HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL

Chapter 19 - Reinforced Concrete Box

Culverts and Similar Structures

Revision 26

January 9, 1996
 CHAPTER 19
REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX CULVERTS AND SIMILAR STRUCTURES
(SPANS UP TO 12.2 m)

Contents Page

19.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-1

19.2 SELECTION CRITERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-3

19.3 FOUNDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-3

19.3.1 Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-4

19.3.2 Earth or Granular Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-4

19.4 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BOX CULVERTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-5

19.4.1 Design Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-5

19.4.2 Analysis Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-5
19.4.3 Load Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-5
19.4.4 Dead Load and Earth Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-6
19.4.5 Live Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-6
19.4.6 Live Load Impact Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-7
19.4.7 Wall Thickness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-7
19.4.8 Concrete Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-7
19.4.9 Reinforcement Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-8
19.4.10 Skewed Precast Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-8
19.4.11 Detailing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-9

19.5 COMPUTER DESIGN AND ANALYSIS PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-9

19.6 DESIGN AND DETAILS OF CONCRETE CULVERTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-10

19.6.1 Contract Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-10

19.6.2 Design Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-11
19.6.3 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-18
19.6.4 Headwalls/Edge Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-20

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19.7 PRECAST CONCRETE CULVERTS (SPECIAL DETAILS AND
REQUIREMENTS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-20

19.7.1 Contract Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-21

19.7.2 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-26
19.7.3 Design and Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-26
19.7.4 Precast Arches and Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-26
19.7.5 General Notes for Precast Culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-28

19.8 GUIDE RAILING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-28

19.9 CUT-OFF WALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-33

19.10 LOW FLOW DISH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-33

19.11 APRONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-34

19.12 SUBBASE DRAINAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-35

19.13 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-36

LIST OF FIGURES

19-1 Typical Cross Sections, Cast-In-Place

19-2 Wingwalls Plan and Elevation, Precast or Cast-In-Place
19-3 Contraction & Construction Joint, Cast-In-Place
19-4 Longitudinal Section, Cast-In-Place
19-5 Wingwall Plan, Culvert on Skew, Precast or Cast-In-Place
19-6 Wingwall Aprons, Cast-In-Place
19-7 Reinforcement Diagram
19-8 Typical Cross Sections - Precast
19-9 Typical Cross Section - Precast
19-10 Headwall Details - Precast
19-11 Headwall and Wingwall Connection - Precast
19-12 Precast Arch and Frame
19-13 Approach Railing Details, Transition to Box Beam Guide Railing
19-14 Approach Railing Details
19-15 Culvert Railing Details, Cast-In-Place Connection

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CHAPTER 19
REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX CULVERTS AND SIMILAR STRUCTURES

19.1 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this Chapter is to provide a good working knowledge of the requirements for
designing and preparing contract plans for reinforced concrete culverts.

This Chapter is intended to provide guidelines, minimum recommendations and the available
references needed to complete a design. As with any structural engineering design, alternate
design methods are available. The designer has the ultimate responsibility to provide an efficient,
safe design. It is not possible to provide guidance in this chapter for all conditions. Guidance is
provided for the typical design.

Engineering judgment will need to be used for most projects. The history of the project site must
always be evaluated and must be factored into the design when appropriate. Each location will
usually have some unique character (floods, scour, surroundings etc.). Also, each Region may
have their own preferences. For example, some Regions only specify heavy stone filling in stream
beds and on the side slopes. Other Regions prefer stone gutters instead of sod gutters. In Regions
10 and 11, some designs need to consider the effects of salt water. Another potential problem can
be polluted water. Unique environments need to be thoroughly evaluated and all environmental
requirements satisfied.

The reinforcement and section properties charts in the previous edition of this Chapter have been
eliminated in favor of a Reinforced Concrete Box Culvert Design and Analysis Computer Program
(see Section 19.5).

Wingwall alignment is highly dependent on site conditions and should be evaluated on a case by
case basis. Wingwall design is not included in this Chapter. Information on retaining wall design
can be found in Chapter 20. Computer programs available for wall design are BRADD2 and
WALLRUN. If assistance is required, contact the Regional Structures Engineer or the Structures
Design and Construction Division.

In the previous edition of this Chapter, there were references to different designs or details when the
skew exceeded 20°. These references have been removed. All culverts, regardless of skew, shall
be individually designed to determine the required reinforcement and segment sizes.

This chapter is entirely in metric units, except the references to bar reinforcement sizes. At this
time, the bar reinforcement manufacturers are not producing bar reinforcement in hard metric sizes.
All references to reinforcing bar size in this Chapter are in customary english units. Bar spacings
are in metric units. Should the situation change in the future, the designer should be aware that an
area of reinforcement per spacing length may need to be provided.

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19-2 CONCRETE CULVERTS

Definitions (explanations of the terminology used in this chapter) follow:

A culvert is defined in the Standard Specifications as any structure, whether of single or multiple
span construction, with an interior width of 6.1 m or less when the measurement is made
horizontally along the center line of the roadway from face to face of abutments or sidewalls.
Structures spanning more than 6.1 m along the center line of the roadway are considered
bridges. Various precast structures spanning up to 12.2 m are covered in this Chapter.

While it is recognized that any structure with a span over 6.1 m is technically not a culvert, for
simplicity, all structures in this Chapter will be referred to as culverts. However, the procedure
for the hydraulic analysis differs based on the span length. For guidance on hydraulic design for
structures with spans of 6.1 m or less, see Chapter 8. Any structure with a span greater than
6.1 m will require a more detailed analysis. The procedures for structures with a span greater
than 6.1 m is outlined in the AASHTO Model Drainage Manual with NYSDOT modifications. The
NYSDOT modifications for the AASHTO Model Drainage Manual and assistance in hydraulic
design procedures for structures greater than 6.1 m may be obtained from the Structures Design
and Construction Division or the Regional Hydraulics Engineer.

