?e?????s�?? ?a? ????pt??es ??e????s st? S?es? ?e???ep?st?�?s ?a? ?????e?ape?

as

S??p?? t?? ??da?t???? ???t?ta?

S??p?? t?? pa???sa? d?da?t???? e??t?ta? e??a? ?a d?se? st??? e?d?afe??�e???? �?a ?
e???? e?t?�?s? ??a t?? t??p? p?? a????ep?d???? ?a? a?????ep??e????ta? ? ?????e?ape?
a ?a? ? ????????? ?e???ep?st?�?. S???e???�??a, ?a ?????s??? p?? ta d?? ped?a ?????
d?a�??f?se? �?a a�f?d??�? s??s? �?sa ap? s??d?as�??e? ??e??e? ?a? p?? a???p?????ta?
ta ep?st?�????? e???�ata e?at????e?. St?? e??t?ta a?t?, ?a d?e?e????e? ? p???pt???
e??????? t?? s??s?? ?a? ?? pe?????s�?? p?? a?a??pt??? se a?t??, ?p?? e?et??eta? ?p?
t? p??s�a ?ata???�???? �e?et?t?? ?a? st??? d?? t?�e??.

???sd???�e?a ?p?te??s�ata

?et? t?? ????????s? t?? �e??t?? t?? d?da?t???? e??t?ta? ?? e?pa?de??�e??? ?a e??a?
se ??s?:

?a ????????? t?? a????ep?d?as? �eta?? ?e???ep?st?�?? ?a? ????????a? ?? d?a???

t?? ep?st?�?????? ped???,

?a ????? ?p??? ??a t? ?e???t??? d?a�??? �eta?? t?? d?? a?t?? ped???,

?a ?ata???s??? t?? t??p? p?? �p??e? ? ?a?e�?a ap? t?? ep?st?�e? a?t?? ?a s??e?
sf??e? st?? ????, ?a?

?a ????????? t??? pe?????s�??? ?a? t?? p???pt???? e??????? t?s? st?? ?a?e�?a
ap? a?t?? ?s? ?a? st? s??s? �eta?? t???.

?????e? - ??e?d??

?e?????????? / �????????? �??a??s�??

????????? s?�pe??f??? / ????s�??

??ep?st?�?????t?ta

???a�??? s??s?

??sa??????? ?a?at???se??

St?? pa???sa d?da?t??? e??t?ta ?a as???????�e �e t? s??s? t?? ?e???ep?st?�?? ?a?

t?? ????????a? ?p?? ??e? d?a�??f??e? t?? te?e?ta?e? de?aet?e?, ?a? t?? p???pt????
t?? st? �?????. S???e???�??a, st?? p??t? ?p?e??t?ta, ?a pa???s??s??�e ta d?? ep?st?
�????? ped?a, t? a?t??e?�e?? ?a? t??? st????? t??? ?a??? ?a? t?? ep?st?�????? p??
�??�at?s�? ?a? t?? a�f?s�?t?s? �eta?? t???.

St? de?te?? ?p?e??t?ta ?a ep??e?t?????�e sta ped?a s??e??as?a? �eta?? t?? d?? ???
d?? ?a??? ?a? se p?????se?? / p??t?se?? ??a t?? e??????? ?a? t?? e?s???????s�?
t???, ?ste ?a ep?te?????? ?? ep?st?�?????? t??? st????.

. S?es? ?e???ep?st?�?s ?a? ?????e?ape?as

Se a?t? t?? ?p?e??t?ta ?a as???????�e �e:

t?? ?ate????s? ?a? t??? st????? t?? ?e???ep?st?�??,

t?? ?e???t???? a?a??t?se?? ?a? t?? e?????? t?? ????????a?, ?a?

 t?? ep??e???�at?????a t?? d?a�???? �eta?? ?e???ep?st?�?? ?a? ?????e?ape?a?.

1.1 ? ?e???ep?st?�? ?a? ? ????????a ?? ep?st?�????? ped?a

?a ????????? e?d?, e? ???s�??, d?�???????? d?�?? ?? ?p??e? ?e?????? ap? d??de? ?

a? ???????e?e? �???? ?�?de? ?a? ????t???e?. ??t?? ?? a?ad??�e?e? d?�?? e?e??????a?
ta?t?????a �e ?e?????????, ??�???????, ??tta?????? ?a? ?e?et????? �??a??s�??? ?? ?
p???? t?? st???????. ? s???pe?a ?a? s????e?a st?? ????????? s?�pe??f??? �????sa?
st?? ep?�??s? a?t?? t?? e?d?? - ???a??s�??, ?ste ?a a?apa?a?????, ?a f???t?s??? ap?
te?es�at??? ta �???? t??? ?a? ?a e?asfa??s??? t? ?e?et??? t??? s????e?a (Cacioppo,
Bernston, Decety, 2010).

1.1.1 ? t?�?a? t?? ?e???ep?st?�??

? d?ep?st?�?????? t?�?a? t?? ?????????? ?e???ep?st?�??, e??a? af?s??�???? st? �e??

t? t?? p??a?afe????t?? �??a??s�?? ?a? ?at� ep??tas? t?? d?as??d?se?? ?a? t??
ep?????? �eta?? t?? ?????????? ?a? t?? �?????????. ? a????p??? �??????a ??e? �????
se? st? d?a�??f?s? t?? ?????????? pe??�?????t??, t? ?p??? �e t? se??? t?? ?pa??e ?
a????st??? ???? st?? d?a�??f?s? t?? ????d???, t?? e??ef???? ?a? t?? s?�at??.

