)
files directly from MSIL code.

%   ²A .NET programming tool (!Œc  ) used to translate a portable executable
(PE) file containing MSIL code to an an MSIL file that can be used as input to MSIL Assembler.

%,-, c ²A .NET program which is contained in many modules and resource files. The
use of an assembly manifest to identify all of the files in a multi-module assembly is required.


  ²A logical grouping of the names (i.e., identifiers) used within a program. A programmer
defines multiple namespaces as a way to logically group identifiers based on their use. For example,
½
 

and ½

„
are two namespaces containing each containing types used
for for different purposes. The name used for any identifier may only appear once in any namespace. A
namespace only contains the name of a type and not the type itself. Also called  
@ .

  ²Machine-readable instructions that are created for a specific CPU architecture. Native
code for a specific family of CPUs is not usable by a computer using different CPU architectures (c.f., Intel
x86 and Sun UltraSPARC). Also called

  
 and  
 .

  9 ²A .NET programming tool (    ) used to compile a managed assembly
to native machine code and install it in the local assembly cache. During execution the native image will
be used each time the assembly is accessed rather than the MSIL assembly itself. If the native image is
removed, the CLR reverts to using the original MSIL assembly by default. Native images are faster to
load and execute than MSIL assemblies, which must be Just-In-Time (JIT) compiled by the CLR. Using
Ngen to create a native image file is often referred to as pre-JITting, because it makes JIT-compiling the
assembly unnecessary.
 " 7 ()²A port of the .NET Framework to Windows CE, allowing embedded and
mobile devices to run .NET applications. See Smart Device Extensions.

   ²See Œ @

 .

       , ²These products include Application Center, BizTalk Server,
Commerce Server, Content Management Server, Exchange Server, Host Integration Server, Internet
Security and Acceleration Server, SQL Server 2000 , and Windows 2000 Server. Formerly known as
BackOffice Server 2000.

 7 ()²A programming infrastructure created by Microsoft for building, deploying, and
running applications and services that use .NET technologies, such as desktop applications and Web
services. The .NET Framework contains three major parts: the Common Language Runtime (CLR), the
Framework Class Library, and ASP.NET. See .NET Compact Framework.

 7 () "  (FCL)²The foundation of classes, interfaces, value types, services and
providers that are used to construct .NET Framework desktop and Web-based (i.e., ASP.NET)
applications. The fundamental elements of the FCL are defined as classes located in the ½

namespace. All of the most primitive aspects of .NET are stored in ½
, including built-in value types,
the   type, and support for exception handling and garbage collection. Thousands of more classes
are located in second- and third-level namespaces that include support for network and file I/O, graphics,
security, configuration management, and Web services. All CLS-compliant compilers can use the FCL.

 7 () " , ²A .NET programming tool (a
) used to adjust code
access security policy at the machine, user, and enterprise security policy levels. This tool can also be
used to configure remoting services, and add, configure, and delete assemblies in the Global Assembly
Cache. See r

 c 
  .

      ²A .NET programming tool (   ) used to add managed
classes to Windows 2000 Component Services. This tool loads and registers an assembly, generates,
registers, and installs a type library into a specified COM+ 1.0 application.

9"&²Next-Generation Secure Computing Base²A virtual vault residing within each computer that
lets users store encrypted information and only authorize certain entities to see it. It also provides
protection for critical data against virus attacks, Trojan horses and spyware and could double as a Digital
Rights Management tool to authenticate who is allowed to see a file or use a program.
95²Next Generation Web Service²This was one of the pre-release names for .NET before its
release.


6 ²The instance of a class that is unique and self-describing. A class defines an object, and an
object is the functional, realization of the class. Analogously, if a class is a cookie cutter then the cookies
are the objects the cutter was used to create.

6   ²The most fundamental base type (½
 ) that all other .NET Framework types
are derived from.

  (bject inking and mbedding)²A Microsoft technology that allows an application to link or embed
into itself documents created by another type of application. Common examples include using Microsoft
Word to embed an Excel spreadsheet file into a Word document file, or emailing a Microsoft Power Point
file as an attachment (link) in Microsoft Outlook. OLE is often confused with the 
@
 
  a
 
(COM), because COM was released as part of OLE2. However, COM and OLE are two separate
technologies.