The largest culverts are typically not boxes, rather they are frames or arches and are discussed
in Section 19.7.4.

Concrete box culverts have prismatic members, i.e., the wall and slab thickness dimensions are
uniform. They have top slabs, sidewalls and usually bottom slabs and cutoff walls if there is a
bottom slab. Frames and arches typically have varying wall and/or slab thicknesses.

There are two types of concrete culverts: open and closed.

Open concrete culverts do not have bottom slabs and are typically used at locations where the
footings can be founded on rock at or near the stream bed. Use of open concrete culverts where
rock is not at stream bed would require piles under the footings or some other form of scour
protection. Open concrete culverts on spread footings may be used for cattle passes,
bicycle/pedestrian paths and other uses that do not convey water, i.e., they do not have scour
vulnerability.

Closed concrete culverts have bottom slabs (invert slabs) of either cast-in-place or precast
concrete. Closed concrete culverts are typically used where the stream bed is earth or granular
soil and rock is not close enough to the stream bed.

The clear span is the perpendicular distance between the inside of the sidewalls. The maximum
clear span recommended for a concrete box culvert is 7.3 m.

The design span is the perpendicular distance between the center of the sidewalls. A design
span for a concrete box culvert in excess of 7.5 m may prove to be uneconomical. For culverts
with skewed ends, the distance controlling design will be between the center of the sidewalls
parallel to the highway. If an extreme skew (e.g., >30E) is necessary, squaring the ends should
be considered if site conditions will allow. Squaring the ends will reduce the required top slab

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thickness, the reinforcement and edge beam requirements. Under certain conditions (e.g., stage
construction, R.O.W. problems, utility conflicts, detour conflicts, etc.) the sections may need to
be skewed.

19.2 SELECTION CRITERIA

The most appropriate type of short span structure must be determined. The choices are a
corrugated metal structure, concrete box culvert, concrete frame or arch and a short span
bridge. While the site conditions should be the primary deciding factor for structure selection,
economics are also very important.

Precast and cast-in-place concrete culverts are usually more expensive in first cost than a
corrugated metal structure. However, concrete culverts should not be rejected as an alternative
without making an engineering analysis that includes suitability to the site and life cycle cost
estimates. The advantages of concrete culverts are superior durability for most environmental
conditions, greater resistance to corrosion and damage due to debris, greater hydraulic efficiency
and typically longer life spans (i.e. potentially lower life cycle costs).

At sites with limited headroom, concrete culverts may be the least expensive option. Corrugated
metal structures may not fit the site conditions without appreciable changes to the roadway
profile. Corrugated metal structures typically require a minimum height of cover of 600 mm or
more. Concrete culverts can have asphalt pavement placed directly on the top slab. Corrugated
metal structures will also typically require taller structures to provide adequate waterway area
below design high water than concrete culverts. If a corrugated metal structure is a viable option,
an engineering and cost analysis should be done. Hydraulics may dictate the need for a concrete
culvert because of excessive back water, excessive water velocity or ice and debris.

When a concrete culvert is selected, a precast option should be considered whenever possible.
Speed of erection, maintenance of traffic, stream diversion problems and site constraints can
be minimized when this option is chosen.

Before a final determination is made to use a large concrete culvert, the use of a short span
bridge with laid back slopes and integral abutments should be investigated. Possible advantages
of a bridge may be: minimized work in the stream, speed of erection, no interference with existing
structure foundation and easier construction when there is staged construction.

Information on corrugated metal structures (steel and aluminum) is available in Chapter 8.

19.3 FOUNDATIONS

At this time, all structures discussed in this chapter, regardless of span and height of cover, are
considered buried structures in regard to foundation design, thus there is no requirement for
seismic analysis. This may change in the future as more research is completed. For culverts
with spans

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19-4 CONCRETE CULVERTS

greater than 6.1 m, questions should be directed to the Structures Design and Construction
Division.

19.3.1 Rock

When sound rock is at or near the surface of a stream bed, no invert slab will be required.
Concrete footings are either keyed or doweled into rock based on a consultation with an
Engineering Geologist from the Geotechnical Engineering Bureau.

If the elevation of the rock surface varies by 600 mm or less, the wall height should be constant
and the footing height varied. If the variation in rock surface elevation exceeds 600 mm, the
height of the culvert wall may be varied at a construction joint or at a precast segment joint. In
some cases, it may be required to use walls of unequal heights in the same segment, but this
should be avoided if possible.

19.3.2 Earth or Granular Soil

When a concrete culvert cannot be founded on rock, an invert slab is typically required.
However, in areas of compact soil and low stream velocities, open concrete culverts may be
used if they have scour protection (piles, sheeting, stone lined invert or deeper footings).

In areas with a significant potential for cobbles and boulders to move with the bed load, an open
culvert with a strip footing on piles should be investigated. The movement of cobbles and
boulders may damage a concrete invert.

To avoid differential settlement, closed concrete culverts should never be founded partially on
rock and partially on earth. If rock is encountered in a limited area, it should be removed to a
minimum depth of 300 mm below the bottom of the bottom slab and backfilled with either select
granular material or crushed stone. Concrete culverts are rigid frames and do not perform well
when subjected to differential settlement. If differential settlement cannot be avoided, a concrete
culvert should not be used.

All closed precast concrete box culverts should have a designed undercut and backfill. The
Regional Geotechnical Engineer or the Geotechnical Engineering Bureau should be consulted
to determine the depth of the undercut and type of backfill material required.

A closed concrete culvert can be considered if settlement is expected and the foundation material
is fairly uniform. However, the culvert should be designed to accommodate additional wearing
surface(s) which may be needed to accommodate the settlement of the box.