?? e?e?d??e?�??e? d??at?t?te? t?? a????p?? �p??e? ?a e??a? ap?t??es�a t?? a???�????

a???�?? ?e?????? ?a? t?? d?ad??as?a? t?? s????e?? t??? st?? e???fa??, t?? p????t?
ta? t?? ??tt????, t?? �e?a??te??? s??des?�?t?ta?, t?? �e????? ta??t?t?? t?? ?
e???????? a????�?t?ta?, ded?�??a ta ?p??a a??????? t? s??????? d??at?t?ta epe?e??
as?a? t?? p????f?????. ??t?? ?? ?d??t?te? ?p?st??????? p???p???e? ?a? s??t???s�??e?
s????????? ?e?t?????e?. S???pt???, ? a????p???? e???fa??? ??e? e?e????e? �e t??p? ?
ste ?a s??d?eta? �e t??? ?????? ?a? ta ep?te??�ata t?? e?d??? ?fe????ta? pe??ss?
te?? st? s???????? ??a??t?ta pa?? st?? at?�??? p??sp??e?a. ?at? s???pe?a, ?p???e?
�?a d??a�??? e??????? ??a t? ?e???ep?st?�?: ?a e?e???se? t?�e?? p?? af????? st? ???
s?, sta s??a?s??�ata ?a? t? s?�pe??f??? �?sa ap? ??e? �e??te?, ?p?? ??a pa??de??�a
t? s??s? p?? ??e? ? ???t????? ?a? t? ????? (Norman, ?.?., 2011), ? p?? s??d???ta? ?
e???fa???, ta ????d?a ?a? ? ????t???a (Chiao ?a? Blizinsky, 2010).

? ?e???ep?st?�? a?a??t? t? s???e???�??? ?e?????????, ??�?????, ??tta???? ?a? ?e?

et??? �??a??s�? p?? ?a?????e? t?? ????????? s?�pe??f???. Se a?t?? t?? ?ate????s? e?
t?sseta? ?a? ? p??sp??e?a ?ata???s?? t?? a�??�a??? d?as??d?se?? ?a? ep?????? �eta??
t?? ?????????? ?a? �????????? ep?p?d?? t?? ???a??s�??. O? ep?t???a st?? t?�?a, ?e??
e?ta?, ??????, ? a?a??t?s? ?a? a??de??? t?? e?e?d??e?�???? �????????? �??a??s�??
p?? e??a? ?p??e?�e??? t?? ?????????? a????ep?d?as?? ?a? t?? s?�pe??f????. ??t? e??
a? ?s?? ?a? t? d?s????te?? e??e???�a t?? ?e???ep?st?�?? st?? p??e?a t?? e???????
t?? (Frith ?a? Wolpert, 2004).

? ?????p?? ap? t? f?s? t?? e??a? ap? ??a ta e?d? e?e??? �e t?? p???? �a????????
pe???d? e???t?s?? st?? a??pt??? t??. ??a?t?ta? ap? ta ???a e?d? ??a t?? ep?�??s? ?
a? t?? e??�e??a t?? se ??? t? d????e?a t?? ???? t??. ? ap?d?s? t?? t?s? ?????? ?
s? ?a? ????????? e??a? ?a�??? ?ta? e??a? ????????? ap?�???�???? ? ?ta? a?t??a��??
eta? ?t? e??a? ????????? ap?�???�????. ? ????????? ap?�???s?, ??e? ?? ap?t??es�a ?
a?? ??e?a ?a? ?????te?a p?s?st? ???s?�?t?ta? (Cacioppo ?a? Patrick, 2008).

?at? t? d????e?a t?? 20?? a???a, ? �e??t? t?? a????p???? s?�pe??f???? ap? t? ?e???
ep?st?�?, ep??e?t?????e se ???a?a, ??tta?a, e?d???tta????? d?ad??as?e? ?a? ????d?a.
? ????????? s?�pe??f??? e??a? p???s???et? ?a? p????? f???? asaf?? ?? p??? t?? p????
e?s? t??. ? a?a?????s? t?? ????d???, ?? ????d?a??? �eta??af??, ta ??tta?a, ?? ??
tta????? e??se??, ?? e??efa????? pe?????? ?a? ta ?e??????? d??t?a, s?�f??a �e t? ?
e???ep?st?�?, s?et????ta? �e s???e???�??? s?�pe??f???. ??t?? ? s?s?et?s�?? �p??
e? ?? ??a �a?�? ?a �????se? st?? pe?????s�? t?? as?fe?a? ?a? ?a pa???e? p??a???
apa?t?se?? st?? a?t??????s? ?a? ?ata???s? t?? a????p???? s?�pe??f????, e?te t?? p??
sd??????�e??? ?? ??????, e?te a?t?? p?? p??sd?????eta? st? p?a?s?? ??p??a? ???????
d?ata?a???.

1.1.2 ? ?????????? ?e???a ?a? p?a?t???

? ????????a e??a? ? ep?st?�????? �e??t? t?? s?�pe??f???? ?a? t?? ??????? d?ad??
as???, ? ep?st?�????? �e??t? t?? ??? (Cacioppo ?a? Freberg, 2014). ?????e?ape?a,
e??a? ? d?ad??as?a ?at? t?? ?p??a ??a ?t?�? (?e?ape?t??) p??spa?e? ?a a?a???f?se?
t? ?????????? a????a ? / ?a? a???a??t?ta e??? ????? p??s?p?? (a?a???�e???)
�e ?????????? �?sa. ??t? ta �?sa e??a? ? ????? ? ???e? ep????????a???, s?��??????
s?�pe??f???? ?a? ?e?????�?e?. ? ?????e?ape?t?? ??e? ??�e? �?a e?e?d??e?�??? e?pa?
de?s? �as?s�??? se s???e???�??? ?????????? ?e???a ?a? �e??d?????a ??a t?? a?t?�et?
p?s? t?t???? ?atast?se?? (Gureje, 2004).

