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CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
The author will like to thank the following reviewers for their insightful comments
and efforts towards improving this book:
2
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
CONTENT
Equations Sheet……………….………………………………………...4
Chapter 1: Ventilation………………………………………………...8
Chapter 2: Noise………………………………………………………..36
Chapter 3: General Science, Statistics, Standards………49
Chapter 4: Heat Stress……………………………………………….75
Chapter 5: Radiation………………………………………………….77
Chapter 6: Hood Airflow Equations……………………………95
3
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
VENTILATION
Q = VA V1A1 = V2A2 TP = VP + SP SP + VP = SP + VP + ∑ losses SP = − F + 1VP
V = 4005 V = 1.29 ! VP = " & df )VP = " & df+
#$$% .*
hood entry loss = Fh x VPd
C- = ⌊/ VP2 = " 4 & VP + " 6 & VP Q = 4005 C- A Q = 1.29 C- A!
3 3 |/0 | |/0 |
0⌋ 35 35
/?@A M?6
Q = 4005C- A:|SP |
3
Q ;<22 = Q =<>-2 / QF = G t − t = − 3EJ ln LM N
B@CDE H ?4
dJ ef
bc h
gE
Pa- i
dJ ef U WY
`$3 L N
N;\]^-_ = C^ = C^ = C^ e gE Q = Q "6 & "WY6 &
E 3J 4 4
WY % WY U
P = P "6 & "WY6 & PWR = PWR "6 & "WY6 & FSP = SP<lT − SPm] − VPm] FTP = TP<lT − TPm]
4 4 4 4
NOISE
t Z
SPL or Lq = 20 log " & Lm = 10 log "t & SPL = SPL + 20 log "4 & L> = 10 log "Z &
s s 6 s
wzH
L-u = 10 log Lv ∑x
w4
Wo = 10-12 watts my L104s t m NN Lv = 10 log L∑x
my 10 4s N TL = 10 log "{&
M M M v %
%D = 100 "v4 + v6 + ⋯ + vH & Tq = w bw
TWA-u = 10 log "$$& + 85dBA
4 6 H L N
% xWY ;
TWA = 16.61 log "$$& + 90dBA f= f= f = 2f f; = :f f f = √2 f
5
`$
4
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
?
@f A #.#% 4 4 6 6 ^ 6 O S
ppm = x10` ppm = x10` ppm = 5
= Vv/ =
HE f G.>. ]Wv4 ]Wv6
pH = −log$ H ¡
ts £¤ ¡¥b ¡ §£¤ ¡¨£b ¡
R- = log = abc K\ = £¥¡
K¦ = §¡
t
_\T.;<];-]T2\Tm<]
PT<T\= = X P + X P + ⋯ Xm Pm vapor/hazard ratio = TLVGm = + +⋯+
M4 M6 M
-q<_l2- ulm-=m]- v¯4 v¯6 v¯
µ ¹
SD =
∑H 6
GM = :x x … x]
V¥ $.`
C\_¦ = Em¦-2 -]_mT· = d = _m]º
¸µ ¸´
$$$³ ¥µ ]
∑B@?¾
#.U% Tm=- \=l-
GM = 10 GSD =
%$% Tm=- \=l- /
GSD = %.¿% Tm=- \=l- SAE = 1.645CVT<T\= CV =
%$% Tm=- \=l- À
¯
LI = WZ¯
M /¥Vv4 6 M4 6 v6 6 M66 ⋯ v 6 M 6
LCL = V¯
- RWL = LCÂHMÂVMÂDMÂAMÂFMÂCM
V¯v4 v6 ⋯ v
/ /
90%Conf Interval = X ± 1.645 95%Conf Interval = X + 1.645
√] √]
Page 73 Page 74
HEAT STRESS
5
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
RADIATION
f bs.XÈ5f
Ç¥ $.`*U
I = I " 4 & Rem = RADQF D= A = Am 0.5 ±4/6
Am = N A = Am e ±4/6
6 6 v4/6 m
Ov4/6EÁ SOv4/6´H@ S V6 #
= + T/- = S= S = 37.7H S=
v4/6Dµµ v4/6EÁ v4/6´H@ v4/6EÁ v4/6´H@ U¿¿$ ¥
/ /
#Î ∑¸
HÑ4 Ð/H
6
$.$$UÒ/;G6 V¯ ts
D_ = Ø "Ëv¯ -a & spatial ave = L N t= t = Y¯ x0.1h O. D. = log
x VDµµ t
D ¯ = : a + Ø r
?
