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To cite this article: Ashok Manori, Manoj Tripathy & Hari Om Gupta (2014) Advance
Compensated Mho Relay Algorithm for a Transmission System with Shunt Flexible AC
Transmission System Device, Electric Power Components and Systems, 42:16, 1802-1810, DOI:
10.1080/15325008.2014.957365
CONTENTS
Abstract—The presence of shunt flexible AC transmission system
1. Introduction devices adversely affect the performance of distance relay and cre-
2. Shunt Facts Device and Impact on Distance Relay ate security and reliability issues. This article introduces a noble
compensated Mho relay algorithm for the protection of transmission
3. Methodology line employing shunt flexible AC transmission system devices, such
4. Results and Discussion as a static VAR compensator and static synchronous compensator.
5. Conclusions A detailed model of transmission system employing a shunt flexi-
ble AC transmission system device is explained. Then compensated
References
impedance inserted by a shunt device in the transmission line is calcu-
lated, and finally, a compensated Mho relay algorithm is proposed to
protect zone one of the transmission line. Simulation work is carried
out in PSCAD/EMTP software. Results show that the proposed re-
lay is secure, accurate, and reliable under the wide variation in power
system parameters, such as load angle, fault resistance, fault location,
and compensation level.
1. INTRODUCTION
Today, electric power demand is increasing continuously. To
fulfill the increasing power demand over existing power sys-
tems, transmission lines are supplying power closer to the
stability and thermal limit, which may lead to an unstable
power system. Extension of the existing power transmission
system by constructing parallel lines increases wire density in
the space and needs extra costly towers, so that total scheme
is constrained by environmental and economic issues.
In recent years, flexible AC transmission system (FACTS)
devices have been of worldwide interest in power systems for
increasing power transfer and providing optimum utilization of
system capability by pushing power systems to their stability
Keywords: compensation unit, flexible alternating transmission system,
Mho relay, static Var compensator, static synchronous compensator, and thermal limit [1, 2]. FACTS devices are installed in existing
transmission line protection, zones transmission line in a series, shunt, and composite manner
Received 2 August 2013; accepted 19 July 2014
according to the application. All FACTS devices affect steady-
Address correspondence to Dr. Manoj Tripathy, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667 state and transient responses of voltage and current during
Uttarakhand, India. E-mail: tripathy.manoj@gmail.com normal and fault condition. FACTS devices affect the distance
1802
Manori et al.: Advance Compensated Mho Relay Algorithm for a Transmission System with Shunt FACTS Device 1803
protection scheme during faulty/transient condition because it (AI) approach for on-line calculation of boundaries during a
is based on the voltage and current response at the relay point. distance relay operation is convenient [15]. Artificial neural
The static VAR compensator (SVC) and static synchronous network (ANN) based adaptive relaying scheme computes on-
compensator (STATCOM) are important shunt FACTS devices line control parameters of the UPFC based on synchronized
and are widely used all over the world. They maintain constant phasor measurements from phasor measurement units (PMUs)
line voltage at the point of connection in a transmission line and installed at line terminals [16]. The work in [17] made a useful
are preferably connected in the middle of the line because volt- contribution about the apparent impedance calculation for dis-
age sag is maximal in the middle. Both devices inject current tance protection in the case of a transmission line having series
at the point of connection. The SVC is a parallel combination devices, viz., UPFC, thyristor-controlled phase-shifting trans-
of a thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) and thyristor switch ca- former (TCPST), and thyristor controlled series compensator
pacitor (TSC). The STATCOM is a voltage source convertor (TCSC); however it did not include the impact and apparent
(VSC) based device, so it has better control and can supply impedance calculation in the case of a transmission line hav-
a constant current over the complete voltage profile. Shunt ing such shunt FACTS devices as the SVC and STATCOM. A
FACTS devices supply or absorb current into the connecting universal method for calculation of apparent fault impedance
bus. According to the direction of current injection into the for a fixed capacitor series-compensated transmission line was
transmission line, the distance relay shows under-reaching or proposed, but the scheme was complex and did not give the
over-reaching effects [3]. The goal of distance protection is to idea for protection of a line having variable series compensa-
calculate the impedance between the relay and fault point. If tion in capacitive and inductive modes of operation [18]. A
a FACTS device is located between a relay and fault point, it wavelet and AI-based combined technique for fault classifica-
inserts equivalent impedance in the fault loop, and the relay tion and distance protection has been used for protection of a
is therefore not able to calculate the correct fault impedance, series-compensated transmission line. AI-based relaying tech-
which leads to accuracy, security, and reliability problems. niques need lot of training and testing before implementation,
In the literature, research has been done on the impact of so they takes more time [19, 20].
