Natural resource

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Primary resource" redirects here. For original sources used in research, see  Primary source.

Rainforest on Fatu-Hiva, Marquesas Islands is an example of an undisturbed natural resource.

The Upsala Glacier in the Santa Cruz Province of Argentina is an example of a natural resource.

The ocean is an example of a natural resource.

Contents
 [hide]

1 Classificati

on

o 1.1 

Examples

2 Manageme

nt

3 Depletion

4 Protection

5 See also

6 References

7 External

links

[edit]Classification

On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into:

 Biotic - Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere, such as forests and their products, animals,
birds and their products, fish and other marine organisms. Mineral fuels such as coal and petroleum are
also included in this category because they formed from decayed organic matter.

 Abiotic - Abiotic resources include non-living things. Examples include land, water, air and oressuch as
gold, iron, copper, silver etc.

Considering their stage of development, natural resources may be referred to in the following ways:
 Potential Resources - Potential resources are those that exist in a region and may be used in the
future. For example, petroleum may exist in many parts of India, having sedimentary rocks but until the
time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource.

 Actual Resources are those that have been surveyed, their quantity and quality determined and are
being used in present times. The development of an actual resource, such as wood processing depends
upon the technology available and the cost involved. That part of the actual resource that can be
developed profitably with available technology is called a reserve.

On the basis of status of development, they can be classified into potential resources,developed
resources,stock and reserves.

With respect to renewability, natural resources can be categorized as follows:

 Renewable resources are ones that can be replenished or reproduced easily. Some of them, like
sunlight, air, wind, etc., are continuously available and their quantity is not affected by human consumption.
Many renewable resources can be depleted by human use, but may also be replenished, thus maintaining
a flow. Some of these, like agricultural crops, take a short time for renewal; others, like water, take a
comparatively longer time, while still others, like forests, take even longer.

 Non-renewable resources are formed over very long geological periods. Minerals and fossil fuels are
included in this category. Since their rate of formation is extremely slow, they cannot be replenished once
they get depleted. Of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them. [1] But coal and
petroleum cannot be recycled.[2]

On the basis of availability, natural resources can be categorised as follows:

 Inexhaustible natural resources- Those resources which are present in unlimited quantity in nature and
are not likely to be exhausted easily by human activity are inexhaustible natural resources. Eg.- sunlight,
air etc.

 Exhaustible natural resources- The amount of these resources are limited. They can be exhausted by
human activity in the long run. Eg:- coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.
[edit]Examples

The natural resource of wind powers these 5MW wind turbines on this wind farm 28 km off the coast ofBelgium.

Some examples of natural resources include the following:

 Agriculture—agronomy is the science and technology of using plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber.
 Air, wind and atmosphere

 Plants

 Animals

 Coal, fossil fuels, rock and mineral resources

 Forestry

 Range and pasture

 Soils

 Water, oceans, lakes, groundwater and rivers [3]
[edit]Management

Main article:  Natural resource management

Natural resource management is a discipline in the management of natural resources such as

land, water,soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for
both present and future generations. Natural resource management is interrelated with the concept
of sustainable development, a principle that forms a basis for land management and environmental governance
throughout the world.

In contrast to the policy emphases of urban planning and the broader concept of environmental management,
Natural resource management specifically focuses on a scientific and technical understanding of resources
and ecology and the life-supporting capacity of those resources.

[edit]Depletion

In recent years, the depletion of natural resources and attempts to move to sustainable development have
been a major focus of development agencies. This is a particular concern in rainforest regions, which hold most
of the Earth's natural biodiversity - irreplaceable genetic natural capital. Conservation of natural resources is
the major focus of natural capitalism, environmentalism, the ecology movement, and green politics. Some view
this depletion as a major source of social unrest and conflicts in developing nations.

Mining, petroleum extraction, fishing, hunting, and forestry are generally considered natural-resource

industries. Agriculture is considered a man-made resource. Theodore Roosevelt, a well-known conservationist
and former United States president, was opposed to unregulated natural resource extraction. The term is
defined by the United States Geological Survey as "The Nation's natural resources include its minerals, energy,
land, water, and biota."[4]

[edit]Protection

See also:  Environmental protection

The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve that problem, it will avail us

little to solve all others.

