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antenna performs within the operational limits with optimum accuracy and minimum degradation, The
operational limits are the LGC program limits and operational slewing limits. Tor antenna orientation
No. Land II, the antenna mechanical limits are the shaft and trunnion mechanical coverages, stated in
boresight angular degrees, from one hardstop to the other hardstop. ‘The shaded areas on the vector
diagrams of the figures denote the mechanically restricted areas in boresight angles. ‘The actual
mechanical limits are 90° from the boresight mechanical limits. The hardstops act against the trunnion
and shaft axis; they prevent damage to the RR antenna and LM body.
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Pagd 2.2-112 Mission_LM Basic Daie__19 December 1968 _Change Date LMA790-3-LM_
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
TTT
Antenna Orientation No. I, This orientation is used for transponder tracking during rendezvous operation.
‘With reference to the +Z-axis, orientation No. I provides LOS operational shaft coverage from ~70° to
+80" and LOS operational trunnion coverage from -55° to +55".
Antenna Orientation No, IL, This is an overhead orientation, used during lunar stay and subsequent
ascent. With respect to the +Z-axis, orientation No. II provides LOS operational shaft coverage from
+49° to +155". LOS operational trunnton coverage from -55° to +55° is with respect to the -Z-axis.
In orientation No. I, the antenna is rotated 180” about the trunnion axis from orientation No. I to obtain
the required angle coverage.
2.2.3.5 Rendezvous
fadar Transponde:
‘The RR transponder consists of an electronics assembly (figure 2. 2-28) and an antenna
assembly (figure 2.2-51). ‘The electronics assembly contains the following functional subassemblies:
microwave, receiver, carrier lock loop, tone modulation detector, and power supply. The transponder
antenna receives the 9832. 8-me phase-modulated signal transmitted from the RR, The received signal is
routed through a waveguide to the microwave subassembly. A unidirectional circulator in the microwave
subassembly transfers the received signal to a mixer, where it is mixed with an internally generated
8792-me signal. The output of the mixer is the difference irequency of 40.8 me, which is fed to the
receiver subassembly.
The receiver subassembly mixes the 40. 8-me signal generated in the carrier lock loop sub-
assembly, to provide a tone-modulated difference frequency of 6.8 me. This signal is applied to a
coherent detector in the tone modulator detector subassembly, along with a 6, 8-me reference signal from
VCO in the carrier lock loop subassembly. Range tones are extracted by coherent demodulation, After
the range tones are demodulated, they are filtered, amplified, and sent to a phase modulator in the
microwave subassembly. Simultaneously, the phase modulator receives a 9792-me unmodulated signal
derived, by frequency multiplication, from the 6, 8-me reference signal in the carrier lock loop subassem-
bly.
The phase modulator of the microwave subassembly modulates the transponder transmitter
9792-me signal with the same range tones, from the tone modulation detector subassembly, that were
previously removed from the received RR signal, The modulated range tones are kept phase-coherent
with the range tones of the received RR signal. The transponder phase-modulated transmitter signal goes
through a circulator to the antenna, where it is propagated for interception by the RR.
2.2.3.9.1 Modes of Operation,
‘The transponder operates in three basic modes: transponder, beacon, and self-test,
‘Transponder Mode. The transponder operates in this mode while it is receiving RR transmitter signals.
In this mode, the transponder provides a continuous-wave, phase-modulated signal whose frequency
(9792 me) is 40.8 me lower than that of the RR-transmitted signal. The transponder phase-modulating
tones are the same as the RR phase-modulating tones: 200 eps, 6.4 ke, and 204. 8 ke
Beacon Mode. ‘The transponder is in this acquisition mode when it is operational and no signal is received
Trom the RR. A sweep generator and an acquisition logie portion of the carrier lock loop subassembly
cause a frequency sweep scan of +104 ke about the transponder nominal frequency (9792 me). When the
transponder antenna receives RR-transmitted signals that exceed minimum signal strength, a threshold
detector in the carrier lock loop subassembly provides a d-c level to stop the sweep generator and permit
tracking,
Self-Test Mode. The self-test mode enables the astronauts to check transponder performance. The self-
test mode is initiated by application of an external self-test signal. This test verifies frequency lock-on
and AGC response at a simulated 200-nm range. A self-test oscillator (figure 2, 2-28) in the microwave
subassembly provides a 40. 8-me test signal tor the first mixer preamplifier. When the 40. B-me test
signal is applied, the first mixer stage is bypassed, When the self-test modo is not used, the self-test
oscillator is deenergized,
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM.