St?? ?????????? ?e???s?, ?p?????? d?? f???s?f???? p??se???se??: ? p??t? p?????eta?

ap? t?? a????p?st???? ep?st?�e? ?a? ? de?te?? ap? t?? f?s???? ep?st?�e?. ? p??t? ??
e? ep?????? ap? t? fa???�e??????a t?? f???s?f?a?, e?? ? de?te?? ap? t?? e�pe?????
f???s?f?a (e�pe???s�??). ??? s???e???�??a, ? a????p??e?t???? p??s????s? ???s?�?p??
e? p???t??? pa?ade??�ata ?a? a?a??se??. ???e? s?�as?a st? �??ad???t?ta t?? at?
�??. ? p??s????s? t?? f?s???? ?p?st????e? ?t? ? ???? ? ? ???? �p????? ?a pe?????
st??? st? ?????? ?? e?et??e? ded?�??a p?? p???????ta? ap? p?s?t???? �et??se??. ?
eta?? a?t?? t?? d?? p??se???se??, ?p?????? a??et?? d?af???? st? �e??d?????a ?a?
st?? ep?st?�????? a????s? (Wangbing, ?.?., 2011).

???t?�ata p?? a?a??pt??? s?et??? �e t?? e?????t?ta t?? ?e???ep?st?�?????? ded?

�????, ap?te???? ep??e???�ata t?? ????????? ?a? t?? ?????e?ape?t?? ??a t?? a�f?s�?
t?s? t?? ep???at??sa? ?p???? st? ?e???ep?st?�? ?t? ? ????s�?? d?a�??f??eta? ?at? �?
s? ap? t? �??????a. ??t???? e?d??? e??t?�ata e??a?:

??? �p????? ?? ??????? d?ata?a??? ?a ?e??????? ?? �???????? �as?s�??e? as???e?

e? t?? e??ef????;

? ?e???ep?st?�????? ??e??a ??e? a?a?????se? �????????? pa?a�?t???? p?? �p?????

a???p?sta ?a ?p?st??????? t? d?????s? �?a? ??????? d?ata?a???;

???a? d??at?? ?? ??????? d?ata?a??? ?a p???a????ta? ap? �?a ??�??? a??s????p?a;

?? ?e???ep?st?�?????? �e??te? ????? ?ata???e? se �?a �as??? ??a��? ??a t? t?

ap?te?e? ??�??? ?s????p?a ?a? t? ???;

?p???e? ??a? ?�es?? t??p?? �?t??s?? t?? ep?p?d?? t?? ?e???d?a�?�ast?? ?ste ?a
d?asfa???eta? (st?? pe??pt?s? ??????? d?ata?a???) d?a???st??? a???p?st?a ?
a? ??????? ?fe??�?t?ta; (Deacon, 2013).

?a?? t?? a�f?s�?t?s?, ta te?e?ta?a ?????a ??e? a???se? ?a ???eta? ?ata???t? p??
�e�???�??e? p??se???se?? st? ?e???a ?a? t?? p?a?t??? t?? ????????a?, ap?de??????ta?
a?epa??e??. ? e????s? t?? ??????????? fa???�???? ?a? p??? pe??ss?te?? ? a?t?�et?p?
s? ?a? ?e?ape?a t???, apa?te? t? ???s? ?a? t?? epe?e??as?a st???e??? p??e???�e???
ap? d?ep?st?�?????? �e??te?. ??a �e�???�??? ?p??? de? �p??e? ?a �a? d?af?t?se?
p????? ??a t? ???? ?pa???? �?a ??????????? d?s?e?t?????a? ? �?a? ??????? d?ata?a???
a??? ?a? ??a t? ?e?t?????a t?? e??ef???? ?a? t?? ???a??s�?? ?? ???t?ta? (Bassett,
2011) ?p?? ?p?st??????? a??et?? �e?et?t??, �??? ??a? s??d?as�?? ap? d?af??et???? ?
pt???? (e?e???t????, ??????????, ???t????, �?????????, a?apt???a???, ???????? ?a?
at?�????) �p??e? ?a d?se? �?a ????????�??? e????a t?? ?p? �e??t? ??????????? fa???
�????. ?? ????????? ?a????ta? ?a d?s??? apa?t?se?? se f???s?f??? e??t?�ata ???s?�?
p????ta? t?? �e??d??? t?? f?s???? ep?st?�??. ???t?�ata p?? af????? st?? ?s????p?a
�eta?? �????????? pa?a???t?? (f?s?) ?a? pe??�a????t???? s??????? (?????) ?a? t??
ep?d?as?? t??? st? d?a�??f?s? t?? a????p???? s?�pe??f????, st? s??s? �eta?? at?
�???? ?a? ?????????? s?�f????t??, st? s??des? s?�at?? ?a? ???, ?.?.
1.2 ?????ep?d??se?? ?a? ?e???t??? d?a�???

?? ?a �???se?? ??a ???a????s? st?? ?e???ep?st?�??a e??a? t? ?d?? d?s???? ?p?? ?a

�???se?? ??a ?e???ep?st?�? st?? ?????e?ape?t? (Mancia, 2006). ????????? ? e???st??
a???a? ?a?a?t????eta? ap? ??t??? d?a�???, ???f?t?ta ?a?, p????? f????, ??da?a ep??
e???�ata �eta?? t?? ?p??�a??? t?? d?? t?�???. ? d?a�??? a?t? a??et?? f???? s?�ade?
t??e ap? ?????a ? pe?????s�??? ???s? t?? ?????e?ape?t???? ?e???a? ?a? p?a?t???? ap?
t? ?e???ep?st?�?, ?a??? ?a? ap? ???e??? e?d?af????t?? ??a t?? ??e??a ?a? a??pt???
t?? ?e???ep?st?�?? ap? t?? ???? p?e???.

? d?a�??? s?et??? �e t?? d??at?t?ta ?a? t? ???s?�?t?ta �?a? a????ep?d?as?? �eta?? ?

e???ep?st?�?? ?a? ???a????s?? e??a? ep?s?? ?d?a?te?a ??t???. G?a ??p????? �e?et?t??
(Dayan ?a? Olliac, 2010), ?? ?d?e? ?a? ?? ?e???e? t?? d?? t?�??? e??a? ?e�e???d??
d?af??et???? ?a? de? �p????? ?a s??d?ast???. ?????, (Blass ?a? Carmeli,2007) ?p?
st??????? p?? ? ?e???�???????? ???s? de? �p??e? ?a s??e?sf??e? st?? ?ata???s?
t?? ???�?t??, ta ?p??a ap?te???? t?? ??s?a t?? ?????e?ape?t???? d?ad??as?a?.

