INDEX

SL.
NO
CONTENTS PAGE
NO.
1. AIM OF THE PROJECT 1
2. INTRODUCTION 2
3. APPARATUS REQUIRED 3
4. THEORY 4
5. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 6
6. OBSERVATIONS 7
7. RESULTS 10
8. CONCLUSION 11
9. PRECAUTIONS 12
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY 13
 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
XYZ
OF CLASS XII-A HAS SUCCESSFULLY
COMPLETED THE RESEARCH ON THE
MENTIONED TOPIC UNDER THE GUIDANCE
OF MR.ANIL KUMAR JENA DURING THE
YEAR 2019-2020 IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATION.

_____________________________________ _____________________________________
SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE OF CHEMISTRY TEACHER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would extend my sincere and heartfelt gratitude to
my chemistry teacher Mr. PRABIN who has helped
me in this endeavor and has always been very
supportive.
I extend my heartfelt thanks to our chemistry lab
assistant Ms PRIYANKA for her guidance and
constant supervision as well as for providing me the
necessary information regarding this project.
I am also thankful to my parents for their cooperation
and encouragement.
At last but not the least, gratitude to all my friends
who helped me (directly or indirectly) to complete this
project.
AIM OF THE PROJECT
 MEASURING THE AMOUNT OF ACETIC
ACID IN VINEGAR BY TITRATION WITH AN
INDICATOR SOLUTION.

INTRODUCTION
Vinegar is a solution made from the fermentation of
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), which in turn was previously
fermented from sugar. The fermentation of ethanol results in
the production of acetic acid (CH3COOH). There are many
different types of vinegar, each starting from a different
original sugar source (e.g., rice, wine, malt, etc.).The amount
of acetic acid in vinegar can vary typically between 4% to 6%
for table vinegar.
In this project, we will determine the amount of acetic
acid in different vinegars using titration, a common technique
in chemistry. Titration is a way to measure the unknown
amount of a chemical in a solution (the titrant) by adding a
measured amount of a chemical with a known concentration
(the titrating solution).The titrating solution reacts with the
titrant, and the end point is monitored by use of indicator
solution(phenolphthalein).
 THEORY
To measure the acidity of a vinegar solution, we can add
enough hydroxyl ions to balance the added hydrogen ions
from acid. The hydroxyl ions will react with the hydrogen
ions to produce water. In order for titration to work, we
need three things:
1. A titration solution (contains hydroxyl ions with
a precisely known concentration)
2. A method for delivering a precisely measured
volume of the titrating solution,
3. A means of indicating when the end point has
been reached.
To dispense an accurately measured volume of the titrating
solution burette is used. A burette is a long tube with a
valve at the bottom and graduated markings on the outside
to measure the volume contained in the burette
In this experiment, an indicator solution called
phenolphthalein is used. It is colourless when the solution is
acidic or neutral. When the solution becomes slightly basic,
phenolphthalein turns pinkish and then light purple as the
solution becomes more basic. So when the vinegar solution
starts to turn pink, it is indicated that the titration is
completed.
For the titrating solution, we’ll use a dilute solution
of 0.1M Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). Sodium hydroxide is a
strong base, which means that it dissociates completely in
water. So for every NaOH molecule that we add to the
solution, we can expect to produce a hydroxyl ion.
CALCULATION OF REQUIRED AMOUNT OF SODIUM
HYDROXIDE
The required amount of sodium hydrodixe (NaOH) can be
calculated using the following formula:
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑿 𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑿 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
Weight(w)=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

Now, molar mass of NaOH=40g/mol

0.1 X 40 X 500
W of NaOH=
1000
=2g of NaOH required for
0.1M NaOH solution 500mL of water.

CHEMICAL EQUATION:

CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

Indicator: Phenolphthalein End point: colourless to pink

APPARATUS REQUIRED

To do this experiment, we will need the following

materials and equipment:

1. Vinegar(of three different types)

2. Distilled water
3. Small funnel
4. 0.5% phenolphthalein solution in alcohol
5. 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution
6. 125mL conical flask
7. 50mL burette
8. 10mL graduated cylinder
9. Ring stand
 10. Burette clamp