Theodore Roosevelt[5]

Conservation biology is the scientific study of the nature and status of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of
protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction.[6][7] It is an interdisciplinary
subject drawing on sciences, economics, and the practice of natural resource management.[8][9][10][11]The
term conservation biology was introduced as the title of a conference heldUniversity of California at San
Diego in La Jolla, California in 1978 organized by biologists Bruce Wilcox and Michael Soulé.

Habitat conservation is a land management practice that seeks to conserve, protect and restore, habitat areas
for wild plants and animals, especially conservation reliant species, and prevent
their extinction, fragmentation or reduction in range.[12]

[edit]See also
Ecology portal

Environment portal

Sustainable Development portal

Earth sciences portal

 Bioprospection

 Ecology

 Geodestinies

 National parks

 Natural environment

 Natural capital

 Natural landscape

 Nature conservancy

 Rainforest Action Network

 Renewable resource

 Sierra Club

 Sustainability

 Sustainable agriculture

 World energy resources and consumption

[edit]References
 1. ^ "Earth' s natural wealth: an audit". New Scientist. May 23, 2007.
2. ^ "Peak Everything?". Reason Magazine. April 27, 2010.
3. ^ United States Department of Agriculture - Natural Resources Conservation Service Retrieved May 2009.
4. ^ "Natural Resources". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
5. ^ Theodore Roosevelt, Address to the Deep Waterway Convention Memphis, TN, October 4, 1907
6. ^ M. E. Soulé and B. A. Wilcox. 1980. Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective.
Sinauer Associatess. Sunderland, Massachusetts.

7. ^ M. E. Soule. (1986). What is conservation Biology? BioScience, 35(11): 727-734 [1]

8. ^ Soule, Michael E. (1986). Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer
Associates. pp. 584. ISBN 0878937951, 9780878937950 (hc).

9. ^ Hunter, M. L. (1996). Fundamentals of Conservation Biology. Blackwell Science Inc., Cambridge,

Massachusetts., ISBN 0-86542-371-7.

10. ^ Groom, M.J., Meffe, G.K. and Carroll, C.R. (2006) Principles of Conservation Biology (3rd ed.). Sinauer
Associates, Sunderland, MA. ISBN 0-87893-518-5

11. ^ van Dyke, Fred (2008). Conservation Biology: Foundations, Concepts, Applications, 2nd ed.. Springer
Verlag. pp. 478. ISBN 978-1-4020-6890-4 (hc).

12. ^ Habitat Conservation Planning Branch. "Habitat Conservation". California Department of Fish & Game.
Retrieved 2009-04-07.

[edit]External links

 World Resources Forum Homepage

 Natural Resources Department, Cranfield University

Resource depletion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see  Depletion (disambiguation).

Resource depletion is an economic term referring to the exhaustion of raw materials within a

region. Resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources.
(See also Mineral resource classification.) Use of either of these forms of resources beyond their rate of
replacement is considered to be resource depletion.

Resource depletion is most commonly used in reference to the farming, fishing, mining, and fossil fuels.[1]

 Contents
 [hide]

1 Causes of resource

depletion

2 Minerals and oil

3 Oil in the Arctic

4 Deforestation

5 Wetlands

6 Erosion

7 Notes

8 References

[edit]Causes of resource depletion

 Over-consumption/excessive or unnecessary use of resources

 Non-equitable distribution of resources
 Overpopulation
 Slash and burn agricultural practices, currently occurring in many developing countries
 Technological and industrial development
 Erosion
 Irrigation
 Mining for oil and minerals
 Drainage of wetlands
 Forestry
 pollution and abuse of resources
 1.Over-use and Irrational Use

[edit]Minerals and oil

Materials removed from the Earth are needed to provide humans with food, clothing, and housing and to
continually upgrade the standard of living. Some of the materials needed are renewable resources, such
as agricultural and forestry products, while others are nonrenewable, such as minerals. The USGS
reported in Materials Flow and Sustainability (1998) that the number of renewable resources is
decreasing, meanwhile there is an increasing demand for nonrenewable resources. Since 1900 the use of
construction materials such as stone, sand, and gravel, has soared. The large-scale exploitation of
minerals began in the Industrial Revolution around 1760 in England and has grown rapidly ever since.
Today’s economy is largely based on fossil fuels, minerals and oil. The value increases because of the
large demand, but the supply is decreasing. This has resulted in more efforts to drill and search other
territories. The environment is being abused and this depletion of resources is one way of showing the
affects. Mining still pollutes the environment, only on a larger scale. The government has produced the
Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 in order to
regulate certain aspects of mining but it is truly up to the individual states to regulate it.