If the foundation material is extremely poor and it is desirable to limit settlement, the problem
should be referred to the Regional Geotechnical Engineer or the Geotechnical Engineering
Bureau to determine the best course of action. A typical remedy might be removal of unsuitable
or unstable material and replacement with suitable material.

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19.4 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BOX CULVERTS

Reinforced concrete box culverts (precast or cast-in-place) subjected to either earth fill and/or
highway vehicle loading shall be designed in accordance with the guidelines in Sections 19.4 -
19.4.11.

The following Sections and Articles of the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
- Fifteenth Edition have been used to develop these guidelines:

Article 3.24 Distribution of Loads and Design of Concrete Slabs

Section 6 Culverts
Section 8 Reinforced Concrete
Article 17.6 Reinforced Concrete Box, Cast-In-Place
Article 17.7 Reinforced Concrete Box, Precast

19.4.1 Design Method

The design method shall be either the Service Load Design Method (Allowable Stress Design)
or the Strength Design Method (Load Factor Design) as described in Articles 8.15 and 8.16 of
the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges - Fifteenth Edition (AASHTO) with
NYSDOT modifications described in Sections 19.4.2 - 19.4.11.

19.4.2 Analysis Method

The analysis of reinforced concrete box culverts shall be in accordance with AASHTO Article
8.8.2 and modified as follows:

In analysis, distance to the geometric centers of members shall be used in the

determination of moments. Moments at faces of support, however, may be used
for member design. Face of support shall be defined as the inside face of an
exterior or interior wall. When a fillet is built monolithic with the member and
support, no portion of the fillet shall be considered as adding to the shear and
moment capacity of the member.

19.4.3 Load Factors

The product of the load factors [gamma (() x beta ($)] for the Strength Design Method (Load
Factor Design) shall be equal to 1.3 for Dead and Earth Loads and 2.17 for Live Loads in
accordance with AASHTO Article 3.22 and Table 3.22.1A Group X.

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19.4.4 Dead Load and Earth Pressure

The dead load on the top slab shall consist of the mass densities of the pavement, soil and the
concrete slab. For simplicity, the computer program assumes the pavement as soil.

The following mass densities, as given in AASHTO Articles 3.3.6 and 6.2, shall be used in
determining dead load and earth pressures for design:

Soil mass density = 1925 kg/m3

Concrete mass density = 2400 kg/m3
Lateral earth pressure = 960 kg/m3 max., 480 kg/m3 min.

Maximum and minimum values of lateral earth pressure shall be investigated in accordance with
AASHTO Articles 3.20.2 and 6.2.1.B.

Soil mass density shall be modified when using the Strength Design Method (Load Factor
Design) in accordance with AASHTO Articles 17.6.4.2 and 17.7.4.2 Modification of Earth Loads
for Soil Structure Interaction (Embankment Installations).

19.4.5 Live Load

Reinforced concrete box culverts shall be designed for MS-23 vehicle live load.

When the depth of fill is less than 600 mm, wheel loads shall be distributed in accordance with
AASHTO Article 3.24.3.2, Case B and modified as follows:

Wheel loads shall be distributed over a distribution slab width, E (measured in

meters), equal to 1.22 + 0.06S, where S is the perpendicular distance in meters
between wall centerlines.

When the culvert is skewed relative to the over roadway, the distribution width, E,
shall be reduced by multiplying E by the cosine of the skew angle. In no instance
shall the distribution width exceed 2.13 m nor the section length of precast units.

A live load surcharge pressure equivalent to 600 mm of earth fill shall be added
to the lateral earth pressure.

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When the depth of fill is 600 mm or more, wheel loads shall be distributed in accordance with
AASHTO Articles 6.4.1 and 6.4.2:

Wheel loads shall be considered as uniformly distributed over a square with sides
equal to 1.75 times the depth of fill. When such areas from several
concentrations overlap, the total load shall be uniformly distributed over the area
defined by the outside limits of the individual areas, but the total width of
distribution shall not exceed the total width of the supporting slab.

19.4.6 Live Load Impact Factor

The Live Load Impact Factor, I, described in AASHTO Article 3.8.2 shall be modified as follows:

For fill heights < 900 mm, the Impact Factor, I, shall be equal to 1.3 for S #
12.2 m, where S is the perpendicular distance in meters between wall
centerlines.

For fill heights $ 900 mm, the Impact Factor shall be equal to 1.0.

19.4.7 Wall Thickness Requirements

Exterior wall thickness requirements for reinforced concrete box culverts shall be controlled by
design, except that minimum exterior wall thickness requirements have been established to allow
for a better distribution of negative moment corner reinforcement as follows:

MINIMUM
CLEAR SPAN WALL THICKNESS
<2.45 m 150 mm
$2.45 m & <4.25 m 200 mm
$4.25 m & <6.10 m 250 mm
$6.10 m 300 mm

Interior wall thickness, in multi-cell applications, shall be controlled by design but shall not be less
than 150 mm in any instance.

19.4.8 Concrete Strength

Reinforced concrete box culverts shall be designed for the following concrete strengths:

Precast f'c = 35 MPa

Cast-in-place f'c = 25 MPa

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19.4.9 Reinforcement Requirements

Reinforcement shall be either bar reinforcement, welded wire fabric (plain), or welded wire fabric
(deformed). Designs shall use a yield strength of 415 MPa for bar reinforcement and 450 MPa
for welded wire fabric in accordance with AASHTO Articles 17.6.2.2 and 17.7.2.2.

When the fill height over the box culvert is less than 600 mm, all reinforcing steel in the top mat
of the top slab shall be epoxy coated.

The maximum service load stress in the design reinforcing steel for crack control shall be in
accordance with AASHTO Articles 17.6.4.7 and 17.7.4.7.

Design reinforcement stresses at service loads shall be limited to satisfy the requirements for
fatigue in accordance with AASHTO Article 8.16.8.3.