G = 104s
Page 93 Page 93
Speed of sound in the air at 680F (200C)=1130 fps (344 m/s) speed of light=3x108 m/s
gas constant, R=8.314 l/mole K=0.082 L atm/mole K density of air=1.29 g/L at 1 atm, 00C
6
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
ASPECT RATIO,
HOOD TYPE DESCRIPTION AIRFLOW
H/L
Q = 3.7 LVxX
Slot 0.2 or less
Page 95
Q = 2.6 LVxX
Flanged slot 0.2 or less
Page 96
Q = VA = VfWH
Booth To suit work
Page 99
Q = 1.4 PVX
Canopy To suit work
Page 100
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CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
VENTILATION
Q = VA (1)
This equation correlates the volumetric flow rate (Q) in a duct to the cross-
sectional area of the duct (A) and duct velocity (V) of the air or gas flowing
through it. Most exams questions give the diameter or circumference of the
Ø
duct, and ask to calculate the duct area using these formulas:
×
The cross − sectional area of the duct or circle area = ÕÖ × = Õ
Ù
The circumference of a duct (or circle) = ×ÕÖ
Where:
r = radius of the duct
Ú = 3.14
d = diameter of the duct
Example: What is the flow (Q) of an 8-inch diameter duct with a 100 feet
per minute (ft/min) duct velocity?
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CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
First, identify the variables. You have 100 feet per minute, which is velocity
(V), and an 8-inch diameter value that you can use to calculate the duct area
(A).
Then,
Duct area = π = 3.14 ∗ = 0.349 ft2
6 $.``¿ T6
# #
In the end the flow, Q = VA = 100 ft2 * 0.349 ft/min = 34.9 ft3/min or fpm.
25.12 = 2πÝ
So, r = 4 inch, (diameter = 4 inch = 0.333 ft)
9
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
Example: The duct area of an 8-inch diameter duct with a 100 feet per
minute duct velocity is reduced to a 4-inch diameter duct. What is the new
velocity?
d 0.667 ft
Initial area = π = 3.14 ∗ = 0.349 ft
4 4
d
0.333 ft
Reduced area = π = 3.14 ∗ = 0.087 ft
4 4
Notice that the initial area is four times bigger than the reduced area.
Then, V1A1=V2A2
100 ft/min *0.394 ft2 = V2*0.087 ft2
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CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
µf
$$ ∗$.U#* T6
V = H
$.$¿ T6
= 400 fpm (flow increases 4 times).
TP = VP + SP (3)
11
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
Example: What is the total pressure (TP) in a duct pre fan if static pressure
(SP) is -2.25 in. wc. and velocity pressure (VP) is 1.5 in. wc. Remember that
the velocity pressure (VP) is only be exerted in the direction of airflow is
always positive!
Pre fan, the TP is always negative; it means that the air flows into the duct
system.
VP1,2 = velocity pressure within the duct at the location, in. wc.
SP1,2 = static pressure within the duct at the location, in. wc.
losses = head (energy) loss as air moves downstream from point 1 to
point 2, in. wc.
Energy loss in the duct from point 1 to point 2 due to frictions are directly
proportional to the pressures inside the duct.
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CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
Head (energy) loss across the ductwork = 3 in. wc. – 1.5 in. wc. = 1.5 in.wc.
13
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
Example: Calculate the hood static pressure if the duct velocity pressure
(VPd) is 0.6 in. wc. and the hood entry loss factor (Fh) is 0.45.
SPh = - ( (0.45 + 1)*0.6 in. wc. = -0.87 in. wc.
In this example, -0.87 in. wc. is necessary to accelerate air into the hood
opening to duct velocity and overcome any associated turbulence losses.
á = Ùììí
áß
Øî
(6)
Since the velocity of the air in the duct can not be measured directly, we must
measure the velocity pressure first with a pitot tube and calculate the velocity
14
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
íðì°ò ß ×÷Ù °ø ß
Øî = ∗ = ∗
ó àÙ. ô õäö ó àìà, ð×í ßù
The formula above is not on the list “USEFUL EQUATIONS FOR THE ABIH
EXAMINATION,” but it may be necessary to solve problems.
The standard temperature and pressure (STP) are 101,325 Pascals (Pa) or
14.7 pounds per square inch (psi), and 530 °R or 294 °K.
Example: The velocity pressure (VP) in a duct is 2.25 in. wc. What is the
velocity (V) if the density factor must be corrected for 100 0C and 14.5 psi?
°F = 9/5*(100) + 32 = 212
°R = 212 + 460 = 672
15
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
The flow is higher than in the previous example because hotter and less
compressed air has a larger volume, although the same mass of air is
transported in the same unit of time.
á = à. ×÷ !
áß
Øî
(7)
This formula is the metric version of the equation (6). The velocity of the
airflow is measured in meters per second and the velocity pressure in
Pascals.
Example: The velocity pressure in a duct is 559.89 Pa (the equivalent of
2.25 in. wc.). What is the velocity in fpm if the density factor is 1, and the
conversion factor m to ft is 3.28?