[edit]Oil in the Arctic

Oil has become one of the top resources used in America. Drilling for oil has become a major issue.
America is more abundant in coal but the effects on the atmosphere are far worse than oil. Geologists
consider northern Alaska to be the last, untouched oil field in North America. Environmental experts are
worried that oil and gas development will seriously harm the area. In 2002 the USGS assessed the NPRA
and found a significantly greater supply of petroleum (5.9 to 13.2 billion barrels) than previously
estimated. Only up to 5.6 billion barrels of this petroleum are technically and economically recoverable at
existing market prices. The USGS suspects that there may be as much as 83.2 trillion cubic feet of
undiscovered natural gas in the same area. Transportation of this gas to markets would require a new
pipeline. There is already a pipeline system in place for oil—the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS),
which lies between the NPRA and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). The ANWR is a 19-million-
acre (77,000 km2) area of wilderness along the Alaska-Canada border. It, too, is being considered for oil
exploration, a move strongly opposed by environmentalists. The future of the refuge lies in the hands of
the federal government. The administration of George H. W. Bush made drilling there a major foundation
of the national energy policy. Under the Clinton administration oil and mineral development was prohibited
within the wildlife refuge. In April 2002, following heated debate; the U.S. Senate killed a proposal by the
administration of George W. Bush to let oil companies’ drill in ANWR. Republicans raised the issue again
in the fall of 2003, citing the need for the nation to reduce its dependence on oil imported from the Middle
East.[2]

[edit]Deforestation

Deforestation is the clearing of natural forests by logging or burning of trees and plants in a forested area.
[3]
 As a result of deforestation, presently about one half of the forests that once covered the Earth have
been destroyed.[4] It occurs for many different reasons, and it has several negative implications on the
atmosphere and the quality of the land in and surrounding the forest. '
Causes' One of the main causes of deforestation is clearing forests for agricultural reasons. As the
population of developing areas, especially near rainforests, increases, the need for land for farming
becomes more and more important.[5] For most people, a forest has no value when its resources aren’t
being used, so the incentives to deforest these areas outweigh the incentives to preserve the forests. For
this reason, the economic value of the forests is very important for developing worlds. [6]
Environmental impact Because deforestation is so extensive, it has made several significant impacts on
the environment, including carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, changing the water cycle, an increase in
soil erosion, and a decrease in biodiversity. Deforestation is often cited as a cause of global warming.
Because trees and plants remove carbon dioxide and emit oxygen into the atmosphere, the reduction of
forests contribute to about 12% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. [7] Trees transfer water from
the ground to the atmosphere through their roots, and deforestation reduces the amount of water in the
soil and in the atmosphere.[8] One of the most pressing issues that deforestation creates is soil erosion.
The removal of trees causes higher rates of erosion, increasing risks of landslides, which is a direct threat
to many people living close to deforested areas.1 As forests get destroyed, so does the habitat for
millions of animals. It is estimated that 80% of the world’s known biodiversity lives in the rainforests, and
the destruction of these rainforests is accelerating extinction at an alarming rate. [9]
Controlling Deforestation Efforts to control deforestation must be taken on a global scale. Organizations
like the United Nations and the World Bank have started to create programs like Reducing Emissions
from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) that works especially with developing countries to use
subsidies or other incentives to encourage citizens to use the forest in a more sustainable way. [10] In
addition to making sure that emissions from deforestation are kept to a minimum, an effort to educate
people on sustainability and helping them to focus on the long-term risks is key to the success of these
programs.[11] Reforestation is also being encouraged in many countries in an attempt to repair the damage
that deforestation has done.[12]