Minimum reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with AASHTO Article 8.17.1 at all cross
sections subject to flexural tension, including the inside face of walls.

Distribution reinforcement as described in AASHTO Article 3.24.10 shall be modified as follows:

To provide for the lateral distribution of loads, steel reinforcement shall be placed
transverse to the main design steel in both the top and bottom slabs of reinforced
concrete box culverts for fill heights less than 600 mm.

The amount of distribution reinforcement required shall be in accordance with

AASHTO Article 3.24.10.2 Equation (3-21).

All faces of reinforced concrete box culverts not requiring design or distribution steel shall be
reinforced with the equivalent of #4 bar reinforcement at 300 mm centers in each direction.
Under no circumstances shall any reinforcement be spaced greater than 300 mm.

Shear reinforcement shall not be used in reinforced concrete box culverts. Slab and wall
thickness shall be designed to have adequate shear capacity in accordance with AASHTO
Articles 8.15.5 or 8.16.6.

19.4.10 Skewed Precast Sections

Skewed precast culvert sections should be avoided if practical. Precast concrete culverts should
have square ends whenever possible. Skewed sections are sometimes required to satisfy
right-of-way constraints and/or stage construction requirements for skewed alignments. In the
event they are necessary, skewed precast culvert sections shall be designed for the skewed end
clear span. Large skews may lead to sections that require additional reinforcement and/or
greater wall and slab thickness than typical square sections with the same clear opening.
Fabricators should be contacted for information on maximum skews available.

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19.4.11 Detailing Requirements

The minimum reinforcing bar cover requirements for precast box culverts shall be as follows:

Exterior concrete cover top slab 50 mm (Fill < 610 mm)

25 mm (Fill $ 610 mm)
Exterior concrete cover bottom slab 25 mm
Exterior concrete cover walls 25 mm
Interior concrete cover 25 mm

The minimum reinforcing bar cover requirements for cast-in-place box culverts shall be as
follows:

Exterior concrete cover top slab 50 mm

Exterior concrete cover bottom slab 75 mm
Exterior concrete cover walls 50 mm
Interior concrete cover 50 mm

The minimum bending radius of negative moment reinforcing steel (outside corners top and
bottom slabs) shall be in accordance with AASHTO Article 8.23.2 Minimum Bend Diameters.

Top and bottom slab outside face transverse steel shall be full length bars unless spliced to top
and bottom slab corner reinforcing steel.

19.5 COMPUTER DESIGN AND ANALYSIS PROGRAM

A Reinforced Concrete Box Culvert Design and Analysis Program is used by the Structures
Design and Construction Division. It has been distributed to NYSDOT Regional Structures
personnel and the Precast Concrete Association of New York (PCANY). Questions regarding
the use of this program or how to obtain a copy and/or a Users Manual should be addressed to
the Structures Design and Construction Division.

This program will design and/or analyze a one, two, three or four cell reinforced concrete box
culvert with prismatic members (precast or cast-in-place) with or without bottom slab in
accordance with the design criteria in Section 19.4. All cells are assumed to be the same size
for any one culvert and the clear opening dimensions remain constant. By knowing the span,
rise, and fill height, the program will design the box culvert by either Service Load Design or Load
Factor Design. The program will design wall and slab thickness and required reinforcement.
The bar schedule will be displayed for the entire length of a cast-in-place box culvert or one unit
of a precast box culvert.

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19.6 DESIGN AND DETAILS OF CONCRETE CULVERTS

Standard details for concrete culverts are shown in Figures 19-1 through 19-11.

When a cast-in-place concrete culvert is proposed for a site, the designer is required to provide
a complete design for the contract plans. If a precast concrete culvert is proposed, the
contractor/fabricator will be required to submit the design and fabrication details to the State for
approval. This shall typically be done within 45 days of the contract award date.

If alternate designs (i.e., cast-in-place vs. precast) are proposed for a site, the bar list table for
the cast-in-place culvert unit may be omitted from the contract plans. Once the contract has
been awarded and an alternate is chosen, the designer must provide a complete design if the
cast-in-place alternate is selected. This shall typically be done within 45 days of the contract
award date.

19.6.1 Contract Plans

The contract plans shall include these minimum design details:

1. Live Loading Requirements: MS-23 unless another loading is required.

2. A Plan View showing the alignment, skew angle of the culvert relative to a perpendicular
to the centerline of roadway, stationing along the culvert centerline, the equality stations
for the intersection with the highway centerline, and wingwall orientation.

3. An Elevation View indicating the culvert clear span and rise, slope protection,
general foundation treatment and any clearance requirements.

4. For culverts that are categorized by definition as bridges, a table of hydraulic data and the
minimum hydraulic area perpendicular to flow below Design High Water .

5. A Longitudinal Section showing the slope of the culvert, a typical highway section, culvert
end treatments, foundation treatment (footing on rock or piles, 4-sided box with cut-off
walls), type of apron, and any utilities attached, in the embankment or sidewalk.

6. Construction Staging Information (determines lengths of segments and potential need for
skewed segments).

7. Earth Cover: measured from the top of the top slab to the top of pavement.

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8. Headwall, Cut-off Wall, Wingwall, Apron Slab and Nosing Information: Provide geometry,
reinforcement, location on culvert and connection details.

9. End Section Treatment: Provide details for square, skewed, beveled or open end
sections, if applicable.

10. Railing Details: Locate the railing on the culvert and indicate how it is to be
attached. See Section 19.8 and Figures 19-13, 19-14 and 19-15.