16
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
559.89
V = 1.29 û = 1.29 ∗ 23.66 =
1
= 30.524 m/ sec = 1831.43 m/ min ≌ 6,007.5 fpm
×
áß = " & Øî
á
Ùììí
(8)
6,007.5
VP = L N ∗ 1 = 2.25 in. wc.
4005
×
)áß = " & Øî+
á
à.×÷
(9)
17
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
This formula is the metric version of the equation (8). The velocity pressure
is calculated based on the velocity and air correction density factor.
Example: The velocity in a duct is 30.524 m/sec. What is the velocity
pressure at standard temperature and pressure?
30.524
VP = L N ∗ 1 ≌ 559.89 Pa
1.29
The hood entry loss, commonly known as (he) calculates the energy it takes
to accelerate the air entering the hood to the duct velocity. The bell mouth
hood is the most efficient (Fh = 0.04).
Example: What is the hood entry loss if the hood entry loss factor is 0.95
and the velocity pressure in the duct is 0.25 in. wc.?
18
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
þå = ⌊
áß
Þßê ⌋
(11)
19
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
This formula answers the question: “What is the resultant velocity pressure
in a duct pulling air from two duct branches?”
Example: What is the resulting velocity pressure in a duct resulting from two
merged flow ducts, first with a volumetric flow rate of the duct of 180 ft3/min
and 1.8 in. wc. and the second with a volumetric flow rate of the duct of 220
ft3/min and 2.2 in. wc.?
The volumetric flow rate of the merged branches flows 220 + 180 = 400 cfm.
180 220
VP2 L N ∗ 1.8 in. wc. L N ∗ 2.2 in. wc.
400 400
0.81 in. wc. 1.21 in. wc. 2.02 in. wc.
|Þßê |
Ùììí þå (13)
Øî
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CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
This equation is used to determine the volumetric flow rate of the air flowing
into the duct through the hood with just the hood static pressure if the hood
entry coefficient is known.
Example: Calculate the volumetric flow rate (Q) of a 6-inch diameter (A =
0.196 ft2) duct from a hood, if the hood static pressure measurement is 2.0
in. wc. also, the hood entry coefficient is 0.98 (bell-shaped) with a density
factor of 1.
|2.0|
Q = 4005 ∗ 0.98 ∗ û ∗ 0.196 ≌ 1,088 ft U /min
1
= à. ×÷ þå !
|Þßê |
Øî
(14)
21
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
measurement is 497.68 Pa (equivalent 2.0 in. wc.) and the hood entry
coefficient is 0.98 (bell-shaped) with density factor 1, and the conversion
factor m3 to ft3 is 35.28.
|497.68|
Q = 1.29 ∗ 0.98 ∗ û ∗ 0.0182 =
1
= 0.513 mU / sec = 30.8 mU / min ≌ 1,088 ft U /min
Essentially, this is formula (13), when density factor (df) equals one at
standard temperature and pressure (STP).
Example: Calculate the volumetric flow rate (Q) of a 6-inch diameter duct
(A = 0.196 ft2) from a hood, if the hood static pressure measurement is 2.0
in. wc. and the hood entry coefficient is 0.98 (bell-shaped).
22
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
Þßã
ãÖÖ = âãåÖ
ÞßâãåÖ
(16)
This equation is used to calculate the resulting flow of two ducts that join
based on their static pressures. This happens because the static pressure
must be equivalent at the duct’s junction. The duct with lower static pressure
has its flow corrected (increased) to achieve a balanced junction. The ratio
of governing static pressure to the new duct static pressure must be 1.2 or
lower.
Example: Calculate the corrected flow for a ventilation branch converging
the main duct with a static pressure of 1.4 in. wc. The joining ventilation
branch has a volumetric flow rate of 1800 ft3/min and a static pressure of 1.2
in. wc.
The ratio of governing static pressure to the new duct static pressure 1.4/1.2
= 1.17
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CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
F =
(17)
ö
þ×
× − à = − J â L N
áÖ
þà
(18)
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CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
This equation calculates the time needed for the dilution ventilation to dilute
the contaminant in a room to a lower concentration when there is no
contaminant generation.
Example: Benzene spills in a room that measures 40’ x 50’ x 12’ (24,000
ft3). An initial concentration is measured at 50 ppm, and the benzene use is
stopped (no more benzene vapors are released). With the effective rate of
ventilation 4,000 ft3/min of dilution air, how long would it take to reach the
PEL level of 1 ppm?
24000 ft U 1ppm
t − t = − ∗ ln L N=
ft U 50 ppm
4000
min
= −6 min ∗ ln0.02 = 23.47 min
O
J þ× S J × à
ln =−
O
J þà S áÖ
(19)
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CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
Just like the equation (18), this formula is a dilution ventilation formula but
with continuous contaminant generation in a room.
