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Electric Power Components and Systems

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Advance Compensated Mho Relay Algorithm


for a Transmission System with Shunt Flexible AC
Transmission System Device

Ashok Manori, Manoj Tripathy & Hari Om Gupta

To cite this article: Ashok Manori, Manoj Tripathy & Hari Om Gupta (2014) Advance
Compensated Mho Relay Algorithm for a Transmission System with Shunt Flexible AC
Transmission System Device, Electric Power Components and Systems, 42:16, 1802-1810, DOI:
10.1080/15325008.2014.957365

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2014.957365

Published online: 03 Nov 2014.

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Electric Power Components and Systems, 42(16):1802–1810, 2014
Copyright C Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

ISSN: 1532-5008 print / 1532-5016 online


DOI: 10.1080/15325008.2014.957365

Advance Compensated Mho Relay Algorithm


for a Transmission System with Shunt Flexible AC
Transmission System Device
Ashok Manori,1 Manoj Tripathy,1 and Hari Om Gupta2
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
2
Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

CONTENTS
Abstract—The presence of shunt flexible AC transmission system
1. Introduction devices adversely affect the performance of distance relay and cre-
2. Shunt Facts Device and Impact on Distance Relay ate security and reliability issues. This article introduces a noble
compensated Mho relay algorithm for the protection of transmission
3. Methodology line employing shunt flexible AC transmission system devices, such
4. Results and Discussion as a static VAR compensator and static synchronous compensator.
5. Conclusions A detailed model of transmission system employing a shunt flexi-
ble AC transmission system device is explained. Then compensated
References
impedance inserted by a shunt device in the transmission line is calcu-
lated, and finally, a compensated Mho relay algorithm is proposed to
protect zone one of the transmission line. Simulation work is carried
out in PSCAD/EMTP software. Results show that the proposed re-
lay is secure, accurate, and reliable under the wide variation in power
system parameters, such as load angle, fault resistance, fault location,
and compensation level.

1. INTRODUCTION
Today, electric power demand is increasing continuously. To
fulfill the increasing power demand over existing power sys-
tems, transmission lines are supplying power closer to the
stability and thermal limit, which may lead to an unstable
power system. Extension of the existing power transmission
system by constructing parallel lines increases wire density in
the space and needs extra costly towers, so that total scheme
is constrained by environmental and economic issues.
In recent years, flexible AC transmission system (FACTS)
devices have been of worldwide interest in power systems for
increasing power transfer and providing optimum utilization of
system capability by pushing power systems to their stability
Keywords: compensation unit, flexible alternating transmission system,
Mho relay, static Var compensator, static synchronous compensator, and thermal limit [1, 2]. FACTS devices are installed in existing
transmission line protection, zones transmission line in a series, shunt, and composite manner
Received 2 August 2013; accepted 19 July 2014
according to the application. All FACTS devices affect steady-
Address correspondence to Dr. Manoj Tripathy, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667 state and transient responses of voltage and current during
Uttarakhand, India. E-mail: tripathy.manoj@gmail.com normal and fault condition. FACTS devices affect the distance