11. Chamfers: Indicate chamfer size and locations.

12. Foundation: All pertinent foundation details.

13. Installation of Draw Connectors: If Draw Connectors are to be left in place they should
be galvanized in accordance with §719-01 of the Standard Specifications and a note must
state they are being left in place. (Precast only)

19.6.2 Design Procedure

Determine the clear span and rise of the culvert using proper design procedures for the feature
crossed. See Chapter 8 for information on designing the opening of structures with spans of
6.1 m or less crossing water features.

Determine the height of the fill, which is the distance from the top of the roadway to the top of the
top slab of the culvert.

For a cast-in-place culvert, use the Reinforced Concrete Box Culvert Design and Analysis
Program or manual calculations to determine the wall and slab thickness and required
reinforcement.

For precast design requirements, see Section 19.7.

Standard details for cast-in-place culverts are shown in Figures 19-1 to 19-6. Standard details
for precast culverts are shown in Figures 19-2, 19-5 and 19-8 to 19-11.

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19-12 CONCRETE CULVERTS

Figure 19-1 Typical Cross Sections, Cast-In-Place.

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 CONCRETE CULVERTS 19-13

Figure 19-2 Wingwalls Plan and Elevation, Precast or Cast-In-Place

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19-14 CONCRETE CULVERTS

Figure 19-3 Contraction and Construction Joint, Cast-In-Place

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 CONCRETE CULVERTS 19-15

Figure 19-4 Longitudinal Section, Cast-In-Place

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19-16 CONCRETE CULVERTS

Figure 19-5 Wingwall Plan, Culvert on Skew, Precast or Cast-In-Place

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 CONCRETE CULVERTS 19-17

Figure 19-6 Wingwall Aprons, Cast-In-Place

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19-18 CONCRETE CULVERTS

19.6.3 Reinforcement

The main reinforcement in the top and bottom slabs shall be perpendicular to the sidewalls in
cast-in-place culverts and non skewed sections of precast culverts. In a cast-in-place concrete
culvert with a skewed end section, the top and bottom slab reinforcement will be "cut" to length
to fit the skewed ends. The "cut" transverse bars have the support of only one culvert sidewall
and must be supported at the other end by the edge beam or cut-off wall. See Figure 19-7. For
reinforcement requirements of skewed precast culverts, see Section 19.7.2.

When the fill height over the culvert is less than 600 mm, all reinforcing steel in the top mat of the
top slab shall be epoxy coated.

All reinforcement contained within the headwall or edge beam including the reinforcement that
extends into the top slab of the culvert shall be epoxy coated and shall meet the requirements of
§ 709-04 of the Standard Specifications. If the headwall or edge beam is a significant distance
from the highway where it is not in danger from chlorides, the epoxy coating can be eliminated.

The following bar label criteria shall be used:

Bar Identification Schedule

(see Figures 19-1 and 19-8)

A1 Top Corner Bars (design steel)

A2 Bottom Corner Bars (design steel)
A100 Top Slab, inside face transverse bars (design steel)
A200 Bottom Slab, inside face transverse bars (design steel)
A300 Top Slab, outside face transverse bars (design steel for multiple cells)
A400 Bottom Slab, outside face transverse bars (design steel for multiple cells)
B1 Exterior wall, inside face vertical bars (design steel)
B2 Exterior wall, outside face vertical bars (design steel)
B3 Interior wall, vertical bars both faces (design steel)
C1 Top Slab, bottom slab and wall longitudinal bars (temperature reinforcement)
C100 Top Slab, inside face longitudinal bars (design distribution steel)
C200 Bottom Slab, inside face longitudinal bars (design distribution steel)

See the Computer Program Users Manual for bars used less frequently. This bar schedule is
also valid for precast culverts.

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 CONCRETE CULVERTS 19-19

Figure 19-7 Reinforcement Diagram

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19-20 CONCRETE CULVERTS

19.6.4 Headwalls/Edge Beams

Headwalls are normally used on all culverts. A headwall helps retain the embankment in deep
fills. In shallow fills, the headwall may retain the subbase and/or highway pavement and provide
the anchorage area for the railing system.

Headwalls that are over 300 mm in height or have a railing attachment should be cast-in-place.
Headwalls 300 mm or less in height with no railing attachment may be either precast or
cast-in-place.

If possible the maximum height of the headwall should not exceed 900 mm. Greater heights are
attainable but should only be used in special cases.

Cast-in-Place culverts with skewed ends may require additional stiffening of the top and bottom
slabs by what is most commonly called an "edge beam" in the top slab and a "cut-off wall" in the
bottom slab. An edge beam is very similar to a headwall in that it may be used to anchor guide
railing posts or retain earth fill. Its main purpose, however, is to stiffen the top slab of
cast-in-place culverts that lose their rigid frame action as a result of having a skewed end. A
cut-off wall will stiffen the bottom slab as well as prevent water from undermining the culvert (see
Section 19.9).

When additional strength is required in the concrete edge beam, the following criteria shall be
used:

If there is a 1 on 2 slope to the edge beam, it will be more economical to increase

the depth of the edge beam in order to meet the required design.

When the edge beam is at shoulder elevation, the edge beam height should be
maintained and the width of the edge beam should be increased.

Assistance in edge beam and cut-off wall design may be obtained from the Structures Design
and Construction Division.

19.7 PRECAST CONCRETE CULVERTS (SPECIAL DETAILS AND REQUIREMENTS)

Precast concrete culverts are fabricated in a plant where the ability to control placement and
curing conditions typically results in higher strength and more durable concrete. Precasting
permits efficient mass production of concrete units. The advantages usually more than offset
the cost of handling and transporting the units to the site. The majority of concrete culverts
installed are precast.

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 CONCRETE CULVERTS 19-21

Precast units are limited to certain sizes and skews. Transportation and handling limits the size
of units. Skewed sections may need more reinforcement and larger slab and/or sidewall widths.
The use of skewed sections will increase the cost of the culvert due to increased fabrication
costs.