shunt and combined series shunt devices, such as the uni- This article presents a compensated Mho relay algorithm
fied power flow controller (UPFC), on distance protection of for a transmission line having shunt FACTS devices. The pro-
a transmission line. The SVC and STATCOM affect the per- posed Mho relay is a combination of the conventional Mho
formance of distance protection relays when applied to protect relay with an additional compensation unit. The shunt FACTS
transmission lines. It was found that midpoint FACTS compen- device inserts additional equivalent impedance in the fault
sation can affect the distance relays with regard to impedance loop, which depends on the current injected by the particu-
measurement, phase selection, and operating times, leading lar FACTS device. The impedance by which the shunt device
to under-reaching and over-reaching [4, 5]. The action of the compensates the fault impedance is calculated on the line at
STATCOM, even at a reduced rating, increases the R to X ratio a relay point. The calculated compensated impedance creates
of the line, which results in the under-reaching phenomena of an error in the actual impedance measurement, and the error
the impedance relay is discussed in [6], but suitable remedial can finally be eliminated at the relay point with the help of a
measures for protection were not deliberated. compensation unit. This improves security, accuracy, and reli-
Zone protection of a transmission network that employs ability of the Mho relay for protection of the transmission line
a STATCOM was presented in [7]; new setting principles having a shunt FACTS device.
for different protection zones were proposed, but the strategy
would be different with an SVC that works as variable current
source. In [3], the authors presented the effects of a UPFC on
2. SHUNT FACTS DEVICE AND IMPACT ON
the measured impedance at the relaying point. In addition to
DISTANCE RELAY
UPFC controlling parameters, its installation point also affects
the measured impedance [8–12]. Due to variation in UPFC There are mainly three types of FACTS devices: (1) series, (2)
controlling parameters, the tripping characteristics of relay shunt, and (3) composite (combination of series and shunt).
change, and hence an adaptive quadrilateral characteristic was The basic purpose of all FACTS devices is to enhance power
proposed in [13]. An expensive differential current protection transfer capability and improve stability of a power system.
scheme for the protection of a transmission line having a shunt Application and operation of the mentioned FACTS devices
FACTS device was presented in [14]. Apparent impedance cal- are different. Series devices are connected in series with the
culations for a transmission line operating with a UPFC were transmission line, and they improve the power transmission
presented, and it was suggested that an artificial intelligent capability of a transmission line by reducing line impedance.
1804 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 42 (2014), No. 16
Shunt devices are used to improve voltage regulation. In the over the operating characteristic, as shown in Figure 1(b). Both
middle of transmission line, voltage sag is maximal, so shunt devices work in two modes of operation: (1) capacitive mode
devices are connected in the middle of a line. Composite and (2) inductive mode. In case of heavy loads, the line voltage
FACTS devices (UPFC) are a combination of series and shunt drops below the reference or permissible value, and the shunt
devices, so they have the property of both devices [1, 2]. All FACTS device works in capacitive mode and supplies current
FACTS devices affect the performance of the distance relay into the bus, hence injecting reactive power to the system. In
differently. There are mainly two types of shunt FACTS de- this case, net impedance of the transmission line increases,
vices: (1) SVC and (2) STATCOM. Both devices affect the and the distance relay shows under-reaching effects. In case
distance relay performance according to their characteristics. of light loads or capacitive load conditions, the line voltage
The working principles and their impact on distance protection increases due to the Ferranti effect, and the shunt FACTS de-
are explained in Section 2.1. vice works in inductive mode, taking current from the system
and absorbing reactive power from the system. So in induc-
2.1. SVC and STATCOM tive mode, net line impedance reduces; hence, the relay shows
The SVC and STATCOM regulate voltage at the connecting over-reaching effects. The amount of impedance added or sub-
bus by injecting a current in quadrature to the driving line tracted by the shunt FACTS devices in capacitive or inductive
voltage and in phase with line current. Current injected by mode, respectively, is a function of current injected by the
the SVC into the connecting bus linearly varies with the line device [1, 2].
voltage at that point; i.e., it works as a variable current source
over the operating characteristic, as shown in Figure 1(a).
The STATCOM is a VSC-based device that injects con- 3. METHODOLOGY
stant current into the line, acting as a constant current source 3.1. System Modeling
Figure 2 shows a single-line diagram of the SVC and STAT-
COM in a doubly fed transmission test system with a source
power rating of 200 MVA simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC soft-
ware (Manitoba HVDC Research Centre, Winnipeg, Mani-
toba, Canada). The SVC and STATCOM connections at bus B
are separately shown in Figures 2(a) and 2(b), respectively. Fig-
ure 2(a) shows the transmission line with an equivalent SVC
with a capacitive rating of 167 MVA and an inductive rating
of 100 MVA; Figure 2(b) illustrates the transmission line with
an equivalent circuit of STATCOM with power rating + − 100
MVA. The proposed Mho relay is used for protection of a typ-
ical 230-kV, 50-Hz, 300-km-long power transmission system.
The transmission line is connected between buses A and C.
FIGURE 1. Operating voltage-current (V-I) characteristic of FIGURE 2. Typical single-line diagram of test system for:
shunt FACTS devices. (a) SVC and (b) STATCOM.
Manori et al.: Advance Compensated Mho Relay Algorithm for a Transmission System with Shunt FACTS Device 1805
3.2. Proposed Compensated Mho Relay Algorithm FIGURE 3. Proposed Mho relay algorithm.
Synchronized measurement of voltage and current based on
accurate time reference takes place in between buses A and B,
as shown in Figure 3 [22]. k = Z 0Z−Z1
1
;
Figure 3 describes the proposed Mho relay algorithm for V and I are the phase voltage and current, respectively;
the protection of a transmission line with shunt FACTS de- Z 0 and Z 1 are the zero- and positive-sequence impedances,
vices. In this algorithm, the conventional Mho relay algorithm respectively; and
is modified by adding a fault impedance compensation unit. I 0 is the zero-sequence component of the fault current.