Mission__LM Basie Date__15 December 1968 Change Date Page 2.2-113 x
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GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
15 December 1968 __Change Date,
Basic Date,
LM
Mission,
Page 2.2-114 LMA790-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
‘SUBSYSTEMS DATA
sw
2.2,8,5.2 General Operation, (See figure 2.2-29.)
After it is energized and placed in operation, the transponder operates automatically in
conjunction with the RR. Transponder turn-on, monitoring and self-test capabilities are provided by the
CSM cabin controls and indicators. Figure 2.2-29 shows transponder signal flow through switehes and
indicators and the location of thes¢ switches and indicators in the CSM cabin.
‘To place the transponder in operation, the RNDZ XPNDR FLT BUS circuit breaker is closed,
then the RNDZ XPNDR switch is set to HEATER. This action feeds 28 volts de to the oven in the tone
modulation detector subassembly. The oven heats the 204. 8-ke and 6. 4-ke band-pass filters to the oper-
ating temperature (+160°F). A minimum waiting time of 15 minutes is necessary before the RNDZ
XPNDR switch is set to PWR. This waiting time prevents degradation in RR range accuracy due to
temperature. With the switch set to PWR, 28 volts de is routed to the power supply subassembly.
At the output of the microwave assembly, a power monitor provides a d-c readout propor-
tional to transmitter output power. The SYSTEM TEST switches (S1 and 82) and the SYSTEM TEST d-c
voltmeter permit monitoring transmitter power, AGC, and frequency lock. The proper d-c voltage
readouts for those parameters are:
SYSTEM TEST Switeh ($2) Parameters D-C Voltage Readout
Position A ‘Transmitter power 1.0 to 5.0 volts
Position B AGC 1.0 to 4.5 volts
Position C Frequency lock 4,0 to 5.0 volts
Frequency unlocked 040.8 volts
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GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Mission___LM Basic Date__15 December 1968 Change Date. Pago 2.2-115 ‘LMA790-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
TT WY
‘The astronauts use the RNDZ XPNDR TEST SW switch to initiate the self-test enable signal
for transponder seli-test. ‘This signal energizes a, self-test oscillator in the microwave subassembly
(figure 2.2-28) and bypasses the first mixer stage. The astronauts then verify transponder performance
by using the SYSTEM TEST switches and SYSTEM TEST d-e voltmeter to monitor for the proper d-c
voltage indications, as designated in the preceding paragraph.
2.2.3.6 Landing Radar. (See figure 2, 2-30.)
‘The LR is designed for a lunar-landing mission. It senses the velocity and altitude of the
LM relative to the lunar surface by means of a three-beam Doppler velocity sensor and a radar altimeter.
Velocities are calculated by measuring the Doppler shift along three beams of microwave energy. LM
altitude from the lunar surface is derived from slant range. Slant range is calculated from the frequency-
deviation difference between the altimeter transmitted and received signals, resulting from the frequency
modulation of the transmitted signal and the time delay between the transmitted and received signals.
Velocity and range data are made available to the LGC as 15-bit binary words; the nominally forward and
lateral velocity data, to the LM displays as d-c analog voltages; and the range and range rate data, to
the LM displays as pulse-repetition frequencies (PRF).
‘The LR, located in the LM descent stage, consists of an antenna assembly and an electronics
assembly. The antenna assembly forms, directs, transmits, and receives four microwave beams (three
velocity and one altimeter). Two interlaced phased arrays transmit the velocity and altimeter beams.
Four broadside arrays receive the reflected energy of the three velocity beams and the altimeter beam;
there is one broadside array for each radar beam. The electronics assembly searches, tracks, pro-
cesses, converts, and scales the Doppler and CW/FM returns, which provide the velocity and slant range
information for the LGC and the LM controls and displays.
During lunar descent, the LR antenna assembly transmits three velocity beams (10.51 gc)
and an altimeter beam (9. 58 ge) to the lunar surface. Three separately received velocity beams contain
three Doppler velocities with Doppler sign sense. Mixing the received three velocity beams with the
continuously sampled, transmitted beams, extracts three separate Doppler audio-frequency (AF) spectrum VY
signals (D1, D2, and D3), each with Doppler sign sense. The received altimeter beam is compared with
the contimiously sampled, transmitted altimeter beam to extract a range frequency (FR) with Doppler
(D4) and Doppler sign sense. ‘The Doppler is subtracted later, leaving Doppler-compensated range fre-
quency. The LM altitude is derived from the Doppler-compensated range frequency.
In the acquisition mode, frequency trackers in the electronics assembly use 1,200-cps, low-
pass filters to scan wide-band, Doppler AF spectrum signals (D1, D2, D3, and D4) for four separate
harrow-band spectrums. These spectrums correspond to Doppler power spectrums along the centers of
the received velocity and altimeter beams. When the frequency trackers acquire these narrow-band
Doppler frequencies, they go inte the tracking mode and the LGC receives velocity and range data-zood
discretes.