Figures 19-8 and 19-9 show some of the typical section details for precast concrete culverts.
Headwall and wingwall connection details are shown in Figures 19-10 and 19-11.

In culverts with end sections squared off, each unit will routinely be square unless the designer
has included special requirements in the Contract documents. Stage construction is one
example of a special requirement which may require skewed interior sections. The units that
meet at the division of the stages may need to be skewed to provide adequate width for travel
lane(s).

In culverts with skewed end sections, the interior sections will routinely be square and the end
sections skewed at the outside end. However, this will usually be determined by the
manufacturer of the precast units unless the designer has included special requirements in the
Contract documents.

Concern has been raised about the use of precast culverts on steep grades. No maximum slope
is recommended for closed box culverts because of the need to match the slope of the stream.
However, larger open box culverts and the frames and arches discussed in Section 19.7.4
should be limited to approximately 2%. Precast fabricators should be contacted for the
maximum grade that can be fabricated. If matching a steep stream bed slope is necessary for
an open culvert, the footings can be stepped and the length of the sidewall varied.

When two or more single cell precast concrete culverts are placed side by side, it is usually not
possible to place the walls of adjacent cells tightly together. It is reasonable to detail a 50 mm
to 100 mm gap between the walls of adjacent cells. This gap should be filled with any concrete
item in the project or Class D concrete if no other concrete item is available.

19.7.1 Contract Plans

Dimensions of the sidewalls and top slab and reinforcement size and spacing should not be
shown on the plans, unless necessary. If sidewall or top slab dimensions are dictated by site
conditions, show only affected dimensions and indicate if they are minimums, maximums or
specifically required dimensions.

A note in the Contract plans shall require the manufacturer, through the contractor, to provide all
design details not included in the contract plans for checking by the State. This method should
result in the most economical culvert design.

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19-22 CONCRETE CULVERTS

Figure 19-8 Typical Cross Sections - Precast

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 CONCRETE CULVERTS 19-23

Figure 19-9 Typical Cross Sections - Precast

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19-24 CONCRETE CULVERTS

Figure 19-10 Headwall Details - Precast

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 CONCRETE CULVERTS 19-25

Figure 19-11 Headwall and Wingwall Connection - Precast

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19-26 CONCRETE CULVERTS

19.7.2 Reinforcement

The main reinforcement in the top and bottom slabs shall be perpendicular to the sidewalls
except in skewed sections. Precast concrete culverts with skewed ends are unable to use edge
beams as stiffening members because of forming restrictions. For this reason, transverse
reinforcement is unable to be "cut" (as in cast-in-place culverts) to fit the skewed end section.

When a precast end section is skewed, the transverse reinforcement must be splayed to fit the
geometry of the skew, (see Figure 19-7). This splaying of the reinforcement will increase the
length of the transverse bars and, more importantly, the clear span of the end section. For small
skews, the splayed reinforcement is usually more than adequate. However, large skews may
require more reinforcement and can increase the clear span to the point where increased slab
thickness may be necessary.

See Section 19.6.3 for bar identification schedule.

19.7.3 Design and Fabrication

When contract plans do not contain complete design details for the precast concrete culvert the
contractor shall be responsible for providing them. All design submissions from the contractor
shall include a complete set of working drawings and a complete set of design calculations. The
drawings and the design calculations shall be stamped by a Professional Engineer licensed to
practice in New York State. If the Reinforced Concrete Box Culvert Design and Analysis
Program is used to design the culvert, the output shall be substituted for the design calculations.

Fabrication requirements of precast concrete box culverts are contained in Section 706-17 of the
Standard Specifications.

19.7.4 Precast Arches and Frames

In addition to box sections, there are various types of proprietary precast concrete arches and
frames available. These sections are typically used when larger culverts ($6 m ±) are required
and are usually founded on footings on rock. They can be considered when hydraulics can be
accommodated and/or aesthetics are a consideration. Where appropriate, they may be placed
on a combined invert footing/slab or a pile supported footing.

The advantages of the precast concrete arches and frames are the same as for the precast
concrete box culverts, except that longer spans (up to 12.2 m) are possible. See Figure 19-12.

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 CONCRETE CULVERTS 19-27

Figure 19-12 Precast Arch and Frame

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19-28 CONCRETE CULVERTS

Fabrication requirements for precast concrete arches and frames can be found in Special
Specifications available from the Structures Design and Construction Division. The contractor
shall be responsible for providing all design computations and details for these units. The
drawings and the design calculations shall be stamped by a Professional Engineer licensed to
practice in New York State.

19.7.5 General Notes for Precast Culverts

1. For headwalls where H > 1.8 m, specific design information must be provided in the
contract documents. H is the height of the headwall above the top of the top slab. (See
Figure 19-10.)

2. Reinforcement for headwalls without guide rail shall be the same as shown for headwalls
with guide rail. See Figure 19-10, section A-A.

3. Headwalls where 0.3 m # H # 1.8 m are to be attached to the box culvert by use of
mechanical connectors for reinforcing bar splices meeting the requirements of § 709-10
(epoxy coated) of the Standard Specifications. The female threaded portion of the
connector is cast into the box culvert.

4. Threaded inserts, where detailed, shall be designed for use with #5 and #6 reinforcing
steel. Inserts shall be non-corrosive and, when used in 35 MPa concrete, able to resist
minimum pull out loads of 49 kN for #5 reinforcing and 71 kN for #6 reinforcing.

5. Dowel bars used to attach the cut-off wall to the box culvert shall be drilled and grouted
per the requirements of Standard Specification § 586. The keyway shall be grouted with
the same material as the dowels.