??p???? ???????? ????????? a??�a as??????ta? �e t?? a?t???�?a t?? ep?st?�??????

t??? ped??? (Posner ?a? DiGirolamo, 2000), e?? ??p???? ?e???ep?st?�??e? a??�a a?
af????ta? se ??a a�???? �???????? �??t??? ????pa??????a?, p??te????ta? p?? ??p??a
st??�? ?a ???e? saf?? p?? ? ????pa??????a e??a? ap??? ap?t??es�a e??efa????? d?s?e?
t?????a?. ????? ?p?st??????? p?? ta ?e??????? s?st???a p?? pa?at?????ta? st? ?e???
ep?st?�????? ??e??a e??a? ?s?eta �e t?? ?ata???s? t?? �??a??s�?? t?? ??????? ????.

Se a?t??es? �e a?t?? t?? t?p??et?se??, ??p???? ?p?st??????? ?t? ta �??t??a p??

sd????s�?? t?? ?????? �p????? ?a ?????? f?? st? s??s? �eta?? t?? ??????????? ?a?
pe??�a????t???? ep?????? ap? t? �?a ?a? t?? ?e???�????????? ap? t?? ????
(Zuckerman, 1999). ? ?e???s? t?? ????pa??????a? �e ????? t?? ep?d?as?? t?? a???
t???? pa?a???t?? st?? e?pa?? ???a??s�? �p??e? ?a e??a? �?s?�?. ?? �??a??s�?? a????
ep?d?as?? �eta?? �????????? ?a? ??????????? pa?a???t?? ?atade??????? t? s?�as?a a?
t?? t?? ?p???? ??a t?? ??????? p?a?t???. ? ?e?ape?t??? p?a?t??? �as??eta? st? s?�a?
t??? ?p??es?, p?? ap?te?e? ?a? t?? p????a a?t?? t?? �??t????, d??ad? st? ?t? ?
ep????? �eta?? ??????????? e�pe???a? ?a? �????????? pa?a�?t??? e??a? a�f?d??�? (De
Raedt, 2006). ?a s???eta ????????? fa???�e?a �p????? ?a ?????? pe??ss?te?? ?ata???
t? �?s? t?? d??????s?? d?af??et???? ep?p?d?? a????s??.

?? ?e???ep?st?�??e? de? as??????ta? �??? �e t?? ???t???? d?s?e?t?????e? ? t?? ???

a????? d?ata?a???. ?????? ap? t?? a?????? pa?at???se?? t?? Freud ep?�e�a?????ta? �?
sa ap? st???e?a ?e???ep?st?�?????? �e?et?? (Westen ?a? Gabbard, 2002). ? ?e?et???,
ep?s??, ??e? a?apt???e? ta??tata ?a? ?? �??a??s�?? p?? ?p?st??????? t? p???p???? ?
e?et??? pe??�????? ?a? t?? ep?d??se?? t??, �p????? ?a d?s??? �?s? se a?????? ?p???
se?? ??a t?? ?pa??? s?st?�???? d?s?e?t??????? t?? ???a??s�?? (Plomin ?.?., 1997). ?
a te?e?ta?a ?????a ? ?e???ep?st?�? e??a? ?d?a?te?a de?t??? st?? a???p???s? ded?
�???? p?? s?��????? st?? ?ata???s? t?? ep?????? pe??�a????t???? pa?a�?t??? st??
e?????? ?a? t?? p??sa?�???. ?p? t? ????, �?a se??? ap? �e??te? ????? pa???s??se?
t?? ep?d?as? t?? ?????e?ape?a? se a??a??? t?? e??efa????? d?ast????t?ta? ???s?�?
p????ta? te?????? ?e???ape?????s?? (Baxter, ?.?., 1992). ??t?? ?? �e??te?, e??????
t? st???e?? t?? e?p?da? ?t? ? s?st?�at??? ?????e?ape?a �p??e? ?a ??e? s?�a?t??? ap?
te??s�ata st? �???????? ?a? ?????????? e?p??e?a (Fonagy, 2003).

2. ?????e?ape?a ?a? ?e???ep?st?�?: ???a�??es ????pt??es ??e????s

Se a?t? t?? e??t?ta ?a as???????�e �e:

t?? t??p? s???e?as�?? t?? ?e???ep?st?�?????? ded?�???? �e t?? ?????e?ape?t???

d?ad??as?a,
 t?? p?????se?? t?? ?e???ep?st?�?? ??a t?? e?????? ?a? t?? ep?st?�?????
t?? ????????s?, ?a?

t?? a????? epa?ap??sd????s�?? t?? ?????e?ape?t???? �e??d?????a? ??a ?a??te?? ?

e?ape?t??? ap?t??es�a.

.1 ?ed?a s??e??as?a? �eta?? ?e???ep?st?�?? ?a? ?????e?ape?a?

?p?? ?p?st????e ? ?d??? ? Freud st? �?�??? t?? Beyond the Pleasure Principle
(1920): �? ???a????s? �as??eta? st? �???????? d??a�??? ??a ?a ap??t?se? �a??
te?? ???�a ap? �?a d?a???t??? pep????s? ??a t?? ?pa??? t?? ?e?et???? ?p?�a????
t?? ??????????? as???e?a?�. ???t??, ep? t?? pa???t??, de? ??e? d??e? �?a ??a??p???
t??? �???????? e????s? ??a t?? p???p???? ?????? d?ad??as?a.