[edit]Wetlands

A wetland is a term used to describe areas that are often saturated by enough surface or groundwater to
sustain vegetation that is usually adapted to saturated soil conditions, such as cattails, bulrushes, red
maples, wild rice, blackberries, cranberries, and peat moss. Because some varieties of wetlands are rich
in minerals and nutrients and provide many of the advantages of both land and water environments they
contain diverse species and possibly even form a food chain. When human activities take away resources
many species are affected. Many species act as an ecosystem. Years ago people assumed wetlands
were useless so it was not a large concern when they were being dug up. Many people want to use them
for developing homes etc. On the other side of the argument people believe the wetlands are a vital
source for other life forms and a part of the life cycle.

Wetlands provide services for:

1) Food and habitat

2) Improving water quality

3) Commercial fishing

4) Floodwater reduction

5) Shoreline stabilization

6) Recreation

Some loss of wetlands resulted from natural causes such as erosion, sedimentation (the buildup of soil by
the settling of fine particles over a long period of time), subsidence (the sinking of land because of
diminishing underground water supplies), and a rise in the sea level. However, 95% of the losses since
the 1970s have been caused by humans, especially by the conversion of wetlands to agricultural land.
More than half (56%) the losses of coastal wetlands resulted from dredging for marinas, canals, port
development, and, to some extent, from natural shoreline erosion. The conversion of wetlands causes the
loss of natural pollutant sinks. The dramatic decline in wetlands globally suggests not only loss of habitat
but also diminished water quality.

[edit]Erosion

Erosion is the process in which the materials of the Earth's crust are worn and carried away by wind,
water, and other natural forces. The destruction of forest (deforestation) and native grasses has allowed
water and wind greater opportunity to erode the soil. Changes in river flow human activity have
dramatically shifted the runoff patterns of water and the sediment load of rivers that deposit into lakes and
oceans. Erosion has become a problem in much of the world in areas that are over farmed or where
topsoil cannot be protected.

Agricultural lands are the main source of eroded soil. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA), approximately 20 percent of the nation's land is set aside for cropland. Three-quarters of this
land is actively used to grow crops for harvesting. The remainder is used for pasture or is idled for various
reasons. Demands on the Earth to feed growing populations and changes in the Earth's landscape
caused by human activities have speeded up soil erosion. Soil erosion has increased to the point where it
far exceeds the natural formation of new soil, and experts consider the problem to be of epidemic
proportions.

2.Unequal Distribution of Resources

An Unequal Distribution -- of Capitalism

by Johan Norberg
This article appeared on  cato.org  on September 22, 2003.

Twenty percent of the world's population (we often hear) consumes more than 80 percent of the earth's resources,
while the other 80 percent consume less than 20 percent. Critics of globalization never tire of reminding us of this
injustice. Far less often do we hear a proper analysis of the reason for this state of affairs.

The critics make it sound as though the poor are poor becausethe rich are rich, as if the richest 20 percent had
somehow stolen those resources from the other 80 percent. That is wrong. The affluent world has grown fastest since
losing its colonies. And the regions the imperialist countries subjugated grew faster after becoming colonies than they
had previously. Several of the world's richest countries -- such as Switzerland and the Scandinavian countries --
never had any colonies of importance. Others, such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong
Kong, and Singapore, were colonies themselves. On the other hand, several of the world's least developed countries
-- Afghanistan, Liberia, and Nepal, for example -- have never been colonies.

The main reason for that 20 percent consuming 80 percent of the resources is that theyproduce 80 percent of
resources. The 80 percent consume only 20 percent because they produce only 20 percent of resources. It is this
latter problem we ought to tackle. The problem is that many people are poor, not that certain people are rich.

Johan Norberg is a young Swedish writer and leading activist in the debate on free trade and globalization. His
latest book, released this month, is "In Defense of Global Capitalism" (Cato Institute, 2003).