²The code name for the version of Visual Studio .NET to be released near the time Microsoft
Longhorn is released. This follows the release of Visual Studio .NET Whidbey.

  ²Using a single identifier to refer to multiple methods that differ by their parameters and/or
return type.

  ²To supercede an instance field or virtual method in a base class with a new definition of that
field or method in the derived class.


,²Former code name for Microsoft's Next-Generation Secure Computing Base (NGSCB)
project.

:!  0:²A software optimization and analysis framework that is to be the basis for all future Microsoft
compiler technologies.
:! :²A feature-rich upgrade to Windows Mobile that includes features such as battery life. This
version will follow Windows Mobiles 2005 (code-named "Magneto").

 ²A block of memory that is marked as unmovable. Blocks of memory are normally moved at the
discretion of the CLR, typically at the time of garbage collection. Pinning is necessary for  
@
  @  that will be used to work with   
 and expect the data to always reside at the
same location in memory. A common example is when a pointer is used to pass a reference to a buffer to
a Win32 API function. If the buffer were to be moved in memory, the pointer reference would become
invalid, so it must be @  to its initial location.

 -;  ²Another name for the Native Image Generator tool used to convert MSIL and
metadata assemblies to native machine code executables.

  ²An assembly that is used only by a single application. A private assembly will run
only with the application with which it was built and deployed. References to the private assembly will only
be resolved locally to the application directory it is installed in. See Shared assembly.

  ²A variable that contains the address of a location in memory. The location is the starting point of
an allocated object, such as an object or value type, or the element of an array.

    ²See a  @

  @ ,   @
  @ .

 0 , (PE) file²The file format defining the structure that all executable files (EXE) and
Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) must use to allow them to be loaded and executed by Windows. PE is
derived from the Microsoft Common Object File Format (COFF). The EXE and DLL files created using the
.NET Framework obey the PE/COFF formats and also add additional header and data sections to the
files that are only used by the CLR. The specification for the PE/COFF file formats is available at
www.microsoft.com/hwdev/hardware/PECOFF.asp.

 0 , '  ²A .NET programming tool ("0   ) used to verify that a .NET
compiler has created type-safe metadata and MSIL code. Because Microsoft .NET compilers always
generate type-safe code, this tool is used primarily with third-party ILASM-based compilers to debug
possible code generation problems.

 -    ²Types defined by the CLR in the ½
 namespace. The pre-defined   @ 
are integer, floating point, decimal, character, and boolean values. Pre-defined     @  are object
and string references. See     @ .
    c  
c²Assemblies that come with Microsoft Office 2003 that allow
managed code (VB .NET, C#, etc.) to call Office code.

6  9 ² code name for Microsoft's next-generation ERP product code base.

 ²A CLR language feature that allows the value of a single member variable to be modified
using    and    methods defined in a class or structure. See   .

Ñ
Ñ,    ²Two or more identifiers that are connected by a dot character (.). Only namespace
declarations use qualified identifiers (e.g., ½

„
-
).

+
+#²The codename for the Windows Server 2003 Update due in 2005.

+   c  ²Same as Assembly Registration Tool.

+      *²Same as .NET Services Installation Tool.

+     ²A variable that stores a reference to data located elsewhere in memory rather than to
the actual data itself. Reference types include array, class, delegate, and interface. See 0 @ 

  @ .

+   ²A feature that allows an application to query its own metadata. Reflection
(½
  
) allows an application to discover information about itself so that it may display
this information to the user, modify its own behavior by using  
 and  

 (i.e.,
binding to and calling methods at runtime), or create new types at runtime (  
 "). See
c
 
  @


+  ²A .NET technology that allows objects residing in different application domains to
communicate. Objects in different application domains are said to be separated by a  



Objects using remoting may be on the same computer, or on different computers connected by a
network. Remoting is the .NET replacement for Distributed COM (DCOM). See a.
+ , ²An addressable unit of data that is available for use by an application. Resources include text
strings, files, documents, vector drawings, bitmapped images, binary data, data streams, message
queues, and query result sets. In some contexts, application services themselves, such as Web services,
are referred to as resources.