Example: Benzene evaporates at a rate of 4 ft3/min in a room that measures
40’ x 50’ x 12’ (24,000 ft3). If an initial concentration measured is 50 ppm,
what will the concentration be after 45 minutes of 4,000 ft3/min of dilution air
at?
4 − 4,000 ∗ C 4,000
ln L N=− ∗ 45 − 0
4 − 4,000 ∗ 0.000050 24,000
4 − 4,000 ∗ C #,$$$
=e
"#,$$$∗#%$&
4 − 4,000 ∗ 0.000050
4 − 4,000 ∗ C
= 0.000553084
3.8
4 − 4,000 ∗ C = 0.002101721
4,000 ∗ C = 3.997898279
C2 = 0.000999475 ≌ 1000 ppm
=ۿ
ÙìðÞ
òö àì
þ
(20)
26
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
) = +
×ÙÞ
òö àì
þ
(21)
27
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
êù åä =
ì
áÖ
(22)
28
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
This equation calculates the room air changes per hour and is commonly
used in indoor air quality (IAQ).
Example: A room measures 40 x 40 x 10 feet (16000 ft3). How many air
changes per hour are done using a ventilation rate of 4000 ft3/min?
N;\]^-_ =
`$∗#$$$
`$$$
= 15 air changes per hour
J
bc á h
Ö i
þ× =
aàå
J
(23)
When airborne contaminant starts being release with a known constant rate
of generation in a ventilated room, the final concentration of gas or vapor is
time-dependent.
Example: A room measures 40 x 40 x 10 feet (16000 ft3) and has a
ventilation rate of 4000 ft3/min. Benzene evaporates from an open bottle left
on a laboratory table at a rate of 0.1 ft3/min. What is the final concentration
of benzene after 15 min?
29
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
b" &
$. c.¿ 4Xsss h
sss∗4
$. O.¿b5. S
C^ =
#$$$ #$$$
= =
= 0.00002 ppm
$. $.$U%
#$$$
=
J
L N
þ× = þà å áÖ (24)
#$$$∗U$
C^/U$Gm] = 100 ∗ 2.7182818 = 0.055 ppm
" `$$$ &
30
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
Ø× ð òß
×
= ×ۿ à " & " &
Øà òß
à
(25)
Fan Law 1. Ventilation engineers use this equation to calculate how the
change in fan speed (rotations per minute) and diameter will affect the flow
based on known initial values.
Example: A local exhaust ventilation system with a flow of 300 ft3/min has
its fan turning at 4500 rpm replaced by a 5500 rpm. If the fan diameter
remains the same, what is the new flow?
Since the fan diameter does not change, that part of the equation equals 1.
ft U 5500 rpm
Q = 300 ∗ 1U ∗ L N ≌ 367 ft U /min
min 4500 rpm
31
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
Ø× × òß
× ×
ß× = ßà " & " &
Øà òß
à
(26)
Fan Law 2. Ventilation engineers use this equation to calculate how the
change in fan speed (rotations per minute) and diameter will affect the fan
pressure based on known initial values.
Example: A local exhaust ventilation system with a fan pressure 3 of in. wc.
has its fan turning at 4500 rpm replaced by a 5500 rpm. If the fan diameter
remains the same, what is the new flow?
Since the fan diameter does not change, that part of the equation equals 1.
5500 rpm
P = 3 in. wc.∗ 1 ∗ L N ≌ 4.48 in. wc.
4500 rpm
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CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
Ø× í òß
× ð
= × ܀܅۾ ßò à " & " &
Øà òß
à
(27)
Fan Law 3. Ventilation engineers use this equation to calculate how the
change in fan speed (rotations per minute) and diameter will affect the fan
power based on known initial values.
6000 rpm U
PWR = 30 hp ∗ 1 ∗ L%
N = 51.84 hp
5000 rpm
33
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
Fan Law 4. Fan static pressure (FSP) represents the resistance pressure
that the fan has to blow against in order to move the air downstream.
Example: What is the fan static pressure (FSP) when the static pressure at
the inlet (SPin) is -3.3 in. wc. the static pressure at the outlet (SPout) is 5 in.
wc. and the velocity pressure on the inlet side of the fan (VPin) is 1 in. wc.?
FSP = 5 in. wc.- (-3.3 in. wc.) -1 in. wc.= 7.3 in. wc.
The fan in this example is blowing against a high resistance pressure, and
this will require more horsepower and will deliver less air.
34
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
Fan Law 5. The fan total pressure (FTP) is the difference between the total
pressures in the fan outlet and inlet openings.
Example: What is the fan total pressure (FTP) when the total pressure at
the inlet (TPin) is - 4.5 in. wc. the total pressure at the outlet (TPout) is 4 in.
wc.?
FTP = 4- in. wc. (-4.5 in. wc.) = 8.5 in. wc.
35
CIH EXAM Equations 2020 Dr. Daniel Farcas, CIH, CSP, CHMM
36