GE Digital Energy

Lentronics JungleMUX Training

SONET
DIGITAL HIERARCHY
SONET SDH SONET & SDH
N. American N. American European Line Rates # of DS0
STS level OC level STM Level (Mb/s) Channels
STS-1 OC-1 N/A 51.84 672

STS-3 OC-3 STM-1 155.52 2016

STS-12 OC-12 STM-4 622.08 8064

STS-48 OC-48 STM-16 2488.32 32,256

STS-192 OC-192 STM-64 9953.28 129,024

STS-768 OC-768 STM-256 39,813.12 516,096

STS = Synchronous Transport Signal

OC = Optical Carrier
STM = Synchronous Transport Module
SDH = Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Slide 1-1

GE Digital Energy
Lentronics JungleMUX Training

SONET
CLOCK

STS-1 or OC-1 (51.84 Mb/s) STS-1 SPE ( 50 Mb/s)

TOH
DS0
CHAN.
APPL. .
.
.
} VT1.5 (24 DS0 Chan.)
STS-1 PAYLOAD

DS1
} VT1.5 (1 x DS1)

1 x Broadband tributary
DS0
CHAN. CHAN. signal (e.g. DS3), or
APPL. BANK STS-1 SPE = 1 x DS1, or
.
.

28 x VT1.5 VT1.5
.

24 x DS0

STS-1 SPE = 28 x 24 = 672 DS0 channels

Slide 1-2
 GE Digital Energy
Lentronics JungleMUX Training

STS-3 or OC-3 (155.52 Mb/s)

TOH } 3.3%

1 x broadband trib, or
STS-1 SPE (1) =
28 x VT1.5

1 x broadband trib, or
STS-3 STS-1 SPE (2) =
PAYLOAD
28 x VT1.5

1 x broadband trib, or
STS-1 SPE (3) =
28 x VT1.5

Slide 1-3

GE Digital Energy
Lentronics JungleMUX Training

Multiplexing in JungleMUX

STS-1 # 1
Video
STS-1 # 2
100 Mbps
Ethernet
STS-1 # 3
OC-12 DS3

VT # 1 DS1
VT # 2 10 Mbps Ethernet
STS-1 # 12 DS0 # 1 RS-232
VF
VT # 28 DS0 # 2 Teleprotection
DS0 # 24 56/64k Data

Optical Level STS-1 SPE Level VT Level DS0 Level Slide 1-4
 GE Digital Energy
Lentronics JungleMUX Training

Scalable Bandwidth Assignment

OC-3 (155.52 Mb/s)
VT capacity: 1.6 Mbit/s
1 7
1.5 Mb/s (DS1)
VT STS-1 SPE #1
8 14
15 7 x VT = 11.2 Mbit/s 21
22 28
VT
1 7
8 14
STS-1 SPE #2
15 21
64k 64k 64k 64k 64k 64k 22 28
100 Mbit/s
64k 4 x 64k = 256
64k
kbit/s 64k 64k 64k 1 7
8 14
64k 64k 64k 64k 64k 64k STS-1 SPE #3 50 Mbit/s
15 21
22 28
64k 64k 64k 64k 64k 64k

Each VT can transport up to 28 x VT

STS-1 SPE
24 DS0 channels Bulk bandwidth

Slide 1-5

GE Digital Energy
Lentronics JungleMUX Training

SONET LAYERS
Terminal or ADM Terminal or ADM
Regen. Regen.
STS-1 STS-1
VT1.5 OC-N OC-N VT1.5
SPE SPE

Section Section Section

Line

STS-1 SPE Path

VT Path

VT … VT STS-1 VT … VT
VT VT VT SPE VT VT VT OC-3/STS-3

Slide 1-6
GE Digital Energy
Lentronics JungleMUX Training

SONET LAYERS: LED INDICATIONS

Linear Network (I)

OC-1 OC-1
A B C

VT#1

VT#2 VT#3

Slide 1-7

GE Digital Energy
Lentronics JungleMUX Training

SONET LAYERS: LED INDICATIONS

Linear Network (II)

OC-1 OC-1
A B C

VT#1

VT#2 VT#3

Slide 1-8
GE Digital Energy
Lentronics JungleMUX Training

SONET LAYERS: LED INDICATIONS

Linear Network (III)

A B C
OC-1 OC-1

VT#1

VT#2 VT#3

Slide 1-9

GE Digital Energy
Lentronics JungleMUX Training

SONET LAYERS: LED INDICATIONS

Linear Network (IV)