+ , 7 9  ²A .NET programming tool (    ) used to convert the resource
information stored in text files or XML 
 files to 
  files that can be embedded in a runtime,
binary executable, or compiled into satellite assemblies using the Assembly Linking Utility.

+,  " 5  (RCW)²A metadata wrapper that allows COM components to be called from
.NET applications. For OLE automation interfaces, an RCW is a managed .NET assembly that is
generated from the COM component's type library using the Type Library Importer tool. For non-OLE
automation interfaces, a custom RCW must be written that manually maps the types exposed by the
COM interface to .NET Framework-compatible types. See  a 
 @@  !.

+,   , ²A .NET programming tool (

Œ
  ) used as a command-line, source-level
debugging utility for MSIL programs. See CLR Debugger.

+,  !²A runtime environment used to manage the execution of program code. Examples
include the .NET Common Language Runtime and the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).


   ²An assembly that contains only resources and no executable code. Satellite
assemblies are typically used by .NET application to store localized data. Satellite assembles can be
added, modified, and loaded into a .NET application at runtime without the need to recompile the code.
Satellite assemblies are created by compiling 
  files using the Assembly Linking Utility.

, ²the code name for the original ASP.NET Web Matrix product.

   ", ²A term indicating that a user should be able to find and use information
effortlessly. The hardware and software within a system should work in an intuitive manner to make it
   for the user. Seamless computing is being realized with the improvements in hardware (voice,
ink, multimedia) and software.
 , 0 ,    
²A secure, managed-code, runtime environment within the
Microsoft Longhorn Operating System that helps to protected against deviant applications. This is a part
of Microsoft's "Trustworthy Computing" initiative.

 / ²The conversion of an object instance to a data stream of byte values. Serialization is
performed by the CLR and occurs when an object must be converted to a persistent form to be stored in
an information retrieval system (e.g., a database), on media (e.g., a file on a disk), or when marshaled
across a context, application domain, process, or machine boundary.

  ²A computer program or system that provides information or services requested by a client. See
       .

  - ²An operation or event that occurs on a server system. Examples include   
@,   

 , and    @
 . See Client-side.

  ²An application that provides information and/or functionality to other applications. Services are
typically non-human-interactive applications that run on servers and interact with applications via an
interface. A service may expose a synchronous, programmatic interface (i.e., an API), allowing it to be

@  with a consumer, or use asynchronous, message-based communications (e.g., HTTP,
XML, and SOAP) to remain very 

 
@  with consumers. Services are an essential part of

     program design.

9% (tandard 9eneralized %arkup anguage)²The standard markup language used by the
publishing industry to specify the format and layout of both paper and electronic documents. SGML is
very flexible and feature-rich, and it is very difficult to write a full-featured SGML parser. As a result, newer
markup languages requiring fewer features (e.g., HTML and XML) are subsets of SGML. SGML is defined
by the international standard ISO 8879.

!   ²An assembly that can be referenced by more than one application. Shared
assemblies must be built with a strong name and are loaded into the Global Assembly Cache. See
  
.

!   ²Same as a strong name. Also called @
   .

!   ,²A .NET programming tool (  ) used to verify assemblies and their key
information and to generate key files. This utility is also used to create strong names for assemblies.
 -- 0 , ²Running multiple versions of the same assembly simultaneously on the same
computer, or even in the same process. Assemblies must be specifically (and carefully) coded to make
use of side-by-side execution.

  -,  ²A .NET program in which all components are combined into a single DLL or
EXE file. Such an assembly does not require an assembly manifest.

 c%²A project for investigating the relationships between software pecifications, anguages,
cnalysis, and %odel checking.

   0   (SDE)²An installable SDK that allows Visual Studio .NET 1.0 to be used for
developing .NET application for the Pocket PC and other handheld devices that support the Microsoft
Windows CE .NET operating system and the Microsoft .NET Compact Framework. SDE will be fully
integrated into Visual Studio .NET 2003.

c (imple bject cccess rotocol)²A lightweight, XML-based messaging protocol used to encode
the information in Web service request and response messages before sending them over a network.
SOAP messages are independent of any operating system or protocol, and may be transported using a
variety of Internet protocols, including SMTP, MIME, and HTTP.