In the tracking mode, the frequency trackers track the four narrow-band frequencies. ‘The
four frequencies, each with Doppler sign sense, convey opening or closing velocities and range, centered
and parallel to the four returned microwave beams (three velocity and one altimeter).
By adding and sealing in accordance with antenna coordinate velocity formulas, the velocity
data computers within the electronics assembly compute the antenna coordinate velocities (Vxa, Vya, auxd
‘Vzu) from the Doppler frequencies on the three returning velocity beams. The term Vxa represents
range rate; Vya, lateral velocity; and Vza, approximate forward velocity. ‘The range frequency plus
Doppler frequency is applied to a range converter, which cancels the unwanted Doppler frequency, leaving
a range frequency as a high- or low-altitude PRF. The range frequency, as a PRF, is applied to'a signal
data converter and is available to the ALT indicator (panel 1).
When all Doppler velocity frequency trackers are locked to the discrete Doppler frequencies
on the three returning velocity beams, the antenna coordinate velocities, in PRF form, are gated to the
signal data converter. The lateral and forward velocities (Vya and Vza, respectively) are now also
available to the X-pointer indicator (panels 1 and 2) as d-c analog voltages. The altitude rate (Vxa) is
now also available to the ALT RATE indicator as a PRF. By use of radar-data select commands and a
readout command, the LGC causes the signal data converter to shift out, in sequence, the Vxa, Vya, Vza,
and range data as separate 15-bit serial binary words VY
£ GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Page 2.2-116 Mission_LM Basic Date_15 December 1968 Change Date. LMA790-3-LM.
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
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GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Basie Date
Page 2.2-117
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45 Di
LM.
} Mission. LMAT90-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
When LM altitude drops to 2, 500 feet or less, the electronics assembly frequency trackers 4
switch to narrow-band filters for tracking. An altitude mode control signal increases the frequency
deviation rate of the transmitted altimeter signal (9.58 ge) from 44 me to 420 me. A low-altitude PRF
(range frequency) is gated to the ALT indicator and a low-altitude scale factor discrete is sent to the LGC.
Using the LDG ANT switch on panel 3, the antenna can be manually positioned to antenna position No. 1
(descent) or antenna position No. 2 (hover). With the switch set to AUTO, the LGC automatically com-
mands the antenna to antenna position No. 2 when the LM goes through a pitch-up maneuver at 8, 000 to
9,000 feet.
Antenna temperature, altimeter and velocity sensor power, and other parameters are moni~ VY
tored with LM displays. A LR self-test is initiated with a LM control. "The self-test command enables
simulated velocity Dopplers (9.6 ke) and simulated range (19.2 ke). LR performance is then evaluated
irom simulated antenna coordinates and altitude, as monitored on LM displays.
2.2.3.6.1 Signal Processing. (See figure 2.2-31.)
‘The LR extracts the positive and negative Doppler shifts from the returning velocity beams
and the frequency range + Doppler from the returning altimeter beam. The LR processes the beam
Doppler shifts (D1, D2, and D3) to derive the LR antenna coordinate velocities (Vxa, Vya, and Vza) data.
In processing the frequency range + Doppler, the LR compensates for the + Doppler and nmultiplies the
received frequency range by cos 15° to derive a nearly true LM altitude with respect to the lunar surface.
These velocity and range (altitude) data are made available to the LGC as 15-bit serial binary words; the
velocity data, to the LM displays as d-c analog voltages; and the range and range rate data, to the LM.
displays as PRF,
In the antenna assembly, the velocity sensor oscillator multiplier (VSOM) generates @
109. 478-me signal, which is multiplied by 96 and power-amplified to produce the 10, 51-ge velocity beam
(200 milliwatts minimum) that is propagated by a multiple-waveguide phased array to the lunar surface.
Three separate broadside arrays receive three-refleeted velocity beams, each conveying a positive or
negative Doppler shift. ‘The received Doppler (FI:D1) is mixed at the balanced mixer with a continuously
sampled, transmitted fundamental frequency (Fi) to extract the AF Doppler shift with Doppler sign sense, ww
At the balanced mixer output, a quadrature pair retains the Doppler sign sense of the returned velocity-
beam signal by having one line 0° reference with respect to the other line (£90°). When there is a closing
Doppler velocity, the #90" line leads the 0° reference line by +90". At the balanced mixer outputs, AF
Doppler shifts with Doppler sign sense are proportional to the opening or closing velocity between the LM
and the lunar surface along the centers of the velocity beams,
The oseillator/ modulator and altimeter transmitter multiplier develops the 9. 58-ge fre~
quency-modulated altimeter beam (175 milliwatts minimum) that is propagated to the lunar surface by a
multiple-waveguide phased array. The altimeter broadside array receives the reflected altimeter beam.