1802
Manori et al.: Advance Compensated Mho Relay Algorithm for a Transmission System with Shunt FACTS Device 1803

protection scheme during faulty/transient condition because it (AI) approach for on-line calculation of boundaries during a
is based on the voltage and current response at the relay point. distance relay operation is convenient [15]. Artificial neural
The static VAR compensator (SVC) and static synchronous network (ANN) based adaptive relaying scheme computes on-
compensator (STATCOM) are important shunt FACTS devices line control parameters of the UPFC based on synchronized
and are widely used all over the world. They maintain constant phasor measurements from phasor measurement units (PMUs)
line voltage at the point of connection in a transmission line and installed at line terminals [16]. The work in [17] made a useful
are preferably connected in the middle of the line because volt- contribution about the apparent impedance calculation for dis-
age sag is maximal in the middle. Both devices inject current tance protection in the case of a transmission line having series
at the point of connection. The SVC is a parallel combination devices, viz., UPFC, thyristor-controlled phase-shifting trans-
of a thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) and thyristor switch ca- former (TCPST), and thyristor controlled series compensator
pacitor (TSC). The STATCOM is a voltage source convertor (TCSC); however it did not include the impact and apparent
(VSC) based device, so it has better control and can supply impedance calculation in the case of a transmission line hav-
a constant current over the complete voltage profile. Shunt ing such shunt FACTS devices as the SVC and STATCOM. A
FACTS devices supply or absorb current into the connecting universal method for calculation of apparent fault impedance
bus. According to the direction of current injection into the for a fixed capacitor series-compensated transmission line was
transmission line, the distance relay shows under-reaching or proposed, but the scheme was complex and did not give the
over-reaching effects [3]. The goal of distance protection is to idea for protection of a line having variable series compensa-
calculate the impedance between the relay and fault point. If tion in capacitive and inductive modes of operation [18]. A
a FACTS device is located between a relay and fault point, it wavelet and AI-based combined technique for fault classifica-
inserts equivalent impedance in the fault loop, and the relay tion and distance protection has been used for protection of a
is therefore not able to calculate the correct fault impedance, series-compensated transmission line. AI-based relaying tech-
which leads to accuracy, security, and reliability problems. niques need lot of training and testing before implementation,
In the literature, research has been done on the impact of so they takes more time [19, 20].
shunt and combined series shunt devices, such as the uni- This article presents a compensated Mho relay algorithm
fied power flow controller (UPFC), on distance protection of for a transmission line having shunt FACTS devices. The pro-
a transmission line. The SVC and STATCOM affect the per- posed Mho relay is a combination of the conventional Mho
formance of distance protection relays when applied to protect relay with an additional compensation unit. The shunt FACTS
transmission lines. It was found that midpoint FACTS compen- device inserts additional equivalent impedance in the fault
sation can affect the distance relays with regard to impedance loop, which depends on the current injected by the particu-
measurement, phase selection, and operating times, leading lar FACTS device. The impedance by which the shunt device
to under-reaching and over-reaching [4, 5]. The action of the compensates the fault impedance is calculated on the line at
STATCOM, even at a reduced rating, increases the R to X ratio a relay point. The calculated compensated impedance creates
of the line, which results in the under-reaching phenomena of an error in the actual impedance measurement, and the error
the impedance relay is discussed in [6], but suitable remedial can finally be eliminated at the relay point with the help of a
measures for protection were not deliberated. compensation unit. This improves security, accuracy, and reli-
Zone protection of a transmission network that employs ability of the Mho relay for protection of the transmission line
a STATCOM was presented in [7]; new setting principles having a shunt FACTS device.
for different protection zones were proposed, but the strategy
would be different with an SVC that works as variable current
source. In [3], the authors presented the effects of a UPFC on
2. SHUNT FACTS DEVICE AND IMPACT ON
the measured impedance at the relaying point. In addition to
DISTANCE RELAY
UPFC controlling parameters, its installation point also affects
the measured impedance [8–12]. Due to variation in UPFC There are mainly three types of FACTS devices: (1) series, (2)
controlling parameters, the tripping characteristics of relay shunt, and (3) composite (combination of series and shunt).
change, and hence an adaptive quadrilateral characteristic was The basic purpose of all FACTS devices is to enhance power
proposed in [13]. An expensive differential current protection transfer capability and improve stability of a power system.
scheme for the protection of a transmission line having a shunt Application and operation of the mentioned FACTS devices
FACTS device was presented in [14]. Apparent impedance cal- are different. Series devices are connected in series with the
culations for a transmission line operating with a UPFC were transmission line, and they improve the power transmission
presented, and it was suggested that an artificial intelligent capability of a transmission line by reducing line impedance.
1804 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 42 (2014), No. 16