, ²A .NET programming tool (

@   ) used to create XML schemas for services in
a .NET assembly, and to create an assembly from an XML schema. This tool is used primarily to compile
client applications that communicate with XML Web services using remoting.

Ñ    #$$$²Microsoft's enterprise-scale relational database and member of the .NET Enterprise

Server product family.

)²An area of program memory used to store local program variables, method parameters, and
return values. In .NET languages, value types are allocated on the stack. See  @.

  ²Types that declare member variables which are associated with a type rather than an
instance of the type. Static fields may be access without first instantiating their associated type.

 ²A code name for the original Microsoft .NET Compact Framework

  !²Types that declare methods which are associated with a type rather than an instance
of the type. Static methods may be called without first instantiating their associated type.
   ²An assembly name that is globally unique among all .NET assemblies. A public key
encryption scheme is used to create a    to insure that the strong name is truly different
than all other names created at anytime and anywhere in the known universe. The digital signature also
makes it easy to encrypt the assembly, authenticate who created the assembly, and to validate that the
assembly hasn't been corrupted or tampered with. Strong names are created using the Shared name
utility.

 - ²A programming language is said to be strongly-typed when it pre-defines specific
primitive data types, requires that all constants and variables be declared of a specific type, and enforces
their proper use by imposing rigorous rules upon the programmer for the sake of creating robust code that
is consistent in its execution.

,, ²In .NET languages, structures are light-weight classes that are simpler, have less overhead,
and are less demanding on the CLR. Structures are typically used for creating user-defined types that
contain only public fields and no properties (identical to structures in the C language). But .NET
structures, like classes, also support properties, access modifiers, constructors, methods, operators,
nested types, and indexers. Unlike classes, however, structures do not support inheritance, custom
constructors, a destructor (or -
  method, and no compile-time initialization of instance fields. It
is important to note that a structure is a value type, while classes are a reference type. Performance will
suffer when using structures in a situation where references are expected (e.g., in collections) and the
structure must be boxed and unboxed for it to be used.

 ! ²Data files used to express how the structured content of a document should be presented
on a particular physical medium (e.g., printed pages, Web browser, hand-held device, etc.). Details of the
presentation include font style, lay out, and pagination. Also called  @ .

     % 

%²An XML document that follows a system throughout its life and is kept
updated as a system moves from the initial design and development stages through its lifecycle and into
maintenance. The SDM defines a system, which includes hardware and software resources. It includes a
means for the system to compose other systems and subsystems, expose its endpoints for
communication purposes, and document its configuration requirements. When initially created, an SDM
document can be a simple, skeletal view of a system. Additional information can be added to flesh out
semantics, such as server configuration information, security and connection policies, service level
agreements, health models, and other information. (From An Overview of Microsoft's Whitehorse.)

  "  ²A brand name for Microsoft's systems management products (it is no longer a 'bundled'
product).
  "   " %  ²A capacity planning tool from Microsoft due out by the end of 2005.
It is designed to help companies model, deploy and manage network resources.

5 (    *   

5*²A free server for downloading patches from Microsoft that
can be used by corporations. The server will push the patches out to desktops and servers. Targeted for
shipping in July of 2005.


:) :²The pre-release code name for Windows CE .NET (a.k.a., Windows CE 4.x).

!( ²When an abnormal or unexpected condition occurs in a running application, the CLR
generates an exception as an alert that the condition occurred. The exception is said to be 
.
Programmers can also programmatically force an exception to be thrown by the use of the 
statement. See Exception Handling.

, ²A directory-enabled middleware that supports the federating of identities across corporate
boundaries.

3"! )²An exception handling mechanism in program code. A  block contains a set of
program statements that may possibly throw an exception when executed. The associated  block
contains program statements that handle any exception that is thrown in the try block. Multiple catch
blocks may be defined to catch specific exceptions (e.g., divide by zero, overflow, etc.). See -

.

 - ²Code that accesses only the memory locations it is authorized to access, and only in well-
defined, allowable ways. Type-safe code cannot perform an operation on an object that is invalid for that
object. The C# and VB.NET language compilers always produce type-safe code, which is verified to be
type-safe during JIT-compilation. The PEVerify tool can also be used to verify if code is type-safe.