At a balanced mixer, the received signal is compared with a sampled transmitted signal to obtain the
frequency-modulated difference. A quadrature pair retains the received signal Doppler sense. This
frequency difference without Doppler is proportional to the time difference between transmitted and
received signals. The slant range is derived from this time difference. The range converter later
cancels the undesired Doppler, leaving Doppler-compensated range frequency.
The three velocity Doppler shifts (D1, D2, and D3) with Doppler sign sense, and the altimeter
range frequency with Doppler (D4) and Doppler sign sense, are applied to dual AF amplifiers. At rela~
tively high altitudes, the dual AF amplifiers provide 88-db gain. When signal strength becomes excessive,
usually due to low altitudes, the 33-db gain amplifiers are switched out and the frequency trackers only
receive signals with 55-db gain.
Each Doppler velocity sensor (DVS) frequency tracker acquires and then tracks AF Doppler
frequencies to obtain an average Doppler frequency corresponding to a Doppler shift at the velocity beam
power spectrum center. The Doppler-shift frequeney is superimposed on a 614. 4-ke subcarrier for
processing by a velocity data converter. Each frequency tracker functions in an acquisition loop or a
tracking loop. The acquisition loop sweeps the tracking loop to within its acquisition (pull-in) capability.
When the Doppler signal plus noise ($+N) exceeds the out-of-band noise factor (N) by 3 db, the frequency
tracker locks on to a narrow band of Doppler frequencies corresponding to the velocity beam center. Tt
also provides a tracker lock-on (TL) signal to determine LR operational status. The tracking loop.
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Page 2.2-118 Mission_LM Basic Date__15 December 1968 __ Change Date. nana assemary | RECTHONICS ASSEMBLY
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GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Mission__LM Basic Date__ 15 December 1968 ‘Change Date
Page 2.2-119/2.2-120 LMA790-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA.
——
basically a narrow-band AFC circuit, amoothes and tracks the Doppler-shift frequency corresponding to A
the Doppler power spectrum at the velocity beam center. Doppler sign sense is retained and the fre-
quency tracker output is a pure sinusoid, at 614.4 ke + Doppler offset frequency (FC4D1), (FC4D2), and
(FCsD3). When the Doppler velocity frequency trackers achieve tracker lock-on, tracker lock-on dis
cretes enable a velocity data-good (VDG) discrete to the LGC. When any velocity frequency tracker is not
locked on, a velocity data-no-good (VDNG) discrete notifies the IS. When the range frequency tracker is
not locked on to the frequency shift of the returned altimeter beam, a range data-no-good (RDNG) discrete
is sent to the IS.
A frequency tracker may have a false tracker lock-on due to locking on a minor lobe of
another beam. This condition is referred to as cross-lobe lock-on. The astronauts determine whether
the LR data displayed is authentic by comparing these data with expected values. The LGC also conducts
a reasonableness test on all incoming LR data. In both cases, the LR data consists of LM altitude and
velocity components: forward velocity (Vza), lateral velocity (Vya), and altitude rate (Vxa). If the LGC
reasonableness test fails, an LGC alarm notifies the astronauts. An astronaut can foree the frequency
trackers back into the acquisition loop (forced search) by setting the RADAR TEST switch to LDG for
2 seconds. I forced search, all trackers are forced to perform a search sweep, alter which they
reacquire their respective spectrums.
From the DVS frequency trackers, each Doppler offset frequency is applied to a converter
in the velocity data (VD) converter subassembly. From the Doppler offset frequency, the converter
removes the subcarrier (center frequency), synchronizes and multiplies the Doppler offset frequency by
four to retain the quadrature phases, indicates Doppler sign sense and, based on Doppler sign sense
provides an output to computers within the VD computer subassembly. From each converter output, a
Doppler signal (4D<0 or 4D>0) goes to the computers within the VD computer subassembly. The notation
4D>0 means four times Doppler offset frequency with positive Doppler (closing velocity); the notation
4D<0, four times Doppler offset frequency with negative Doppler (opening velocity).
When a frequency tracker output becomes less than 1.47 ke (Doppler frequency), a bandwidth
control circuit switches the frequency tracker to its narrow band-pass frequency operation (tracking) by
switching the low-pass filters trom 1200 cps to 500 cps. When an altitude mode control discrete indicates
an altitude less than 2,500 feet, bandwidth control circuits switch all the frequency trackers to their
narrow band-pass frequency operation. ‘The frequency trackers are not switched again into their high
band-pass frequency operation unless the LM altitude exceeds 2, 800 feet.