More by Johan Norberg

Critics of capitalism point out that per capita GDP is more than 30 times greater in the world's 20 richest countries
than in the 20 poorest. The critics are right to say that this inequality is due to capitalism -- but not for the reasons
they think. The difference is due to certain countries having taken the path of capitalism, resulting in fantastic
prosperity for their inhabitants, while those choosing to impede ownership, trade, and production have lagged behind.
Factors such as climate and natural disasters are not unimportant, but most of the gap can still be put down to certain
countries having opted for liberalization and others for control.

The 20 economically most liberal countries in the world have a per capita GDP about 29 times greater than the 20
economically least liberal. If, then, we are serious about closing the North-South divide, we should hope with all our
hearts that the South will also gain access to a free economy and open markets. Developing countries that have had
openness in recent decades have not only grown faster than other developing countries -- they have grown faster
than the affluent countries too.

The world's inequality is due to capitalism. Not to capitalism making certain groups poor, but to its making its
practitioners wealthy. The uneven distribution of wealth in the world is due to the uneven distribution of capitalism.

Trade and investment flows in the past two decades have come to be more and more evenly distributed among the
economies that are relatively open to the rest of the world. It is the really closed economies that, for obvious reasons,
are not getting investments and trade.

A quarter of direct international investments between 1988 and 1998 went to developing countries. Since the
beginning of the 1980s, investment flows from industrialized to developing countries have risen from $10 billion to
$200 billion a year. If we look only at capital flows to the developing world, we find that 85 percent of direct
investment there goes to a mere 10 countries, often the most liberalizing. But because those investments have been
growing by 12 percent annually in the past three decades, tremendous increases also accrue for countries not
included in the top 10.

The affluent countries accounted for 80 percent of world GDP in 1975, a share that has fallen to 70 percent today. As
has already been mentioned, poor countries that opted for economic liberalization and free trade have
had faster growth than the affluent countries in recent decades. Free trade and economic liberalism, it seems, are a
way for developing countries not only to get richer, but also, possibly, to catch up with the wealthier countries.
As U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan said at a conference held in February 2000, soon after the
demonstrations against the World Trade Organization: "The main losers in today's very unequal world
are not those who are too much exposed to globalization. They are those who have been left out."

3. Technological and Industrial Growth

Technology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

By the mid 20th century, humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the atmosphere of the Earth for
the first time and explore space.

Technology is the usage and knowledge of tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization. The
word technology comes from the Greek technología (τεχνολογία) — téchnē(τέχνη), an 'art', 'skill' or 'craft' and -
logía (-λογία), the study of something, or the branch of knowledge of a discipline. [1] The term can either be
applied generally or to specific areas: examples include construction technology, medical technology, or state-
of-the-art technology orhigh technology. Technologies can also be exemplified in a material product, for
example an object can be termed state of the art.

Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their
natural environments. The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources
into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food
and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent
technological developments, including theprinting press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened
physical barriers to communicationand allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all
technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive
power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.

Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has
helped develop more advancedeconomies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of
a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete
natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology
influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the
rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and
the challenge of traditional norms.

Philosophical debates have arisen over the present and future use of technology in society, with disagreements
over whether technology improves the human condition or worsens it. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and
similar movements criticise the pervasiveness of technology in the modern world, opining that it harms the
environment and alienates people; proponents of ideologies such as transhumanismand techno-
progressivism view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition. Indeed,
until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted only to human beings, but
recent scientific studies indicate that otherprimates and certain dolphin communities have developed simple
tools and learned to pass their knowledge to other generations.

Contents
 [hide]

1 Definition and usage

2 Science, engineering and technology

3 History

o 3.1 Paleolithic (2.5 million – 10,000 BC)

 3.1.1 Stone tools

 3.1.2 Fire

 3.1.3 Clothing and shelter

o 3.2 Neolithic through Classical Antiquity (10,000BC

– 300AD)

 3.2.1 Metal tools

 3.2.2 Energy and Transport

o 3.3 Medieval and Modern history (300 AD —)

4 Technology and philosophy

o 4.1 Technicism

o 4.2 Optimism

o 4.3 Pessimism

o 4.4 Appropriate technology

5 Other animal species

6 Future technology

7 See also

o 7.1 Theories and concepts in technology

o 7.2 Economics of technology

8 References

9 Further reading

10 External links
Industry refers to the production of an economic good (either material or a service) within an economy.
[1]
 There are four key industrial economic sectors: the primary sector, largely raw material extraction
industries such as mining andfarming; the secondary sector, involving refining, construction,
andmanufacturing; the tertiary sector, which deals with services (such as law andmedicine) and
distribution of manufactured goods; and the quaternary sector, a relatively new type of knowledge
industry focusing on technological research, design and development such as computer programming,
and biochemistry. A fifth, quinary, sector has been proposed encompassing nonprofit activities. The
economy is also broadly separated into public sector and private sector, with industry generally
categorized as private. Industries are also any business or manufacturing.