? ?a?da?a e?????? st??? t?�e?? t?? ?e???????a?, t?? ?e???f?s??????a?, t?? ?

e???????????a? ?a? t?? pe??a�at???? ????????a?, se s??d?as�? �e t?? e?pa?de?s?
t?? ??a? ?e???? ?????e?ape?t??, pe??ss?te?? de?t???? st?? a?t?pa???es?
�e ?????? ???d???, ?d???sa? st?? a????? epa?ap??sd????s�?? t?? s??s?? �eta?? ?????
e?ape?a? ?a? ?e???ep?st?�??. Stad?a??, ????se ?a d?�?????e?ta? ??a e?d?? ?????? ???
ssa?, p?? ep?t??pe? t? d?e????e?a e?e???? ?a? st??? d?? ???d??? �e ????? s??p?: t?
�e??t? t?? ???. S?�f??a �e a??et??? �e?et?t??, (Beutel, Stern, ?a? Silbersweig,
2003, Ouss-Ryngaert ?a? Golse, 2010, Sauvagnat, Wiss, ?a? Clement, 2010), ??a?
d??????? �eta?? ?????e?ape?a? ?a? ?e???ep?st?�?? �p??e? ?a e�p???t?se? ?a? t??? d??
???d???. Se ?,t? af??? t? ?????e?ape?a, �?a a???p???s? t?? ?e???ep?st?�?? ?a �p???
se? ?a ?d???se? se �e?a??te?? epe?e??as?a t?? ?e????? t??. ??e???t??? ded?�??a ?p?
de??????? p?? ? e???fa???, a?t?d?? st?? ep?d?as? t?? pe??�?????t?? �?s? t?? d?af???
p???s?? t?? ????d?a??? ??f?as??. ? ?????e?ape?a, ??e? s???e???�??a, �et??s?�a ap?
te??s�ata st?? e???fa?? ?a? ? ?d??? �??�? �p??e? ?a d?af???p????e? �e ?????e?ape?
t???? pa?e��?se??. ?? e?e???e?? st? ?e???ep?st?�????? ??e??a, ????? s?��??e? st??
d?e????s? t?? ?ata???s?? ??a t? p?? ? ?????e?ape?a �p??e? ?a ep??e?se? t?? e??
efa???? ?e?t?????a. ??t?? ?? e?e???e?? a??????? t? d??�? ??a t? e�f???s? �?a? ??a?
ep???? st?? ?????e?ape?t??? ??e??a ?a? p?a?t???, ?a??? s???e???�??e? �??f?? ?????e?
ape?a? �p????? ?a s?ed?ast??? ?ste ?a st??e???? se s???e???�??e? p?e???? t?? e??
efa????? ?e?t?????a? (Gabbard, 2000).

??p??a ap? ta p???? ped?a sta ?p??a ? ?????e?ape?a ?a? ? ?e???ep?st?�? ?a �p????sa?
d??a�??? ?a ep?d??s??? ? �?a st?? ???? (Kandel, 2005), e??a?:

? f?s? t?? ?p?s??e?d?t?? ??????? d?ad??as?a?,

? a?t??t?ta t?? ??????????? ?a? ????pa????????? ?atast?se??, ?e?????ta? ap? t??

p??te? e�pe???e? ?a? t?? p??d???es? ??a ??????? as???e?e?,

?? d?�???? a??a??? p?? ep?f??e? ? ?????e?ape?a st?? e???fa??,

? p??sa?�??? t?? ????fa?�a??????a? sta ded?�??a ?a? t?? a????e? t?? ?????e?ape?
t???? d?ad??as?a?.

? Mancia (2006), ep?s??, ??a?e �?a ??sta �e t?? p??a??? ???s?�e? pe?????? st?? ?p??
e? ? ?e???ep?st?�? ?a? ? ???a????s? �p????? ?a s??e??ast???: ? �e??t? t?? s??a?s??
�?t?? ?a? ? a??pt??? t??? �?sa st?? d?ap??s?p???? s??se??, t? pe??e??�e?? t?? ??
e????, t?? REM ?p??? ?a? t?? �? REM ?p???, ?? ep?d??se?? t?? p???e???t???? st?e?
st?? a??pt??? t?? e��????, ? p??t? ep????????a �eta?? �?t??a? - �??f???, ? ?
e????????? ???�a?s?, ? �e??t? t?? e?s??a?s??s??, ? e?s?�at? e??�???s?, ? ep?�e??
s�?? t?? s??a?s??�at???? p???? ?a? t? s?st?�a t?? ?e???????? ?at?pt??? (Koehler,
2007).
?et? ap? �?a �a??? pe???d? a�??�a?a? ad?af???a?, ? s??????? ?e???ep?st?�? ?
a? ? ?????e?ape?a, e?s???a? se ??a ??? st?d?? st? s??s? t???. ?e a??a??�e?? e�pe???
a st?? �e??d??? t??, ? ?e???ep?st?�?, s??e???e? t? �e??t? t?? ?e???????? s????e?? ?
a? ?e????se ?a as???e?ta? �e t?? a??a??? p?? ep?????ta? st?? e???fa?? �?s? t?? ?e?
ape?t???? d?ad??as?a?. ? ??ass???? d??s�?? �eta?? ??????????? ?a? s?�at???? ????
at????? fa??eta? p?? e??ata?e?peta? ap? t? st??�? p??, ?p?? ap??a??pteta? ap?
t?? ??e??a, t? pa?a�???? e????s�a, s???? ? s??a?s??�a, af??e? t? ????? t?? st??
e???fa??.

? p???pt??? p?? d?afa??eta?, e??a? e??? s???e?as�?? st?? a????s?

�?????????, ??????????? ?a? ?????????? pa?a???t?? p?? ?a???????? t? f?s?
t?? ??????? d?ata?a???, se ??a s??e?t??? p?a?s?? t? ?p??? �p??e? ?a e?e???p???se?
t? ?e?ape?t??? ?e???a ?a? p?a?t??? (Fucks, 2003).

2.1.1 ?? p?????se?? ?a? t? �????? t?? ?e???ep?st?�??