From the 4D<0 and 4D>0 signals, VD computers obtain the velocity beam Doppler products
(D1, D2, and D3) with Doppler sign sense. The computers convert these Doppler products into antenna
coordinates velocities Vxa, Vya, and Vza. With the velocity frequency trackers locked on, the VDG dis-
cretes gate the lateral (Vya) and forward (Vza) velocities, in d-c voltage form, to the X-pointer indicators;
the altitude rate (Vxa), a a PRF with altitude rate sign sense, to the ALT RATE indicator. The altitude
rate sign sense conveys positive or negative Doppler velocity. The VDG diseretes also gate the Vxa, Vya,
and Vza, as PRF, to the signal data circuits of the signal data/range converter subassembly.
From the range frequency converter output, the range frequency with Doppler (D4) and
Doppler sign sense is applied to range converter circuits of the signal data/range converter subassembly.
When discretes TL1 and TL2 are present, these circuits use a computer quantity Vxa to cancel the Doppler,
leaving Doppler-compensated range frequency as a PRF. The range converter circuits derive the quantity
\Vxa by adding the Doppler products D1 and D2 and then multiplying the resultant sum by 15/16. The range
frequency, as a PRF, is applied to an altitude mode switch circuit and to the signal data cireuits. When
the range frequency PRF is equivalent to 2,500 feet or less, a low-range PRF is gated out to the ALT.
indicator. A mode (M) discrete changes the altimeter oscillator/modulator frequeney-deviation rate
from 44 me to £20 me and switches the frequency trackers to narrow band-pass frequency operation.
The M discrete also enables a range low-scale factor discrete to the LGC. The signal data cireuits
convert the radar data, in PRF form, into the LGC 15-bit format. An LGC strobe command enables
signal data circuits to read out particular radar data (Vxa, Vya, Vaa, or range).
t GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Mission___LM Basic Date _15 December 1968 Change Date Page 2.2-121 LMA190-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA -
2.2.3.6.2 General Operation. (See figure 2.2-32.)
Using the LM controls and indicators, the astronauts can monitor the LM velocities, LM
altitude, and LR transmitter power and temperature; apply power to heat the antenna and power to the LR:
initiate LR self-test; and place the antenna in position No. 1 (descent) or 2 (hover). ‘The LR self-test
permits operational checks of the LR without radar returns from external sources.
‘The HEATERS: LDG RDR circuit breaker (panel 11) is closed at the launch pad and left
closed for the mission duration. This circuit breaker activates an antenna temperature control, which Y
applies power to antenna heaters to protect antenna components against the spatial cold when power is not
applied to the LR. Closing the PGNS: LDG RDR circuit breaker applies power to the LR power supply
and removes heater power {rom the antenna, The activated LR furnishes the antenna with 30 watts
minimum of dissipated power.
‘The LR is first turned on and self-tested for 5 minutes during LM checkout before separa~
tion from the CSM. The seli-test is accomplished by activating the LR with the PGNS: LDR RDR circuit
breaker, waiting 2 minutes for adequate warmup, and setting the RADAR TEST switch on panel 3 to LDG.
A self-test command activates self-test circuits, which apply simulated Doppler signals (9.6 kc) to the
LR velocity sensors and simulated lunar range signals (19.2 ke) to the altimeter sensor. After processing
by the antenna and electronics assemblies, these simulated self-test signals are monitored for expected
LM simulated forward and lateral velocities, with the X-pointer indicators, and for expected LM simu-
Tated altitude and altitude rate, with the ALT and ALT RATE indicators,
To monitor the LM simulated forward and lateral velocities with the X-pointer indicator on
panel I, switches on panel 1 are set to the following positions: MODE SEL to LDG RADAR, RATE/ERR
MON to LDG RDR/CMPTR, and X-POINTER SCALE to HI MULT or LO MULT. ‘The HI MULT position
provides a 200-fps scale and lights the X10 multiplier placard on the X-pointer indicator. ‘The LO MULT
position provides a 20-Ips scale. To monitor altitude and altitude rate, the RNG/ALT MON switch on
panel 1 is set to ALT/ALT/RT and the MODE SEL switch is left at LDG RADAR.
Altimeter transmitter and velocity transmitter power is monitored by setting the TEST/ —
MONITOR selector switch to ALT XMTR and VEL XMTR and observing the SIGNAL STRENGTH meter.
A half-seale reading indicates an acceptable minimum power-output level, LR antenna temperature is
monitored by setting the TEMP MONITOR selector switch to LDG and observing the TEMP Indicator for
an indication within the operating temperature range of +50° to +150° F.