Industry in the sense of manufacturing became a key sector of production and labour
in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution, which upset
previous mercantile and feudal economies through many successive rapid advances in technology, such
as the steel and coal production. It is aided by technological advances, and has continued to develop into
new types and sectors to this day. Industrial countries then assumed a capitalist economic
policy. Railroads and steam-powered ships began speedily establishing links with previously unreachable
world markets, enabling private companies to develop to then-unheard of size and wealth. Following
the Industrial Revolution, perhaps a third of the world's economic output is derived from manufacturing
industries—more than agriculture's share.

Many developed countries and many developing/semi-developed countries (People's Republic of China,

India etc.) depend significantly on industry. Industries, the countries they reside in, and the economies of
those countries are interlinked in a complex web of interdependence.

Clark's Sector Model (1950)

 Contents
 [hide]

1 History

2 Proto-industry

3 Industrial development

4 Declining industries

5 Industrial technology

6 Industry and society

7 Industrial labour

8 Industry and war

9 Industry and the environment

10 Organization, management, and

economics

11 Economic views of industry

12 Industry sectors and classification

13 ISIC

14 List of countries by industrial output

15 See also

16 References

History
Main article:  Industrial history

See also:  List of countries by industrial production growth rate

[edit]Proto-industry

Main article:  Proto-industrialisation

Early industries involved manufacturing goods for trade. In medieval Europe, industry became dominated
by the guilds in cities and towns, who offered mutual support for the member's interests, and maintained
standards of industry workmanship and ethical conduct.

[edit]Industrial development
Main article:  Industrialisation

See also:  Research and development  and Protectionism

The industrial revolution led to the development of factories for large-scale production, with consequent
changes in society. Originally the factories were steam-powered, but later transitioned to electricity once
an electrical grid was developed. The mechanized assembly line was introduced to assemble parts in a
repeatable fashion, with individual workers performing specific steps during the process. This led to
significant increases in efficiency, lowering the cost of the end process. Later automation was increasingly
used to replace human operators. This process has accelerated with the development of
the computer and the robot.

[edit]Declining industries
Main article:  Deindustrialisation

Historically certain manufacturing industries have gone into a decline due to various economic factors,
including the development of replacement technology or the loss of competitive advantage. An example
of the former is the decline in carriage manufacturing when theautomobile was mass-produced.

A recent trend has been the migration of prosperous, industrialized nations toward a post-industrial
society. This is manifested by an increase in the service sector at the expense of manufacturing, and the
development of an information-based economy, the so-calledinformational revolution. In a post-industrial
society, manufacturing is relocated to economically more favorable locations through a process
ofoffshoring.

[edit]Industrial technology
Main article:  Industrial technology

There are several branches of technology and engineering specialised for industrial application. This
includes mathematical models, patented inventions and craft skills. See automation, industrial
architecture, industrial design, industrial process, industrial arts and industrial applicability.

[edit]Industry and society

Main article:  Industrial society

An industrial society can be defined in many ways. Today, industry is an important part of most societies
and nations. A government must have some kind of industrial policy, regulating industrial
placement, industrial pollution, financing and industrial labor.

[edit]Industrial labour
Main article:  Industrial labour

Further information: industrial sociology,  industrial and organizational psychology, industrial

district,  and industrial park
In an industrial society, industry employs a major part of the population. This occurs typically in the
manufacturing sector. A labor union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve
common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions. The trade union, through its
leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and
negotiates labor contracts with employers. This movement first rose among industrial workers

4.Population Growth and Consumption Levels