? t?�?a? t?? ?e???ep?st?�?? ??e? ?d?a?te?? a??pt??? ?a? te??st?a s?�as?a ?a??? ??e?
ep??e?se? d?ep?st?�?????, �?s? t?? e?e???t???? st???? ?a? pe??a�at???? a?a?a???e??,
p?????? ?????? ???d??? ?p?? ?d? a?af?????e. ? pe?a?t??? e?????? ?a? s?��??? t?? ?
e???ep?st?�?? e?a?t?ta? ap? t?? ap??t?s? se s???e???�??e? p?????se?? st? s?ed?as?
s???e???�???? st?at?????? ?a? st?? ep?te??? s?st?�???? ?a? d?�???? a??a??? st? es?
te???? t??. S?�f??a �e t?? Markram (2013), ?? p?????se?? p?? a?t?�et?p??e? ? ?e???
ep?st?�?, ?ste ?a ??se? ta ?e�???a �?a? ��e????? ep?st?�??� st? �?????, s???pt???
e??a?:

1. ???a?? t?? d?�?? ?a? t?? p?a?t????: ? ?e???ep?st?�? ??e???eta? ?a ???s?�?p??e?

�e???e? d?ep?st?�?????? ?�?de? �e ste?? s??e??as?a, a???p????ta? ded?�??a ?a? ep?
st?�????? e??a?e?a, �e e???? ??a??t?t??, te??????s?a? ?a? ??????�???? ep???e?a? ??a
t?? a?t?�et?p?s? �e????? ep?st?�?????? ??t?�?t??.

2. ??�??????a ???�a?a? ded?�????: ??e???eta? ? d?�??????a a??????det?? ?�?d?? ded?

�????, p??, �e s??e?? e??�???s?, ?a �p????? ?a pa?????? ????????�??? e????a �?a?
s???e???�???? e??efa????? d?�?? se ??a ta st?d?a t?? ??????s?? ?a? ?e?t?????a? t??
(�???a?? d?�?, ??tta?a, �?????????�ata ?.?.).

3. ?fa?�??? st?at?????? p??�?e???: ???? t?? e?a??et??? �e????? a???�?? t?? ?e??????
(80 d?se?at?��???a) ?a? t?? ?e???????? s????e?? (80 t??se?at?��???a) t?? e??ef????,
? �e??t? t??? ??e???eta? ?a s?ed?aste? �e ????a t?? s????e?? s???e???�???? t?p?? ?
e??????. ? �?t??s? ?a?e�??? ap? a?t?? pe??a�at??? e??a? ep?s?? apa???e?t??? ?p?
te ??e???eta? ? a??pt??? te?????? ?? ?p??e? ?a ep?t??p??? t?? p??�?e?? t?? ?a?a?
t???st???? t?? s??apt???? d?ad??�?? (Hill ?.?., 2012).

4. ???�???s? t?? e??ef????: ? a?a?????s? ?a? ?ata??af? t?? a?t??d?? �??a??s�?? p?s?
ap? t? ?e?t?????a t?? ?e???????? ?????�?t?? (p.?. ? t??p?? p?? ?? ?e???d?a�?
�ast?? ?a? ?? ??�??e? d?a�??f????? t? ?e??????? d?ast????t?ta) �p??e? ?a ???e? �e
t? ???s? �??t???? e??�???s?? t?? e??ef????.

5. ?a????�?s? ?a? e??�???s? t?? e??efa????? d?s?e?t???????: ? d?s????a st? d?????s?

e??efa????? as?e?e??? ?fe??eta? se s?�a?t??? p?s?st? st?? ???e??? ?ata???s??
t???. ??t?, p????? f????, ?d??e? se ????? d?????s? ? se a???p???�??? d?????s? ?
ta? ? as???e?a ??e? ?d? p???a??se? �? a?ast????�? �??�?. ??e???eta? ?a ???e? ta????
�?s? t?? ded?�???? ap? e??ast???a??? ??e??e? ?a? ???????? pa?at???se?? ?ste ?a ap??
a??f???? ?? ?????? s???sta�??e? t?? as?e?e??? ?a? ?a ???e? ap?te?es�at???te?? ?
d?????s? ?a? ? ?e?ape?a t???.

6. ? e???fa??? ?? te????????? �??t???: ? a??pt??? ???? te?????? p?? ?a a???p?????

t?? ???s? ??a t?? ??????s? ?a? t? ?e?t?????a t?? e??ef???? �p??e? ?a ap??p???se? ta
�??t??a e??as?a t?? ?e???ep?st?�??. ?? ?p?????st???? a???? t?? a????p???? e??ef????
�p????? ?a ap?te??s??? t? p??t?p? ??a t? s?ed?as�? ?e?t???????? ?p?????st???? s?st?
�?t??.

7. ?????ep?d?as? t?? ?e???ep?st?�?? �e t?? ???????a: ? ?e???ep?st?�????? ??e??a ??

e???eta? e??st??fe?a ?a? d????s? t?? p????f????? ?a? t?? ded?�???? t?? se e???
te?? ?????. ? e??�???s? ?a? e?pa?de?s? t?? ???????a? ??a t??? st?????, t?? �e??d???
?a? ta ap?te??s�ata t?? ?e???ep?st?�??, �p??e? ?a st??????? ????? ?a? ??????�??? ??
e? t?? p??????�e?e? p?????se??.

2.1.2 ???t?se?? ?a? ?e???e? ??a t? �????? t?? ?????e?ape?a?

? d?asf???s? t?? �?????t?? ?a? t?? ep?st?�?????? s?��???? t?? ?????e?ape?a?, p???
p???te? t?? a??a?? t?? ?e???s?? t?? �e �?a pe??ss?te?? s?st?�at??? p???pt???. G?a
t? st??f? a?t?, e??a? apa?a?t?t?? s???e???�???? pa?????te? ?p??:

a) ? ap?de??t??? �?s? t?? ???a????s?? ??e???eta? ?a e?d??a�??e? �e t?? ?????t?s?

ep?p??s?et?? �e??d?? s??????? ded?�????, d?a??s?�?? st? �??????a ?a? t?? ?????????
ep?st?�?. ?a ??a st???e?a �p????? ?a �????s??? st?? ep???s? ?e???t???? d?af????
�e ?????? ???d???, ??a ep?te??�a p?? ? pa???sa �?s? ded?�???? de? ?at?fe?e ?a p?a?
�at?p???se?.