Shunt devices are used to improve voltage regulation. In the over the operating characteristic, as shown in Figure 1(b). Both
middle of transmission line, voltage sag is maximal, so shunt devices work in two modes of operation: (1) capacitive mode
devices are connected in the middle of a line. Composite and (2) inductive mode. In case of heavy loads, the line voltage
FACTS devices (UPFC) are a combination of series and shunt drops below the reference or permissible value, and the shunt
devices, so they have the property of both devices [1, 2]. All FACTS device works in capacitive mode and supplies current
FACTS devices affect the performance of the distance relay into the bus, hence injecting reactive power to the system. In
differently. There are mainly two types of shunt FACTS de- this case, net impedance of the transmission line increases,
vices: (1) SVC and (2) STATCOM. Both devices affect the and the distance relay shows under-reaching effects. In case
distance relay performance according to their characteristics. of light loads or capacitive load conditions, the line voltage
The working principles and their impact on distance protection increases due to the Ferranti effect, and the shunt FACTS de-
are explained in Section 2.1. vice works in inductive mode, taking current from the system
and absorbing reactive power from the system. So in induc-
2.1. SVC and STATCOM tive mode, net line impedance reduces; hence, the relay shows
The SVC and STATCOM regulate voltage at the connecting over-reaching effects. The amount of impedance added or sub-
bus by injecting a current in quadrature to the driving line tracted by the shunt FACTS devices in capacitive or inductive
voltage and in phase with line current. Current injected by mode, respectively, is a function of current injected by the
the SVC into the connecting bus linearly varies with the line device [1, 2].
voltage at that point; i.e., it works as a variable current source
over the operating characteristic, as shown in Figure 1(a).
The STATCOM is a VSC-based device that injects con- 3. METHODOLOGY
stant current into the line, acting as a constant current source 3.1. System Modeling
Figure 2 shows a single-line diagram of the SVC and STAT-
COM in a doubly fed transmission test system with a source
power rating of 200 MVA simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC soft-
ware (Manitoba HVDC Research Centre, Winnipeg, Mani-
toba, Canada). The SVC and STATCOM connections at bus B
are separately shown in Figures 2(a) and 2(b), respectively. Fig-
ure 2(a) shows the transmission line with an equivalent SVC
with a capacitive rating of 167 MVA and an inductive rating
of 100 MVA; Figure 2(b) illustrates the transmission line with
an equivalent circuit of STATCOM with power rating + − 100
MVA. The proposed Mho relay is used for protection of a typ-
ical 230-kV, 50-Hz, 300-km-long power transmission system.
The transmission line is connected between buses A and C.

FIGURE 1. Operating voltage-current (V-I) characteristic of FIGURE 2. Typical single-line diagram of test system for:
shunt FACTS devices. (a) SVC and (b) STATCOM.
Manori et al.: Advance Compensated Mho Relay Algorithm for a Transmission System with Shunt FACTS Device 1805

Per-kilometer sequence impedances of the transmission line


in ohms are Z1 = 0.0362 + j0.508, Z2 = 0.0362 + j0.508,
and Z0 = 0.365 + j1.33. The Mho relay is set to protect 85% of
the transmission line and is placed at sending-end bus A. The
distance relay (Mho relay) at bus A monitors phase voltage (Vs )
and line current (Is ) through a capacitor voltage transformer
(CVT) and current transformer (CT), respectively [21]. The
shunt FACTS device is placed 150 km from the sending-end
generator at coupling bus B. Bus voltage VB , current IB , and
current injected by shunt FACTS device Ish are measured at
the coupling bus.
All measurements (voltages and currents) at bus B are trans-
mitted through a fiber-optic communication channel to bus A
and fed to the Mho relay compensation unit. In compensation
unit, the equivalent impedance inserted by the shunt FACTS
device in the transmission line is calculated, which is a func-
tion of current (Ish ) injected by the FACTS device. This is
the impedance by which the shunt FACTS device compen-
sates the transmission line in healthy and faulty conditions. In
PSCAD/EMTDC software, a fiber-optic communication chan-
nel is simulated by using transmitter/receiver tools by taking
a data signal as a global variable, assuming that the relaying
signal is perfectly transmitted in a fiber-optic channel.

3.2. Proposed Compensated Mho Relay Algorithm FIGURE 3. Proposed Mho relay algorithm.
Synchronized measurement of voltage and current based on
accurate time reference takes place in between buses A and B,
as shown in Figure 3 [22]. k = Z 0Z−Z1
1
;
Figure 3 describes the proposed Mho relay algorithm for V and I are the phase voltage and current, respectively;
the protection of a transmission line with shunt FACTS de- Z 0 and Z 1 are the zero- and positive-sequence impedances,
vices. In this algorithm, the conventional Mho relay algorithm respectively; and
is modified by adding a fault impedance compensation unit. I 0 is the zero-sequence component of the fault current.
The compensation unit computes the compensated impedance
(Zcomp , given in Section 3.2.1) introduced by the shunt FACTS Finally net line fault impedance (Znet = Z – Zcomp ) is calculated
device in a fault loop, which is a function of shunt injected cur- by the compensator, which is then fed to the conventional Mho
rent Ish , coming from bus B via a fast communication channel. relay to decide whether the fault is within reach (Zset ) or not.
The relay at bus A takes the voltage and current signal through The proposed Mho relay compensation unit instantaneously
the CVT and CT, respectively. Fault impedance Z (R and X ) is calculates the compensated impedance (Zcomp ) of the shunt
calculated by a conventional method at the relay point using FACTS device and simultaneously compensates it from the
fundamental and sequence components of the fault voltage measured impedance (Z) at the relay point.
and current signal [21]. Fast Fourier transform decomposes
the transient voltage and current into the fundamental quantity, 3.2.1. Compensate Impedance Calculation
and the sequence filter gives the positive- and zero-sequence
The equivalent sequence network for a phase-to-ground (LG)
value of current. Equivalent fault impedance at bus A can be
fault at point P is shown in Figure 4. It is assumed that shunt
calculated as [23]:
device is connected at 50% of the total transmission line length,
V and a solid (fault resistance Rf = 0) LG fault occurs at the right
Z= , side of the shunt FACTS device. From Figure 4, the sequence
I + k I0
voltages at relay point (bus A) can be obtained by applying the
where Kirchhoff voltage law (KVL) [9].
1806 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 42 (2014), No. 16