If the range frequency tracker fails to lock on, the velocity data-no-good or range data-no~
good discrete are sent to the PCMTEA and are telemetered to MSFN. Antenna temperature data are also
telemetered.
After a successful LR self-test, the LR is deactivated and the RADAR TEST switch is set to
OFF. The LR is self-iested again before the start of LM powered descent, approximately 70,000 feet
above the lunar surface. ‘The LR is placed in lunar operation at approximately 50,000 feet and remains
operational until lunar touchdown,
Altitude is available to the LGC and on the ALT indicator at approximately 25,000 feet. The
slant range data are corrected by a cos 15° multiplication for a better indication of LM true altitude above
the lnar surface. At approximately 18,000 feet, the forward (Vza) and lateral (Vxa) velocities are avail-
able to the LGC and on the X-pointer indicators.
When the LM reaches an altitude of 200 feet, it makes a final pitch maneuver to orient the
X-axis perpendicular to the lunar surface. All velocity vectors should be near zero fps. This is done —
to permit the astronauts to make final, visual selection of the most desirable landing site and to manually
control the soft touchdown at the selected site. During this critical phase of the mission, the astronauts
obtain altitude and velocity data from the LR on the LM displays. The astronauts can select an automatic
or a manually controiled landing.
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Page 2.2-122 Mission_LM Basie Date__15 December 1968 _ Change Date. "ANT TEMP CONTROL
msn Ban MO seoloing oder sod degre
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emses. [oat] ov con F4] E+ [Ee 8
Figure 2.2-32, Landi
‘GUIDANCE, NAVIGA
Mission__LM. Basic Date__15 Decem LMA790-3-LM_
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA.
we
VELOCITY SIROMES (Ye Ye, Vos)
ame
[ANTENNA POSMION NO. 2
Ge we
ae
ANTENNA FOSmON NO.
vaguiry pare GOOD
BANGE DATA. GOOD
He ans
BANGE DATA NO 6000
TADEI BATA NO GOOD
Ti ANTENNA TEMPERATURE
saat
la t Vs
Q \ aon”
\
'
\
sta 4
At xe
Figure 2.2-82. Landing Radar - Function Flow Diagram
p GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Mission__LM Basic Date__15 December 1968 Change Date 15 June 1969 Page 2.2-123/2.2-124
rte LMAT90-3-LM.
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
In addition to displaying raw LR data, the displays can provide LR corrected/modified
PGNS data. ‘The LGC "knows" LR antenna position and vehicle attitude. This enables the LGC to per-
form the necessary calculations for coordinate transformation; that is, changing the LR-antenna-based
velocities and slant range to true altitude, altitude rate, and forward and lateral velocity. Because this
coordinate-transiormed information is more directly usable to the astronaut, PGNS information is
ordinarily displayed during powered descent. LR raw data are displayed only as a cross-check and/or
if problem occurs in the PGNS coordinate transformation. When touchdown is accomplished, the Li
is deactivated by opening all LR cireuit breakers.
2.2.3.6.3 Antenna Positions.
‘The LR antenna is oriented to position No. 1 (descent) or 2 (hover). Position No. 1 orients
the antenna boresight 24° with respect to the LM X-axis. In position No, 2, the antenna boresight is
parallel to the LM X-axis and perpendicular to the Z-axis; the angle between the antenna boresight and
the altimeter beam is 20.4°. (See figure 2.2-33.)
‘The LR antenna position is determined by the setting of the LDG ANT switch (panel 3)
Antenna position No. 1 is selected by setting the LDG ANT switch to DES; antenna position No, 2, with
the switch set to HOVER. If the switch is set to AUTO, the LGC commands the antenna to position No. 2
at the proper point on the descent trajectory,
With the LDG ANT switch set to AUTO, the LGC commands the LR antenna to position No. 2
‘when the LM pitch indicates that the LM is ready to execute the high-gate piteh-up maneuver, During this
maneuver, the LR antenna is tilted to position No. 2 at approximately 8,000 to 9,000 feet above the Iunar
BEAM ANGLES
BEAM CONFIGURATION
v ANTENNA, ‘AvriwereR
sane ae seam Arena
eam 2 eam 2.
sumnereR = eam 9
sean 1h ream
ANTENNA POSITION NO. 1 ANTENNA POSMION NO. 2
{POWERED Descent) ‘woven,
ANTENNA TILT ANGLES smn
Figure 2.2-33. Landing Radar - Antenna Beam Configuration
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Mission__LM Basic Date 15 December 1988 Change Date Page 2.2-195 LMAT90-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
surface, ‘The LR antenna position command energizes a DSKY relay solenoid, thereby applying an antenna
position No. 2 discrete to a pedestal motor switch, which switches a pedestal motor driver to the position
No. 2 activate command line. From the antenna pedestal motor driver, a current-amplified signal is,
routed through a closed cam-limit switch to drive the tilt-actuator motor. The driven motor tilts the LR
antenna to position No. 2.