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1)1.5mL of vinegar was poured in a conical flask.
2) Distilled water was added to dissolve the vinegar
so that the volume of the solution becomes 20mL.
3) 3 drops of 0.5% phenolphthalein solution was
added.
4) A burette was taken and was washed with water,
then rinsed with the freshly prepared 0.1M sodium
hydroxide solution.
5)The burette was attached to the ring stand and was
filled with sodium hydroxide solution.
6)The conical flask was placed under the nozzle of the
burette over a white glazed tile.
7)The lower meniscus of the solution in the burette
was noted down and recorded it as initial burette
reading.
8)The nozzle of the burette was opened so as to run
the sodium hydroxide solution slowly run down
dropwise to the titrating flask.
9) The flask was gently swirled to mix the solution.
When the vinegar solution turns light pink and
remains that colour even with mixing, the valve of
burette was closed.
 10) The lower meniscus of the remaining solution in
the burette was noted and recorded as final burette
reading.
11) The initial level was subtracted from the final
level to figure out the amount of titrating solution
used.
12) These procedures were repeated for each
vinegar test, and the titration was done for atleast
three times.

OBSERVATIONS
OBSEVATION 1(for household vinegar):
Sl VOLUME OF VINEGAR BURETTE READING(in mL) VOLUME OF
SOLUTION TAKEN(in mL) NaOH USED
no INITIAL FINAL
1. 20 0 15.5 15.5
2. 20 15.5 31 15.5
3. 20 31 46.5 15.5
CONCORDANT VOLUME= 15.5mL

CALCULATION 1:

We know that,
 𝒙 ×𝟐𝟎 𝟏
 =
𝟎.𝟏×𝟏𝟓.𝟓 𝟏
x = 0.0775 mol/L.

Strength of acetic acid= Molarity of CH3COOH X Molar mass of

in household vinegar NaOH

=X X 60

= 0.0775 X 60 = 4.65 g/L.

OBSEVATION 3(for chili vinegar):

Sl VOLUME OF VINEGAR BURETTE READING(in mL) VOLUME OF
SOLUTION TAKEN(in mL) NaOH USED
no INITIAL FINAL
1. 20 0 9 9
2. 20 9 18 9
3. 20 18 27 9
CONCORDANT VOLUME= 9mL

CALCULATION 3:

We know that,
𝒙 ×𝟐𝟎 𝟏
 =
𝟎.𝟏×𝟗 𝟏
 x = 0.045 mol/L.

Strength of acetic acid= Molarity of CH3COOH X Molar mass of

in chilli vinegar NaOH

=X X 60

= 0.045 X 60 = 2.7 g/L.

OBSEVATION 2(for apple cider vinegar):

Sl VOLUME OF VINEGAR BURETTE READING(in mL) VOLUME OF
SOLUTION TAKEN(in mL) NaOH USED
no INITIAL FINAL
1. 20 0 13.7 13.7
2. 20 13.7 27.4 13.7
3. 20 27.4 41.1 13.7
CONCORDANT VOLUME= 13.7mL

CALCULATION 2:

We know that,
𝒙 ×𝟐𝟎 𝟏
 =
𝟎.𝟏×𝟏𝟑.𝟕 𝟏
x = 0.0685 mol/L.
Strength of acetic acid= Molarity of CH3COOH X Molar mass of
in apple cider vinegar NaOH

=X X 60

= 0.0685 X 60 = 4.11 g/L.

RESULTS
Strength of acetic acid in household vinegar
is 4.65g/L.
Strength of acetic acid in apple cider
vinegar is 4.11g/L.
Strength of acetic acid in chili vinegar is
2.7g/L.

CONCLUSION
 FROM THIS EXPERIMENT, THE ORDER OF AMOUNT
OF ACETIC ACID IN DIFFERENT SAMPELS OF
VINEGAR IS CONCLUDED AS:

HOUSEHOLD > APPLE CIDER > CHILI

VINEGAR VINEGAR VINEGAR

PRECAUTIONS
1. Transference of measured vinegar into a
measuring flask should be done very
carefully.
2. Measuring must be performed carefully.
3. Look at the meniscus of the solution at
eye level to avoid parallax.
4. Distilled water must be added to the
vinegar.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
FOR PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF AISSCE PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION 2019-20
TOPIC: Measuring the amount of acetic acid in different types of
vinegar.

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr. PRABIN XYZ
PGT (Chemistry) CLASS: XII SEC: A
SCHOOL ROLL NO.