Total voltage at the relay point can be calculated as


Vs = V1s + V2s + V0s . (4)
Using Eqs. (1) to (4), the relay bus voltage can be written
as:
Vs = (0.5 Z 1 + Z 1 f ) (Is ) + I0s (Z 0 − 0.5 Z 1 ) + Z 1 f (Ish )
+(Z 0 f − Z 1 f ) I0s + (Z 0 f − Z 1 f ) I0sh . (5)
For a single-phase-to-ground fault, the apparent equivalent
impedance (Zeq ) of the distance relay at bus A can be calculated
using equation below:
Vs Vs
Z eq = = Z 0 −Z 1
= (0.5 Z 1 + Z 1 f )
Ir elay Is + Z1
I0s
Ish
+ Z1 f . (6)
Ir elay
The first portion (0.5 Z 1 + Z 1f ) of Eq. (6) is the actual fault
impedance, which includes the positive-sequence impedance
of the fault point to the relay point and arc resistance. The
second portion (Ish /Ir elay Z 1f ) of the equivalent impedance is
directly proportional to the current (Ish ) injected by the shunt
FACTS device into the coupling bus, and this is the impedance
FIGURE 4. Sequence network for LG fault at point P.
inserted by the shunt compensator in the transmission line,
which can be termed as the compensated impedance (Zcomp ):
In Figure 4(a), the resultant current flowing through Ish
impedance Z 1f is (I 1s + I 1sh ). By applying the KVL in the Z comp = Z1 f . (7)
Ir elay
positive-sequence circuit of Figure 4(a), the voltage equation
This impedance creates error and is responsible for mal-
is
operation of the Mho relay. the If shunt FACTS device is an
V1s = I1s (0.5) Z 1 + (I1s + I1sh ) Z 1 f . (1) SVC, then Ish is between 0 to ICmax in capacitive mode and
0 to ILmax in inductive mode. Ish depends on terminal voltage
Similarly, the KVL equations can be written for the negative- VB , as shown in Figure 1(a). In case of the STATCOM, Ish is
and zero-sequence circuit as Eqs. (2) and (3), respectively: independent of the terminal voltage and injects fixed current
ICmax or ILmax in capacitive mode or inductive mode, respec-
V2s = I2s (0.5) Z 2 + (I2s + I2sh ) Z 2 f , (2) tively, as shown in Figure 1(b). The compensated impedance
V0s = I0s (0.5) Z 0 + (I0s + I0sh ) Z 0 f , (3) depends upon current injected by compensator (Ish ), relay cur-
rent (Irelay ) at bus A, and positive-sequence impedance (Z 1f )
where transmission line from the midpoint to the fault point, which
can be calculated by taking voltage and current measurements
V 1s , V 2s , and V 0s are the sequence voltages at sending end at coupling bus B.
(relay point);
Z 0 , Z 1 , and Z 2 are zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence 3.3. Requirement of Communication Channel
impedances of the transmission line, respectively; The proposed Mho relay requires a reliable and high-speed
Z 0f , Z 1f , and Z 2f are the zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence communication channel between coupling bus B to the Mho
impedances of the transmission line from midpoint to fault relay location. Three-phase voltages and currents are mea-
point P, respectively; sured at bus B. The communication channel transmits these
I 1s , I 2s , and I 0s are the sequence currents at the sending end; measured signals to the relay location to calculate the com-
and pensated impedance. In this work, the reliability of the pro-
I 1sh , I 2sh , and I 0sh are the sequence currents injected by the posed protection algorithm depends on the reliability and fast-
FACTS device at bus B. ness of the communication channel. It is assumed that the
Manori et al.: Advance Compensated Mho Relay Algorithm for a Transmission System with Shunt FACTS Device 1807

communication channel is reliable and fast enough to send the


measured current and voltage signal from coupling bus B to re-
lay bus A for any fault in between buses B and C. If there is any
fault in between buses A and B, the communication channel
breaks and does not send any signal; in this case, Ish = 0, i.e.,
the relay behaves normally as a conventional relay. The newly
built extra high voltage/ultra high voltage (EHV/UHV) trans-
mission lines are equipped with dedicated fiber-optic channels
through which the signals are transmitted from one end of the
transmission line to the other [24, 25].