�) ? ?????? t?? ?????e?ape?t???? ????? ??e???eta? ?a a?e?a?t?t?p????e? ap? t? ??

t????? ?a? t?? ?e???e?�??e? ???t???? ?atas?e???, ???s?�?p????ta? s???e???�??e? d?
�?? p?? ?a ep?t?????? t? s?????? ded?�????.

?) ?t??e?e? st?? ep?st?�????? a???p?st?a t?? ?????e?ape?t???? ?????, ??e???eta? ?

a ?epe?ast???, s???e???�??a t? ??�a t?? ep?????? t?? ?e?et???? ?a? ??????????
pa?????ta ??e???eta? �e?et?�??? a?t?�et?p?s?.

d) ? ?????e?ape?a ??e???eta? t?? e�pe???a ?a? t? s??e??as?a ???? t?? s????? t?? d??
t? ? ?a?e�?a p??sf??e? �??ad??? ????? ?a? ?d?e? p?? �p????? ?a d?a�??f?s??? t?? a??
s?da t?? ???s?? sta d?af??et??? st?d?a pa?at???s?? ?a? ?e?ape?t???? pa??��as??.

O? �?a �e????t??? p???pt??? ??a t? ?????e?ape?a p??t?sseta? ? e??p???�??? ?????e?

ape?a. ?????pte? ap? t?? ep?st?�????? e?????? ?a? ta e???�ata t?? ???????? p?a?
t???? a??? ?a? ap? t? ??t??? e?d?af???? ??a t? d?�??????a e??? ???st???? �??t????
p?? ?a �p??e? ?a pe??????e? t??? �as????? t?�e?? t?? a????p???? ?e?t?????a?, ?a
pa???e? ??a?? ?a??d???s? ?a? a???�ata, ?p??????ta? t?? d?ad??as?a p??? �?a ???? a??
a?? (Anchin, 2002).

??? p??t? e�f???s? t?? ?????e?ape?a?, �e t?? ???a????s? t?? Freud, a???????sa? ? s?
�at??? ?????e?ape?a, ? s?�pe??f???st??? ?e?ape?a, ? ??�a??st??? ????????a, ? s?st?
�??? ?????e?ape?a, ?a??? ?a? ???s?a??? ?a? ?at????? p??se???se??. ?a?e�?a ap? a?
t??, ?te??e ?a d??e? ?�fas? se s???e???�??? d??stas? t?? ?e?t?????a? t?? a????p????
p??s?p???t?ta?. ? ep?�e?? f?s? ?ta? �?a pe???d?? epa?ap??s????s?? ?a??? ?? ????????
?e???t???? ?a? ?e?ape?t??, e? t? �?s? t?? a??pt???? t?? d?af???? ???d?? t?? ?????e?
ape?a?, p??s????sa? ???e? s????? s????? ??a ?a ?ata???s??? a?t?? t?? e?a??a?t???? ?
pt????. ? ?ata???s? ep?te?????e p????? f???? �e t?? e?�??e?a ?a? ap?d?s? t?? ???? ?
de?? �e ?????�??? ????? ?a? �?sa st? ?d? ?p????? ?e???t??? p?a?s??. ? ?at?stas? a?
t? e?e??????e �e t?? e�f???s? t?? e??p???�???? ?????e?ape?a? ? ?p??a ep???ase s?�a?
t??? t?? ???d?, d????ta? ?�fas? st?? e?t?p?s�? ?a? t?? a???p???s? t??
�as???? ?????? ?e?ape?t???? pa?a???t??. ? s?st?�at??? e?s?�?t?s? ?e???t???? e??????
?a? te?????? d?ad??as??? s?et???? �e t?? d?af??et???? p??se???se??, d?�??????se �?a
??a ?e?ape?t??? p?a?t??? pe??ss?te?? e?????t? ?a? ap?te?es�at??? ap? ?p??ad?p?te
�e�???�??? p??s????s?.

? e??p???�??? ?????e?ape?a a????e? t?? p???pt??? ??a t?? e�p???t?s�? t?? ap??e?? s?
et??? �e t?? p??s?p???t?ta ?a? t?? ????pa??????a t??. ?p??e? ?a ep?d??se? st?? a???
s? t?? ?e?ape?t???? ??a??t?ta? ?a? ap?te?es�at???t?ta?, ?a d?e????e? t? ped??
t?? ???????? e?pa?de?s?? ?a? ??s?ast??? ?a epe?te??e? ?a? ?a s??e??se? t??? st?????
?a? t? �e??d?????a t?? s???????? ???????? ?e???a? ?a? ?e?ape?a? (Anchin ?a?
Magnavita, 2006).

2.2 ?e????t???? p???pt???? �eta?? ?e???ep?st?�?? ?a? ?????e?ape?a?

? ?e???ep?st?�????? p???d?? ??e? ?d???se? p?????? ep?st?�??e? ?a ?p?st??????? ?t?

�? d?a????s�?? �eta?? ????at????? ?a? ?e???????a? e??a? a?t?pa?a???????� ?a? ??a a?
ap?te?es�at????. ? ?e???ep?st?�? ??e? pa???s??se? s?�a?t??? p???d? st?? ?e?????????
ap?saf???s? t?? ?????????? e???fa??? ?a? ?? ??ass???? ?e?????????? ?atast?se??
pa???s?????? �e???? e��??e?a ap? �??�e? t?? ?????????? a?t??????, ?? ?p??e? s????
de? a?a????????ta? ?a? s?????? de? ?e?ape???ta? s?st?. (Ib??ez, ?.?., 2014). ??
t???? e?d??? ap??e??, ????? e?e??e? t?? ?e???t???? a??s???e? t?? ????????? ?a?
t?? ?????e?ape?t?? p?? ? ???d?? t??? ???d??e?e? ?a ??e�??e?te? ap? t? ?e???ep?st?�?
?a? t? ?e???????a.