A B C
OC-1 OC-1

VT#1

VT#2 VT#3

Slide 1-10
GE Digital Energy
Lentronics JungleMUX Training

SONET LAYERS: LED INDICATIONS

Ring Network (I)

R A L

VT#1
VT#2

OC-1
Ring
VT#2 VT#1
L R

C B
R L

Slide 1-11

GE Digital Energy
Lentronics JungleMUX Training

SONET LAYERS: LED INDICATIONS

Ring Network (II)

R A L

VT#1
VT#2

OC-1
Ring
VT#2 VT#1
L R

C B
R L

Slide 1-12
 GE Digital Energy
Lentronics JungleMUX Training

SONET LAYERS: LED INDICATIONS

Ring Network (III)

R A L

VT#1
VT#2

OC-1
Ring
VT#2 VT#1
L R

C B
R L

Slide 1-13

GE Digital Energy
Lentronics JungleMUX Training

SONET 101 Exercises (I) 6. What column of the STS-1 frame is used for STS POH
transport?
Please circle more than one answer if applicable. a) STS-1 column 1
b) STS-1 column 4
1. What are the bit rates of OC-1, OC-3, OC-12 and OC-48 signals?
c) depends on the VT pointer value; can spread across two
OC-1: ___________ OC-3: ___________ or more STS-1 columns
d) depends on the STS-1 pointer value; any STS-1 column
OC-12: ___________ OC-48: ___________ between 4 and 90
2. How many bytes of an STS-N frame does the Section Overhead 7. What SONET layer(s) will be affected by a fiber cut?
occupy?
a) Line layer
a) N x 3 c) N x 27
b) Section layer
b) N x 9 d) N x 81
c) Section and Line
3. How many STS-1 SPEs are carried in an OC-12 signal? d) All layers

____________________ 8. a) What layer is a DS3 signal entering immediately after

mapping?
4. What is the maximum number of VT1.5s that can be transmitted in _____________________
OC-1, OC-3, OC-12 and OC-48 signals? What is the
corresponding maximum number of DS0 channels? b) Can an STS-1 signal formatted for carrying a DS3 signal
support any signals in the VT Path layer?
VT1.5s DS0 Channels
OC-1 Yes No
OC-3 9. If a unit providing DS1 signal mapping/demapping has failed,
OC-12 what layer(s) is affected?
OC-48 a) STS-1 Path c) VT Path
b) VT Path and STS-1 Path d) All layers
5. Which of the following traffic combinations can be transported via
a single OC-3 signal?
a) 1 DS3 and 72 DS1s c) 2 DS3s and 29 DS1s
b) 2 DS3s and 26 DS1s d) 80 DS1s Slide 1-14
 GE Digital Energy
Lentronics JungleMUX Training

SONET 101 Exercises (II) a) column 1 c) column where byte V4 resides

b) column 88 d) columns 30 and 59
Please circle more than one answer if applicable.
14. How many bytes does the VT1.5 superframe have?
a) 27 c) 104
10. a) What is the purpose of DCC (Data Communication
Channel) bytes? b) 103 d) 108
________________________________
15. How many bytes does the VT1.5 Payload have?
b) What part of the STS-1 frame are
DCC bytes located in? __________________ a) 26 c) 104
b) 103 d) 108
c) How many DCC bytes have been defined? _________
16. Match the following bytes with the proper name/description.
Fill in the blanks with the correct letter.
11. Match the following bytes with the proper name/description.
Fill in the blanks with the correct letter. ___ VT1.5 pointer value a) V5
___ VT Path Overhead b) PSFR
___ Used for determining BER on STS-1 Path a) S1
___ Used for transport of VF signaling c) V2
___ Sync Messaging Byte (Sync Marker) b) H4
___ Orderwire Byte c) H1, H2 17. What is the decimal range for the VT pointer value?
___ STS Path Status Byte d) E1, E2 a) 0-26 c) 1-104
___ Multiframe Indicator e) B3 b) 0-103 d) 1-108
___ STS-1 pointer f) G1
18. What is the hexadecimal two-digit value of a healthy VT1.5's
12. What byte is pointed by the STS-1 pointer? V1 byte?
_____________________
a) H2 c) V1
b) V5 d) J1 19. What hexadecimal digit represents the value of the four least
significant bits of the V5 byte of an alarm-free VT1.5 (carrying
13. What column(s) of a VT-structured STS-1 SPE is not defined DS0 channel applications)?
for any particular use (defined as a fixed stuff)? a) ‘6’ b) ‘2’ c) ‘C’ d) ‘3’

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