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


The proposed Mho relay protection algorithm has been FIGURE 5. Operating characteristic of proposed and conven-
tested on a 230-kV, 50-Hz, 300-km-long, midpoint shunt- tional Mho relay during LG fault at 255 km for: (a) load angle
compensated transmission line. The Mho relay is set to 10◦ and fault resistance 0.01 , (b) load angle 30◦ and fault
protect up to 85% of the line (255 km) for zone 1. An resistance 50 , (c) load angle 40◦ and fault resistance 50 ,
and (d) load angle 50◦ and fault resistance 0.01 .
experiment has been carried out on the typical test sys-
tem to check the accuracy, reliability, and security of the
proposed Mho relay. To check the over-reach and under-
reach effects, LG faults are created at different locations Case 2: Test to check over-reaching effect (inductive mode)
within zone 1 and beyond zone 1 under various load angles In inductive mode, the net impedance of transmission line
(10◦ to 50◦ ) and a wide range of fault resistance (0.01 to reduces, so if fault is outside the zone, the conventional relay
50 ohms). It is observed that the proposed relay senses the realizes it as inside the zone and mal-operates. The proposed
fault within 0.01 sec (less than a half-cycle) after the occur- relay again compensates the effect of the SVC and does not
rence of fault. The following various cases have been taken to trip for any fault outside the zone, as shown in Figure 6 for an
verify the capability of the proposed Mho relay algorithm. LG fault at 260 km.

4.1. Relay Performance with SVC


Case 1: Test to check under-reaching effect (capacitive mode)
In capacitive mode, the net impedance of the transmission line
increases. So if there is a fault within zone 1, the conventional
relay realizes the fault outside zone 1 and cannot sense the
fault; on the contrary, the proposed relay compensates the
error caused by the SVC in impedance measurement and trips
for any fault within zone 1. Comparative performance of the
conventional and proposed Mho relay is shown in Figure 5. To
check the performance, LG faults are created at the boundary
location of zone 1, i.e., at 255 km from the sending end, taking
variations in load angle from 10◦ to 50◦ . The proposed relay
is also tested for wide variation in fault resistance (0.01 to 50
). Figure 5 suggests that the proposed relay trips for a fault
FIGURE 6. Operating characteristic of proposed and conven-
within zone 1 while the conventional relay mal-operates. It is
tional Mho relay during LG fault at 260 km for: (a) load angle
also observed from the results that the proposed Mho relay 10◦ and fault resistance 50 , (b) load angle 30◦ and fault
shows more tolerance than the conventional Mho relay for resistance 50 , (c) load angle 40◦ and fault resistance 30 ,
fault resistance if the fault is at the boundary of zone 1. and (d) load angle 50◦ and fault resistance 60 .
1808 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 42 (2014), No. 16

FIGURE 7. Operating characteristic of proposed and conven- FIGURE 8. Operating characteristic of proposed and conven-
tional Mho relay during LG fault at 255 km for: (a) load angle tional Mho relay during LG fault at 260 km for: (a) load angle
10◦ and fault resistance 20 , (b) load angle 30◦ and fault 10◦ and fault resistance 0.01 , (b) load angle 30◦ and fault
resistance 50 , (c) load angle 40◦ and fault resistance 50 , resistance 50 , (c) load angle 40◦ and fault resistance 50 ,
and (d) load angle 50◦ and fault resistance 0.01 . and (d) load angle 50◦ and fault resistance 0.01 .