 ²A set of data and function members that are combined to form the modular units used to build a
.NET applications. Pre-defined types exist within the CLR and user-defined types are created by
programmers. Types include enumerations, structures, classes, standard modules, interfaces, and
delegates. See #@  
.

 ²A compiled file () containing metadata that describes interfaces and data types. Type
libraries can be used to describe vtable interfaces, regular functions, COM components, and DLL
modules. Type libraries are compiled from Interface Definition Language (IDL) files using the MIDL
compiler.

  0 ²A .NET programming tool (#
"@  ) used to create a COM type library file
based on the public types defined within a specified .NET assembly.

Type Library Importer²A .NET programming tool (#
@  ) used to create a managed .NET assembly
from a COM type library by mapping the metadata-encoded definitions to the appropriate .NET types.

   ²Same as class members.

 ²A type library.

*
* (*niversal escription, iscovery, and ntegration)²An XML- and SOAP-based lookup service for
Web service consumers to locate Web Services and programmable resources available on a network.
Also used by Web service providers to advertise the existence of their Web services to consumers.

* 0 ²Conversion of a reference type object (i.e. ½
 ) to its value type instance.
Unboxing must be explicitly performed in code, usually in the form of a cast operation. See G
.

*   ²An adjective generally applied to any code or data that is outside of the control of a
runtime host environment. In .NET, any objects or resources not allocated and controlled by the CLR are
considered unmanaged (e.g., Windows handles and calls to the Win32 API).

*     ²Any code that executes outside of the control of the .NET Common Language
Runtime. Unmanaged code may perform unsafe operations, such as declare and operate on pointers,
take the address of a variable, and perform conversions between pointers and integral types. Uses of
unmanaged code include calling operating system APIs, interfacing to COM components, accessing
unmanaged areas of memory, and writing performance-critical routines that are not encumbered by the
overhead of the CLR. Also called  
 .

*    ²Data (i.e. memory) that is allocated outside of the control of the CLR. Unmanaged
data can be access by both managed and unmanaged code.
*        ²Any pointer type that is not managed by the CLR. That is, a pointer that
store a reference to an unmanaged object or area of memory.

*     , ²Objects created and manipulated outside of the control of the CLR. Examples
includes file handles opened using the Win32 API, and database connections obtained using ODBC.

*  ²Same as  .

* -    ²Reference (object) types defined in code by a programmer. See     @ .

'
',  ²A variable that stores actual data rather than a reference to data, which is stored
elsewhere in memory. Simple value types include the integer, floating point number, decimal, character,
and boolean types. Value types have the minimal memory overhead and are the fastest to access. See
    @  
  @ .

' ²A typed storage location in memory. The type of the variable determines what kind of data it
can store. Examples of variables include local variables, parameters, array elements, static fields and
instance fields. See #@ .

'  , ²See c 
  

  
.

' ²Code name for the Microsoft Office Live Communications Server 2005 (LCS 2005) beta.

', &  (VB.NET)²A Microsoft-supported language for the .NET Framework. VB.NET is the
"next generation" release of the very popular Visual Basic programming language (a.k.a., VB7).

', "44 ²A Microsoft-supported language for .NET Framework. Visual C++ .NET allows
developers to use the C++ language to write managed applications, and to easily migrate legacy C++
code to the .NET Framework. Code written in Visual C++ .NET is also referred to as   

; code
written in the legacy Visual C++ language is sometimes referred to as   

.

', ,  (VS .NET)²A full-featured, Interactive Development Environment (IDE) created by
Microsoft for the development of .NET applications. VS .NET makes a better alternative to Visual
Notepad for creating .NET applications. Officially called Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2002.
', ,  #$$= (VS .NET)²The second version of Visual Studio .NET that was also known by
the code name Everett.

', , #$$>(VS .NET)²The third version of Visual Studio .NET that was also known by the code
name Whidbey. This version is due to release in 2005.

', ,     #$$> (VS .NET)²A high-end skew for Visual Studio 2005. This version
includes enterprise-level tools and more. Codename for this product was known as "Burton".

5
5  7²A .NET Framework object that allows development of Web-based applications and Web
sites. See Windows form.

! 5  %0 6 ²A free WSIWIG development product (IDE)for doing ASP.NET development
that was released as a community project. The most recent version²The Web Matrix Project
(Revisited)²can be found here.