?a d?? ped?a ????? s?�a?t???? d?af???? �eta?? t??? t?s? st?? ?�fas? t?? a?t??e?
�???? t??? ?s? ?a? st? �e??d?????a t???. ?at? a?t? t?? t??p?, e??a? d?a???t? ?a? ?
a???a ap? ta d?? de? d?at???e? ???d??? ?a �e???e? ? s?�as?a t?? ? ?a a?t??atasta?e?
ap? t? ????.

? ?e???ep?st?�? ??e? e?s??e? �?a ??a p???d??stat? e????s? t?? ?????????? a?t??????
st?? ?????e?ape?a. S???e???�??a, ???s?�?p??e? d?af??et??? ep?peda ep?st?�??????
a????s?? ??a ?a p??se???se?:

a) t? s?�pe??f???st???, ???st??? e?a?s??t?p???s? ap??a?t? st?? ??????? d?ata?a???,

�) ta ?e??????? ?????�ata p?? e�p?????ta? st?? ????????? s?�pe??f???,

?) t? ?e?et??? ap?t?p?s? t?? ?????????? fa???�???? ?a?

d) t?? ep????? t?? ?????????? pe??�?????t?? st?? �????????? d?ad??as?e?

(Cacioppo ?.?., 2014).

?p? t?? ????, ? ap?te?es�at???t?ta t?? ?????e?ape?t???? pa??��as?? e??a? p????

�et??s?�?. ????????�e? ??e??e? �e t? ???s? ?e???ape?????s?? (PET, SPECT), ????? e?
t?p?se? ?�???t?te? st?? e??efa???? �eta�???s�? �eta?? as?e??? p?? ???s?�?p???
sa? ????t??pa f??�a?a ?a? as?e??? p?? ?p?�?????a? �??? se ?????e?ape?a, a?e???t?ta
ap? t? e?d?? t?? ??????? d?ata?a???.

? ?????e?ape?a, ?a �p????se ?a ?e????e? ?? �?a ??a s??e?t??? s??s? (�eta?? ?e?ape?

t? - a?a???�e???) ? ?p??a e??a? se ??s? ?a e????e? t?? s??a?s??�at??? ?�???stas? ?
a? t?? a?????d?�?s? t?? s??a?s??�at????, ?d???? �??�??. ? p????a? t?? ?e?ape?t????
a????ep?d?as?? �??s?eta? st? s??a?s??�at??? ep????????a p?? ep?t?????eta? �e t?? s?
�at??? s??t???s�? ?a? t? �? ?e?t??? ep????????a. ? d?ap??s?p??? d?ad??as?a
t?? ?????e?ape?a? �as??eta? st?? ????? �eta�?�as? - a?t?�eta�?�as?. ????p???te? t??
a�??�a?a ap?d?s? ???�at?? ? ?p??a de? ???eta? ???t??? a??? p?a?�at?p??e?ta? ???e
st??�? �?sa st? s??s? ?e?ape?t? - a?a???�e??? (Fucks, 2004).

? ?e???ep?st?�? ?a? ? ?????e?ape?a ????? p???? ?a p??sf????? ?a? �p????? ?a ?e?

t?????s??? s?�p????�at??? pa?? a?ta????st??? ? �?a st?? ????. St? �e??t? t?? a????
p???? ????s�??, �?a a?st??? a?t??e?�e???? ?pt??? e??a? a?epa???? ?a? de? �p??e? ?a
a?????e? ? ?????????? a????s? t?? ?p??e?�e????? ?p???? ?a? t?? ???�?t?? t?? a????
p???? s?�pe??f????. ?a?t?????a, ? ?e???ep?st?�????? ???s? �p??e? ?a pa???e? �e?a??
te?e? d??at?t?te? ??a t?? ?ata???s? s?�a?t???? ?e�?t?? p?? af????? st? ?e?ape?t???
d?ad??as?a. ?at? s???pe?a ? d??s? t??? �p??e? ?a e??a? s??e??at??? (Cheniaux,
2011).
? ?ata???s? �a? ??a t? ?e?t?????a t?? e??ef???? a??? ?a? t?? a????p???? ????s�??,
e??a? pe?????s�???. ? s?��??? t?? d?? ep?st?�?????? ped??? e??a? p???t?�? ?a??? ?
p???p????t?ta t?? d?�?? ?a? t?? ??????s?? t?? ??? �p??e? ?a ?a?a?t???ste? as????
pt?. ?? pe??ss?te??? ep?st?�??e? ?p?st??????? p?? �? e???fa??? e??a? ? p???? p???
p???? s?�at??? d?�? se ???????? t? s?�pa? ?a? ? s??des?�?t?ta, ? d??a�??? ?a? ? t??
p?? p?? s?et??eta? �e t? s?�a ?a? t? pe??�?????, e??a? fa???�e?a p?? ? ep?st?�? de?
??e? s??a?t?se?, p?t? p???� (Sanguineti, 2007).

S?????

?et? t? �e??t? t?? e??t?ta? e?ste se ??s? ?a ??????ete ?t?:

? �???????? ?a? ? ????????? p?e??? t?? a????p?? ????? a????ep?d??se? ?ts? ?

ste ?a ?a????s??? t?? ta?t?t?ta t?? ?? e?d??,

? �???�e??? ?e???s? e??a? a?epa???? ?a??? de? �p??e? ?a d?se? apa?t?se?? ??a
t?? ??????s? t?? ???, t?? e?d???s? t?? s?�pe??f???? ?a? t? ?e?t?????a t?? ????s�??,

? �e??t? t?? ??????? fa???�???? apa?te? t? d?ep?st?�????? s??e??as?a ????????a?

?a? ?e???ep?st?�?? st? �?s? t?? ?????? t??? s??p??, ?a?

? ?e???ep?st?�? ?a? ? ?????e?ape?a ??e???eta? ?a pe??s??? ap? d??f??a st?d?a ?

e???t???? ?a? p?a?t???? e??????? ?ste ?a ?ataf????? ?a s??e??ast??? a?�?????.

??�?????af?a

Cacioppo, J., ?.?., (2014) Social neuroscience and its potential contribution
to psychiatry, World Psychiatry, t. 13, ??. 2, se?. 131-139

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