The compensation unit computes the compensated impedance
(Zcomp , given in Section 3.2.1) introduced by the shunt FACTS Finally net line fault impedance (Znet = Z – Zcomp ) is calculated
device in a fault loop, which is a function of shunt injected cur- by the compensator, which is then fed to the conventional Mho
rent Ish , coming from bus B via a fast communication channel. relay to decide whether the fault is within reach (Zset ) or not.
The relay at bus A takes the voltage and current signal through The proposed Mho relay compensation unit instantaneously
the CVT and CT, respectively. Fault impedance Z (R and X ) is calculates the compensated impedance (Zcomp ) of the shunt
calculated by a conventional method at the relay point using FACTS device and simultaneously compensates it from the
fundamental and sequence components of the fault voltage measured impedance (Z) at the relay point.
and current signal [21]. Fast Fourier transform decomposes
the transient voltage and current into the fundamental quantity, 3.2.1. Compensate Impedance Calculation
and the sequence filter gives the positive- and zero-sequence
The equivalent sequence network for a phase-to-ground (LG)
value of current. Equivalent fault impedance at bus A can be
fault at point P is shown in Figure 4. It is assumed that shunt
calculated as [23]:
device is connected at 50% of the total transmission line length,
V and a solid (fault resistance Rf = 0) LG fault occurs at the right
Z= , side of the shunt FACTS device. From Figure 4, the sequence
I + k I0
voltages at relay point (bus A) can be obtained by applying the
where Kirchhoff voltage law (KVL) [9].
1806 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 42 (2014), No. 16
FIGURE 7. Operating characteristic of proposed and conven- FIGURE 8. Operating characteristic of proposed and conven-
tional Mho relay during LG fault at 255 km for: (a) load angle tional Mho relay during LG fault at 260 km for: (a) load angle
10◦ and fault resistance 20 , (b) load angle 30◦ and fault 10◦ and fault resistance 0.01 , (b) load angle 30◦ and fault
resistance 50 , (c) load angle 40◦ and fault resistance 50 , resistance 50 , (c) load angle 40◦ and fault resistance 50 ,
and (d) load angle 50◦ and fault resistance 0.01 . and (d) load angle 50◦ and fault resistance 0.01 .
• it is more reliable, accurate, and secure than the conven- International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission,
tional relay; pp. 1–6, London, 19–21 October 2010.
[14] Lim, J. U., and Jiang, J. N., “A refined differential current pro-
• it can be used universally in any shunt-compensated tection method in the FACTS-compensated line,” Proceedings
transmission line; and of the 2008 IEEE/PES General Meeting, pp. 1–6, Pittsburgh,
PA, 20–24 July 2008.
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Ashok Manori was born in Uttarakhand, India, in 1987.
lay estimation in transmission line with UPFC,” Int. J. Comput.
Elect. Eng., Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 158–161, February 2010. He receives B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering from DIT
[13] Jamali, S., Kazemiand, A., and Shateri, H., “Modified distance Dehradun, UPTU in 2008 and M. Tech. degree in power system
protection in presence of UPFC on a transmission line,” 9th IET from NIT Kurukshetra in 2010. He is presently a Ph.D. student
1810 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 42 (2014), No. 16
in the area of power system protection in the Department of system. His research interests include power system protec-
Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roor- tion, developments in digital protective relay, and power system
kee, Roorkee. His research interests are in the area of computer monitoring.
applications to power systems, power network protection and
FACTS devices. Hari Om Gupta was born in Agra, India. He received the
B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Government
Manoj Tripathy was born in Gorakhapur, India, in 1976. He Engineering College, Jabalpur, India, in 1972, the M.E. de-
received the B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering from Nag- gree in systems engineering and operation research in 1975,
pur University, Nagpur, India, in 1999, the M. Tech. degree and the Ph.D. degree in 1980, both from the University of
in instrumentation and control from Aligarh Muslim Univer- Roorkee, Roorkee, India. Before joining JIIT as Director of
sity, Aligarh, India, in 2002, and the Ph.D. degree from the Noida-sector 128, he was working as Professor in the Depart-
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India, in ment of Electrical Engineering and Dean Faculty Affairs, at
2008. He visited University of Western Ontario, ON, Canada, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India. He visited Mc-
from 2010 to 2011 as a Post-doctoral Fellow He worked as Master University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, from 1981 to 1983
Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical Engi- as a Post-doctoral Fellow. He is associated with many indus-
neering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Al- tries as consultant. He has published many research papers
lahabad, Allahabad, India. He is presently Assistant Professor in various international/national journals and conferences. His
with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Insti- research interests are in the areas of computer- aided design, re-
tute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India. Dr. Tripathy is a liability engineering, power network optimization, and power
reviewer for various international journals in the area of power transformers.