When the antenna reaches position No. 2, a cam mechanism cuts off the motor drive signal
by opening the position No. 2 activate command limit switch. Any movement of the antenna, out of posi-
tion, closes a cam-limit switch, causing the LR antenna to be driven back. In antenna position No. 2,
only the position No. 1 activate command and position No. 2 indication switches are closed. A position
No. 2 indication diserete is sent to the LGC, which uses this discrete to transform radar data into inertial
coordinates for guidance computations. Only an antenna position No. 1 command can activate the tilt-
actuator motor to drive the LR antenna to antenna position No. 1.
‘The LR antenna is commanded manually by setting the LDG ANT switch to DES or HOVER.
In the DES position, an antenna position No. 1 antenna command causes the tilt-actuator motor to drive
the antenna to position No. 1. Only the position No. 2 activate command and position No. 1 indication
switches are closed. A position No. 1 diserete is sent to the LGC, which uses this diserete to transform
radar data into inertial coordinates for guidance computations. Only an antenna position No. 2 command
can activate the tilt-actuator motor to drive the LR antenna to antenna position No. 2. In the HOVER posi-
tion, a direct antenna position No. 2 diserete causes the tilt-actuator motor to drive the antenna to posi-
tion No. 2.
2.2.3.6.4 Antenna Beam Configuration. (See figure 2. 2-33.)
‘The antenna beam configuration provides the LR with velocity Doppler and range information
relative to the LM and the lunar surface, The Doppler shift along cach velocity Doppler beam (D1, D2,
and D3) is directly proportional to velocity along the beam between the LM and the lunar surface. "A
closing velocity beam conveys positive Doppler sense; an opening velocity beam, negative Doppler sense.
By linearly {requency-modulating the altimeter beam carrier frequency, the frequency difference between
the transmitted and received altimeter beams becomes the range frequency with Doppler component, The
Doppler component is removed later, leaving a Doppler-compensated range frequency, which is propor
tional fo the beam transit time.
Regardless of whether the LR antenna is in position No. 1 or 2, the beam angle relationships
remain the same between the received altimeter and velocity beams and the antenna boresight, By using
formulas based on these beam angle relationships, the LR derives the LR antenna coordinate velocities
Vxa, Vya, and Va.
Above 2,500 feet, the altimeter X-band (9.58 gc) microwave energy has a frequency-devia-
tion range of #4 me; below 2, 500 feet, a frequency-deviation range of #20 me. Transmitter microwave
energy samples are continuously mixed with the return energy. The resultant frequency difference
(range frequency) is proportional to a sawtooth frequency-deviation rate, and two times the distance to
the lunar surface.
‘The DVS transmitting array, consisting of parallel waveguides with E-plane slots, forms
and propagates the velocity beam microwave energy for detection by three-separate DVS receiving arrays.
Each receiving array is structurally positioned for maximum gain in the direction of the corresponding
transmitted beam. The altimeter beam transmitting array consists of parallel waveguides with H-plane
slots. Each returning velocity two-way beam width is 3.7° E-plane and 7.3° H-plane. The returning
altimeter two-way beamwidth is 3.9° E-plane and 7.5° H-plane.
In antenna position No. 1, the beam group center is displaced in the X-Z plane by 24° from
LM -X-axis toward the -Z-axis. In antenna position No. 2, the beam group center is parallel to the LM
X-axis and the computed velocities are therefore LM velocities. Range is always range along the
altimeter beam.
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Page 2.2126 Mission_LM Basie Date__15 December 1968 Change Date LMAT90-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK,
‘SUBSYSTEMS DATA
WS
At approximately 25, 000 feet, the LR should detect velocity beams No. 1 and 2 and the if
altimeter beam. When this occurs, altitude is displayed on the ALT indicator and remains available to
the LGC until lunar touchdown. The displayed slant range data are corrected by a cos 15° multiplication
for a better indication of true altitude to the lunar surface.
Due to the LM altitude, relative beam angles, and presently assumed lunar backscatter
coefficient, the LR will not acquire the velocity beam No. 3 reflected microwave energy until approxi-
mately 18,000 feet. The velocity data then are available to the LGC and velocities Vya and Vza can be
\— displayed on the X-pointer indicators. Tn the LM high-gate pitch-up maneuver, the LR antenna is tilted
to position No. 2 (hover). ‘The antenna group beam center is now parallel with the LM X-axis.