19.8 GUIDE RAILING

The anchorage of the guide railing is determined by the amount of fill over the top of the unit. If
there is less than 900 mm of fill, guide railing shall be anchored into the headwall, edge beam or
individual concrete pedestals. If there is more than 900 mm of fill (i.e., enough for standard length
post embedment) regular highway guide rail can be used. The offset from the end of culvert to
the back of the guide rail should be considered when choosing the type of highway guide rail, i.e.,
the guide rail deflection characteristics should be reviewed.

When the recommended offsets from the back of the posts to the shoulder break can not be
achieved or the embankment slopes away from the normal shoulder break steeper than a 1:2
slope, extra long posts are required. In these situations, the 900 mm criteria is no longer valid.
See Chapter 10 for guidance on the required length of posts.

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 CONCRETE CULVERTS 19-29

When the guide rail is anchored to the headwall, edge beam or pedestal, either culvert rail, bridge
rail, or equivalent can be used. Bridge rail is recommended for culvert spans over 6 m. The
choice may be made on the basis of types of railings being used in the project or Regional
preference. For example, Region 10 prefers using heavy post blocked-out corrugated beam
guide railing.

The approach railing details in Figure 19-13 have been modified to match the current BDD sheet
for Steel Bridge Rail-Two Rail. For culvert rail details, see Figures 19-13, 19-14 and 19-15.

The following construction notes, as appropriate, shall be placed on the plans:

Standard Culvert Railing Construction Notes:

After the nuts on the anchor bolts have been tightened to the satisfaction of the
Engineer, the anchor bolts shall be flame cut 25 mm above the nut and the
threads above the nut shall be damaged as directed by the Engineer to prevent
removal. All other nuts shall be either tack welded in place or have lock washers,
as determined by the Engineer. Galvanizing damaged by flame cutting and/or
tack welding shall be repaired according to §719-01 of the Standard
Specifications.

Rail terminus details shall be in accordance with the latest approved details. (For
information see Figure 19-13 and 19-14 or the latest Bridge Design Data Sheets.)

All railing is to be fabricated and erected so that the rails are parallel to the
roadway and the posts are truly vertical.

The box beam rail elements shall be long enough to span the entire culvert or be
a minimum of 6 m in length.

For material requirements and construction details, see §568 of the Standard
Specifications.

Anchor rods shall be cast into the concrete or grouted into 40 mm N through
holes made with a core drill. The grout used shall meet the requirements of the
Standard Specifications § 701-05, Concrete Grouting Materials, and appear on the
Department's Approved List.

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19-30 CONCRETE CULVERTS

Figure 19-13 Approach Railing Details, Transition to Box Beam Guide Railing

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 CONCRETE CULVERTS 19-31

Figure 19-14 Approach Railing Details

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19-32 CONCRETE CULVERTS

Figure 19-15 Culvert Railing Details, Cast-In-Place Connection

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 CONCRETE CULVERTS 19-33

19.9 CUT-OFF WALL

A minimum 450 mm wide cut-off wall is required in all culverts with invert slabs to prevent
undermining. The cutoff wall should be 1.2 m deep or to the top of sound rock if the rock is
closer. For culverts with skewed ends, the cut-off wall also provides stiffening to the bottom slab.
The 1.2 m is measured from the lowest elevation of the top surface of the invert slab. See
Figures 19-2, 19-4 and 19-6.

When cut-off walls are required, they shall always be specified at each end of the barrel. When
a concrete apron (Section 19.11) is specified, an additional cut-off wall shall also be specified at
the end of the apron. The bottom of all wingwall footings should be at or below the bottom of the
cut-off wall to prevent scour around the edges of the cut-off wall.

When a precast culvert is specified, the cut-off wall may be precast or cast-in-place. When
precast concrete cut-off walls are specified, their cost should be included in the cost of the
culvert barrel. No separate item is required. When a cast-in-place culvert is specified, the cut-off
wall should be cast-in-place.

19.10 LOW FLOW DISH

Closed box culverts shall have a low flow dish whenever the stream is classified as a fishing
stream by the Department of Environmental Conservation and a low flow dish is requested. The
Regional Hydraulics Engineer can assist in communications with the Department of
Environmental Conservation. The depth of the dish may be as small as 150 mm or as large as
300 mm. The depth of the dish depends on the quantity of flow. Lower flows may require a
deeper dish to provide adequate depth of flow. A typical dish is shown in Detail E of Figures 19-1
and 19-8.

The dish is usually in the center of the invert slab, but there may be times when the dish will be
at or near the sidewall. This may happen when the stream is on a curved alignment and the low
flow of the stream is on the outside of the curve.

There are times when the Department of Environmental Conservation may require native stream
bed material over the top of the bottom slab. The typical requirement is for a 300 mm depth.
One problem that may develop is the movement of the native material during high flows.
Typically, however, material washed out during the high flow will be replaced with new material
as the water recedes. This periodic movement of material may abrade the surface of the
concrete culvert. The depth of the concrete covering the reinforcing bar should be increased if
this situation is anticipated. Note that covering the bottom slab with native material will make it
very difficult, if not impossible, to inspect the bottom slab.

The Reinforced Concrete Box Culvert Design and Analysis Program does not design the bottom
slab of a culvert with a low flow dish since it is not a prismatic member. The additional triangle
of concrete should be considered as not contributing to the strength of the section.

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19-34 CONCRETE CULVERTS

19.11 APRONS

Box culverts can significantly increase the stream flow velocity because the concrete has a
roughness coefficient significantly lower (i.e., smoother) than the stream bed and banks. The
longer the culvert and the steeper the slope, the more the velocity will be increased. To dissipate
this increase in energy and to prevent scour, a stone apron shall be placed at the outlet of all
culverts. In addition, a stone apron should be specified at the inlet of all culverts to prevent scour
caused by the constriction of flow.

