EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE

1. 𝔾ℝ𝕆𝕌ℕ𝔻 𝕊ℍ𝔸𝕂𝕀ℕ𝔾
- Ground shaking is the most familiar effect of earthquakes. It is a result
of the passage of seismic waves through the ground, and ranges from
quite gentle in small earthquakes to incredibly violent in large
earthquakes.

2. 𝔾ℝ𝕆𝕌ℕ𝔻 ℝ𝕌ℙ𝕋𝕌ℝ𝔼\ 𝕊𝕌ℝ𝔽𝔸ℂ𝔼 ℝ𝕌ℙ𝕋𝕌ℝ𝔼

- Surface rupture (or ground rupture, or ground displacement) is the
visible offset of the ground surface when an earthquake rupture along a
fault affects the Earth's surface. Surface rupture is opposed by buried
rupture, where there is no displacement at ground level. This is a major
risk to any structure that is built across a fault zone that may be active,
in addition to any risk from ground shaking. Surface rupture entails
vertical or horizontal movement, on either side of a ruptured fault.
Surface rupture can affect large areas of land.
3. 𝕃𝔸ℕ𝔻𝕊𝕃𝕀𝔻𝔼𝕊
- The term landslide or less frequently, landslip, refers to several forms
of mass wasting that include a wide range of ground movements, such
as rockfalls, deep-seated slope failures, mudflows, and debris flows.
Landslides occur in a variety of environments, characterized by either
steep or gentle slope gradients, from mountain ranges to coastal cliffs or
even underwater, in which case they are called submarine landslides.
Gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, but there are
other factors affecting slope stability that produce specific conditions
that make a slope prone to failure. In many cases, the landslide is
triggered by a specific event (such as a heavy rainfall, an earthquake, a
slope cut to build a road, and many others), although this is not always
identifiable.

4. 𝕋𝕊𝕌ℕ𝔸𝕄𝕀
- A tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused by the
displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large
lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions
(including detonations, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts
and other disturbances) above or below water all have the potential to
generate a tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves, which are generated by
wind, or tides, which are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon
and the Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water.
5. 𝕃𝕀ℚ𝕌𝔼𝔽𝔸ℂ𝕋𝕀𝕆ℕ, 𝕊𝕌𝔹𝕊𝕀𝔻𝔼ℕℂ𝔼, 𝕒𝕟𝕕 ℝ𝔼𝕃𝔸𝕋𝔼𝔻
𝔼𝔽𝔽𝔼ℂ𝕋𝕊
- Liquefaction and subsidence of the ground are important effects
which often are the cause of much destruction in earthquakes,
particularly in unconsolidated ground. Liquefaction is when sediment
grains are literally made to float in groundwater, which causes the soil to
lose all its solidity. Subsidence can then follow as the soil recompacts.
Sand blows, or sand volcanoes, form when pressurized jets of
groundwater break through the surface. They can spray mud and sand
over an area a few meters across. All of these effects pose a grave
danger to buildings, roads, train lines, airport runways, gas lines, etc.
6. 𝔽𝕀ℝ𝔼𝕊
- Fires are a major source of damage after earthquakes. Ground
rupture and liquefaction can easily rupture natural gas mains and water
mains, both contributing to the ignition of fires and hindering the efforts
to control them.