5    ²An application hosted on a Web server that provides information and services to other
network applications using the HTTP and XML protocols. A Web service is conceptually an URL-
addressable library of functionality that is completely independent of the consumer and stateless in its
operation.

5     , ²An application that uses Internet protocols to access the information and
functionality made available by a Web service provider. See Web service.

5    ²Open communication standards that are key technologies in the .NET Web
Services architecture. These protocols include WSDL, HTTP, XML, SOAP, and UDDI.

5    ²This was one of the pre-release names for the original Microsoft .NET
Framework. See also COM+ 2.0.

5     ²A network application that uses Internet protocols to advertise and provide
services to Web service consumers. See Web service.
5        , (WSDL)²An XML-based contract language for describing the
network services offered by a Web service provider via UDDI. WSDL describes a Web service to Web
service consumers by its public methods, data types of all parameters, return value, and bindings. WSDL
will eventually replace Microsoft's earlier Web Services discovery protocol, DISCO. See the document
Web Services Description Language (WSDL) 1.1.

5        , ²A .NET programming tool (  ) used to create
service descriptions and generate proxies for ASP.NET Web service methods.

5       ²A .NET programming tool (Œ

  ) used to locate the URLs of XML
Web services located on a Web server, and save the information related to the resources of each XML
Web service to a set of files. These files can be used as input to the Web Services Description Language
Tool to create XML Web service clients. See DISCO.

5! ²The pre-release code name for the "next generation" release of Visual Studio after "  
and prior to !

.

5! ²The pre-release code name used for Windows XP.

5! ! ²The code name for the set of modeling tools included in Micrsoft Visual Studio 2005
("Whidbey"). See An Overview of Microsoft's Whitehorse.

5 ( #$$$   ²The central server operating system of the Microsoft BackOffice Server 2000
product family. Windows 2000 Sever (also known as Windows NT 5) is the successor of Windows NT
Server 4.0 and will be replaced by Windows Server 2003.

5 ( ",  7, 

5"7²Previously code named "Indigo", WCF is the
communications portion of Windows Vista that is built around Web services. This communications
technology focuses on providing spanning transports, security, messaging patterns, encoding, networking
and hosting, and more. Ultimately, this WCF will deliver a consistent experience ² bringing together
technologies ranging from Web Services to .NET Remoting to Windows Services ² for building
connected systems.

5 ( 7 " ' ( ²A .NET programming tool (0  ) used to search for and display
the namespace and class information within an assembly.
5 ( 7 + , ²A .NET programming tool (   ) used to help a programmer
modify localization information in a Windows Form.

5 ( 7²A .NET Framework object that allows the development of "traditional" Windows
desktop applications. Also called -
. See Web Form.

5 (   ²The software installation and configuration service for Windows 2000 and Windows
XP. Most .NET applications can be successfully deployed using XCOPY. However, if a deployment
requires complex tasks, such as changes in system configuration, creation of user, groups, or folders,
etc., Windows Installer must be used. Windows Installer 2.0 is required for use by the .NET Framework; it
is also available for Windows 9x and Windows NT.

5 (     #$$=²The original name of Windows Server 2003. The ".NET" was dropped as
part of an attempt to remarket the concept of .NET not as a product, but instead as a business strategy.

5 (    7, 

57²Previously code named "Avalon", WPF is often referred to
as the graphical subsystem of Windows Vista. More correctly stated, it is the way in which Windows Vista
will create, display, and manipulate documents, media, and user interfaces. This system is expected to
use vector graphics, allow for better transparency, and more.

5 (    #$$=²The next generation of Windows 2000 Server that offers tighter integration with
the .NET Framework, and greater support for Web services using Internet Information Server 6.0 and
XML and UDDI services. This product was formerly known as Windows .NET Server 2003.

5 ( * ²A site maintained by Microsoft for patch updates. Due out by end of 2005.

5 ( '²The "next generation" client release of the Windows Operating System after Windows
Server 2003, which was code named Longhorn.

5 7²("Windows Future System") The code name for the new type-aware, transactional, unified file
system and programming model that will be a key part of Longhorn. WinFS allows various kinds of data
and information stored on your machine to be associated and categorized. You can associate
relationships between information and these associations can be used to access what is stored on your
machine.