4.2. Relay Performance with STATCOM


The STATCOM injects constant current at the point of connec- under certain operating conditions, such as high loading angle
tion even in the fault condition; it thus has a larger impact on and large fault resistance. It is found that the proposed Mho
distance protection than the SVC in both modes of operation. relay is highly accurate under normal loading conditions (load
The proposed Mho relay correspondingly removes the error angle in between 20◦ to 40◦ ) and fault resistances between
generated by the STATCOM in fault impedance measurement 0.01 and 50 .
during fault condition. The following cases have been taken
to justify the accuracy, security, and reliability of the proposed
scheme.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Case 1: Test to check under-reaching effect (capacitive mode) An advanced compensated Mho relay algorithm is devel-
In capacitive mode, the net impedance of the transmission oped for the protection of a transmission line having shunt
line increases. If a fault occurs near the boundary of zone 1 FACTS devices, and its comparative performance with the
(255 km), the conventional relay mal-operate and does not conventional Mho relay is presented. Detailed analysis of
trip. The proposed Mho relay compensates the error caused the protection algorithm is carried out with the help of the
by the STATCOM and operates for any fault inside the zone. PSCAD/EMTDC simulation package. The relay is set to pro-
Operation of the conventional and proposed relays at a typical tect 85% of the transmission line for zone 1, and it is tested
boundary location of 255 km is shown in Figure 7. under a wide range of load angles and fault resistances. Results
show that in inductive mode of the shunt FACTS device, for
Case 2: Test to check over-reaching effect (inductive mode). any fault beyond zone one, the conventional relay trips due to
In capacitive mode of the STATCOM, the net impedance of the reduction in impedance; hence, it over-reaches, whereas
the transmission line reduces; the conventional relay thus over- the proposed Mho relay does not operate for any fault be-
reaches, but the proposed Mho relay again corrects the error yond its zone because it compensates the error through the
caused by the STATCOM and does not operate for any fault compensation unit. In capacitive mode, the net impedance of
outside zone 1, as shown in Figure 8. a transmission line increases, and therefore, the conventional
It is clear from the simulation results that the performance relay does not trip for the fault just inside the boundary of
of the proposed Mho relay algorithm is far better than the zone one; hence, it under-reaches. The proposed Mho relay,
conventional Mho relay. The proposed Mho relay, however, however, operates for faults inside zone one at all locations.
has limitations when the fault is at the boundary of zone one The proposed relay can be summarized as:
Manori et al.: Advance Compensated Mho Relay Algorithm for a Transmission System with Shunt FACTS Device 1809

• it is more reliable, accurate, and secure than the conven- International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission,
tional relay; pp. 1–6, London, 19–21 October 2010.
[14] Lim, J. U., and Jiang, J. N., “A refined differential current pro-
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Ashok Manori was born in Uttarakhand, India, in 1987.
lay estimation in transmission line with UPFC,” Int. J. Comput.
Elect. Eng., Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 158–161, February 2010. He receives B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering from DIT
[13] Jamali, S., Kazemiand, A., and Shateri, H., “Modified distance Dehradun, UPTU in 2008 and M. Tech. degree in power system
protection in presence of UPFC on a transmission line,” 9th IET from NIT Kurukshetra in 2010. He is presently a Ph.D. student
1810 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 42 (2014), No. 16

in the area of power system protection in the Department of system. His research interests include power system protec-
Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roor- tion, developments in digital protective relay, and power system
kee, Roorkee. His research interests are in the area of computer monitoring.
applications to power systems, power network protection and
FACTS devices. Hari Om Gupta was born in Agra, India. He received the
B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Government
Manoj Tripathy was born in Gorakhapur, India, in 1976. He Engineering College, Jabalpur, India, in 1972, the M.E. de-
received the B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering from Nag- gree in systems engineering and operation research in 1975,
pur University, Nagpur, India, in 1999, the M. Tech. degree and the Ph.D. degree in 1980, both from the University of
in instrumentation and control from Aligarh Muslim Univer- Roorkee, Roorkee, India. Before joining JIIT as Director of
sity, Aligarh, India, in 2002, and the Ph.D. degree from the Noida-sector 128, he was working as Professor in the Depart-
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India, in ment of Electrical Engineering and Dean Faculty Affairs, at
2008. He visited University of Western Ontario, ON, Canada, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India. He visited Mc-
from 2010 to 2011 as a Post-doctoral Fellow He worked as Master University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, from 1981 to 1983
Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical Engi- as a Post-doctoral Fellow. He is associated with many indus-
neering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Al- tries as consultant. He has published many research papers
lahabad, Allahabad, India. He is presently Assistant Professor in various international/national journals and conferences. His
with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Insti- research interests are in the areas of computer- aided design, re-
tute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India. Dr. Tripathy is a liability engineering, power network optimization, and power
reviewer for various international journals in the area of power transformers.

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