The recommended minimum length of the stone apron is 7.5 m. The stone apron should cover
the full width of the stream bed. In addition, stone filling should be placed on the side slopes to
an elevation 300 mm± above Design High Water. A 1.5 m wide by 1.2 m deep key of stone filling
should be placed in the stream bed at the end of the apron away from the culvert. Stone filling
should also be required to stabilize all disturbed slopes to an elevation 300 mm± above Design
High Water.

The Regional Hydraulics Engineer or the Structures Design and Construction Division Hydraulics
Unit should be consulted to determine an appropriate length apron for special situations such as
locations where excessive scour has occurred.

The stone apron will begin at the end of the barrel if no concrete apron is specified. If a concrete
apron is specified, the stone apron will begin at the end of the concrete apron. The size of the
stone filling shall be determined by the design velocity or Regional preference, whichever is
larger. For design velocities of 3 m/s or higher, heavy stone filling should be specified. For
design velocities less than 3 m/s, medium stone filling may be used.

When stream velocities are very high (>5 m/s), where special site conditions exist or where the
existing soils are very poor, a concrete apron may be used. It should extend to the end of the
wingwalls. See Figure 19-6. A cut-off wall (section 19.9) is required at the end of the concrete
apron and at the end of the culvert barrel. The cut-off wall at the end of the culvert barrel is added
protection if the apron fails or separates from the barrel. Concrete aprons may fail from frost
heaves, bed load material abrading the apron or other unique situations.

Where there is significant movement of cobbles and boulders in the bed load, an open culvert
on a strip footing on piles should be investigated. The movement of cobbles and boulders may
damage a concrete invert.

For some unique situations with very high velocities, steep profiles, or special circumstances,
energy dissipators (baffles) may be required to reduce the velocity. Baffles are concrete sections
that extend 300 mm to 750 mm above the bottom slab. The Regional Hydraulics Engineer or the
Structures Design and Construction Division Hydraulics Unit should be consulted to determine
the need for and the design of energy dissipators.

When a precast culvert is specified, the concrete apron and wingwalls may be precast or
cast-in-place. When precast concrete aprons and/or wingwalls are specified, their cost should

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 CONCRETE CULVERTS 19-35

be included in the cost of the culvert barrel. No separate item is required. When a cast-in-place
culvert is specified, the concrete apron and wingwalls should be cast-in-place.

19.12 SUBBASE DRAINAGE

Draining surface and ground water away from the culvert through the subbase is just as
important as the conveyance of water through the culvert. All culverts should have a minimum
longitudinal slope of approximately 1%, if possible, to drain the water that permeates through the
pavement and subbase away from the top of the culvert. The slope is very important, in
situations where there is low fill (0.3 m±) or asphalt directly on the culvert, to limit the likelihood
that water will not pond, freeze and cause potholes or other problems.

If a longitudinal slope is not possible, a 1% slope (wash), perpendicular to the centerline of the
culvert, can be used. The wash can be from the centerline to each side or all in one direction.
The wash can be formed into a cast-in-place culvert but is difficult to form on precast culverts.
On precast culverts, the wash can be added after the culvert is in place by placing a shim course
of asphalt or concrete.

In some instances, culverts will be used to allow the passage of things other than water such as
pedestrians, bicycles, trains, golf carts or farm animals. In cases where it is desirable to have
a dry environment, a waterproof membrane should be used to cover the joints between precast
culvert sections or to cover the construction joints in cast-in-place culverts. Even though a joint
sealer is always placed between individual precast concrete culvert sections and the sections
are pulled tightly together, water may seep through the joint. The minimum requirement for
waterproofing these joints is to provide a membrane strip, having a minimum width of 600 mm,
centered on the joints, covering the top slab, and then extending down the sidewalls to the footing.
In this application, the membrane is not intended to protect the concrete.

A waterproof membrane may be used to cover the joints of precast concrete culverts that convey
water through the culvert. The Designer must understand that the purpose of the waterproofing
membrane is to restrict seepage of water or migration of backfill material through the joints in the
culverts and it is not intended to protect the concrete.

When watertight joints are required, contact the Materials Bureau for the proper waterproof
membrane item to be included in the contract. This item contains all the material and
construction details necessary for the application of the system.

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19-36 CONCRETE CULVERTS

19.13 REFERENCES

1. Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges 15th Edition (1992) as amended by the
Interim Specifications - Bridges - 1993, American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials, 444 North Capital Street, N. W. Suite 249, Washington, D. C.
20001.

2. Reinforced Concrete Box Culvert Design and Analysis Program Users Manual, January
1995, Structures Design and Construction Division, New York State Department of
Transportation, State Campus, Albany, NY 12232.

3. Standard Specifications of Construction and Materials, January 2, 1995, Design Quality

Assurance Bureau, New York State Department of Transportation, State Campus,
Albany, NY 12232.

4. Model Drainage Manual - 1991, American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials, 444 North Capital Street, N. W. Suite 225, Washington, D. C.
20001.

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 CONCRETE CULVERTS 19-37

CHAPTER 19
INDEX

SUBJECT SECTION

Apron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.9, 19.11

Box Culvert Computer Design Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.5
Cast-In-Place Culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2, 19.6
Clear Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1
Contract Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6, 19.6.1, 19.7.1
Corrugated Metal Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2
Culvert Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4.9, 19.4.11, 19.6.3, 19.7.2
Culvert Railing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.8
Culvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 - 19.13
Cutoff Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6.3, 19.9, 19.11
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1
Design Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1
Edge Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6.3, 19.6.4, 19.8
Energy Dissipators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.11
Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.7.3
Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.3
Headwall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6.3, 19.6.4, 19.8
Low Flow Dish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.10
Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.12
Precast Culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2, 19.6, 19.7
Precast Arches and Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.7.4
Skewed Culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4.10, 19.6.3, 19.6.4, 19.7, 19.7.2
Stone Filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.11
Two-Cell Culvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.7
Waterproof Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.12

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