5 7²The new Windows API that will be released with the Microsoft Longhorn Operating System. This
will include features for Avalon, Indigo, and WinFS as well as a number of fundamental routines.
5²Whole Program Optimization²This is an optimization that can be done by the C++ compiler. All
object modules are viewed at once before generating code, which allows for additional optimizations to be
performed.


c% ²(Extensible Application Markup Language) The declarative markup language for Longhorn that
allows an interface to be defined. Longhorn applications can be created by using XAML for the interface
definition and managed procedure code for other logic.

"?²An MS-DOS file copy program used to deploy .NET applications. Because .NET assemblies
are self-describing and not bound to the Windows registry as COM-based application are, most .NET
applications can be installed by simply being copied from one location (e.g., directory, machine, CD-ROM,
etc.) to another. Applications requiring more complex tasks to be performed during installation require the
use of the Microsoft Windows Installer.

+ (ML ata-+educed)²A reduced version of XML Schema used prior to the release of XML Schema
1.0.

c²A consolidated development environment that allows programs to be created for Windows,
XBoxes, and more.

8% (etensible 8yperext %arkup anguage)²The next generation of HTML. HTML was originally
designed to display data; XML was specifically designed to describe data. XHTML is a combination of all
the elements in HTML 4.01 with the the syntax of XML. Although nearly identical to HTML, XHTML has
much stricter rules and is cleaner in its syntax, thus resulting in well-formed Web pages that are more
portable across a wide range of Web browsers.

 ) (ML  )ing Language)²A language that allows links to other resources to be embedded in XML
documents, similar to the hyperlinks found in HTML Web pages. See the document XML Linking
Language (XLink) Version 1.0.

% (etensible %arkup anguage)²A meta-markup language that provides a format for describing
almost any type of structured data. XML is a subset of SGML and has become the standard language for
storing, viewing, and manipulation Web-based data. XML allows the creation of custom tags to describe
both proprietary data and business logic. See the document Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0
(Second Edition).

% ! ²A description of the structure of an XML document. Schemas are written in XSD and
support namespaces and data types.

% !     ² A .NET programming tool (j  ) used to generate XML schemas
(XSD files) from XDR and XML files, or from class information in an assembly. This tool can also generate
runtime classes, or DataSet classes, from an XSD schema file.

% 5    ²Web-based .NET applications that provide services (i.e., data and functionality) to
other Web-based applications (i.e. Web service consumers). XML Web services are accessed via
standard Web protocols and data formats such as HTTP, XML, and SOAP.

! (ML ! Language)²A language that uses path expressions to specify the locations of
structures and data within an XML document. XPath information is processed using XSLT or XPointer.
See the document XML Path Language (XPath) Version 1.0.

   (ML    Language)²A language that supports addressing into the internal structures of
XML documents. XPointer allows the traversals of an XML document tree and selection of its internal
parts based on element types, attribute values, character content, and relative position. XPointer is based
on the XML Path Language (XPath). See the document XML Pointer Language (XPointer).

 (ML chema efinition)²A language used to describe the structure of an XML document. XSD is
used to defined classes that are in turn used to create instances of XML documents which conform to the
schema. See the document XML Schema Part 0: Primer.

 (etensible tylesheet anguage)²A language used for creating stylesheets for XML documents.
XSL consists of languages for transforming XML documents (XPath and XSLT) and an XML vocabulary
for specifying formatting semantics. See the document Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) Version
1.0.

  (etensible tylesheet anguage ransformation)²A language for transforming XML documents

into other XML documents based of a set of well-defined rules. XSLT is designed for use as part of XSL.
See the document XSL Transformations (XSLT) Version 1.0.
Ñ (ML Ñuery anguage)²A query language used to extract data from XML documents. XQL uses
XML as a data model and is very similar to the pattern matching semantics of XSL. See the document
XML Query Language (XQL).

?
?,) ²The code name for the release of Microsoft SQL Server 2003 (a.k.a., SQL Server 9). Yukon
offers a tighter integration with both the .NET Framework and the Visual Studio .NET IDE. Yukon will
include full support for ADO.NET and the CLR, allowing .NET languages to be used for writing stored
procedures.