Antenna position No. 1 and beam angles are selected to optimize range accuraey at 15,000
feet. Antenna position No. 2 and beam angies are selected to optimize range and velocity accuracy from
8, 600-foot altitude to lunar touchdown.
2.2.3.7 Control Electronics Seetion, (See figure 2.2-34.)
‘The CES processes attitude and translation signals when operating in the primary guidance
mode or the abort guidance mode.
‘When operating in the primary guidance made, the CES performs the following functions:
© Converts RCS commands to the required electrical power to operate the RCS
solenoid valves,
¢ Accepts discrete (on and off) descent engine gimbal commands and, upon receipt
of an on command, causes the descent engine to move about its gimbal axes
© Accepts LGC and manual engine on and off commands and routes them to the
MPS to fire or stop the descent or ascent engine
© Accepts LGC and manual thrust commands to throttle the descent engine 10%
to 92.5% of its range
© Provides manual attitude and translation commands to the LGC,
‘When operating in the abort guidance mode, the CES performs the following functions:
«Accepts attitude error signals from the AGS, or manual attitude rate commands
from the ACA’s and rate-damping signals from the RGA, and fires the RCS
‘TCA's to achieve attitude contrel
Accepts manual translation commands and fires the TCA's to accelerate the LM
in the desired direction
© Automatically gimbals the descent engine for trim control in accordance with
signal polarity
* Accepts AGS and manual engine on and off commands and routes them to the
descent or ascent engine
© Accepts manual throttle commands to control descent thrust,
© Accepts manual rotational low amplitude acceleration gpen loop commands, .
The CES comprises two ACA's, two TTCA's, four electronic assemblies and an 600-cps
synchronization loop. An ACA and a PTCA are provided in the LM cabin, for each astronaut; they are
right- and left-hand controls, respectively. The electronic assemblies include the ATCA, RGA, DECA,
and two GDA's. Although they are not major assemblies, the S&C control assemblies and the gimbal
angle sequencing transformation assembly (GASTA) of the CES are discussed in paragraph 2.2. 4.8.8
and 2.2.4.6.9 to provide comprehensive coverage of the CES.
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Mission__LM Basie Date__15 December 1968 Change Date 15 June 1969 __ Page 2.2-127 LMA790-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
eee
2.2.3.7.1 Attitude Controller Assemblies. (See figure 2.2-35.)
The ACA's are three-axis, pistol-grip controllers, Either astronaut can command attitude
changes, using his ACA. ‘The ACA is installed with its longitudinal axis approximately parallel to the
LM X-axis so that vehicle rotations correspond to astronaut hand movement when operating the ACA,
Clockwise or counterclockwise rotation of the ACA about its longitudinal axis commands yaw right or yaw
left, respectively. Forward or aft movement of the controller commands vehicle pitch down or up,
respectively. Left or right movement of the controller commands roll left or right, respectively. The
ACA performs the following functions:
© Supplies attitude rate commands proportional to ACA handle displacement, to the
LGC and ATCA
‘* Supplies low amplitude pulse rotational acceleration open loop commands to ATCA/
RCS during AGS control
Supplies an out-of-detent discrete each time the ACA handle is out of the neutral
position
¢ Supplies a followup discrete to the AEA each time the ACA is out of detent, when
the AGS is in control and operating in the attitude hold mode. The followup dis-
crete is present at all times.
Provides a switch for the push-to-talk function, required for communications.
¢ Supplies 2-jet direct operation under AGS control, through the RCS secondary
cols.
@ Provides for 4-jet direct operation, which is available at all times, through the
RCS secondary coils as a manual override.
‘The ACA's are also used in an incremental landing point designator (LPD) mode, which is
available to the astronauts during the final approach phase. In this mode, the angular error between the
designated landing site and the desired landing site is nulled by repetitive manipulation of an ACA. LPD.
signals from the ACA are directed to the LGC, which issues commands to move the designated landing
site incrementally along the Y-axis and Z-axis
2.2.3.7.2 Thrust/Translation Controller Assemblies. (See figure 2.2-36.)
Either astronant's TTCA can be used for manual control of LM translation in any axis, de~
pending on the setting of the THROTTLE-JETS select lever. ‘The THROTTLE position is selected for
translation control, using the descent engine and the thrusters; JETS, for translation control, using only
the thrusters.
Due to the TTCA mounting position, LM translations correspond approximately to astronaut
hand movement when operating the TTCA, Moving the TTCA to the left or right commands translation
to the left or right respectively along the Y-axis. Moving the TTCA inward or outward commands
translation forward or ait respectively along the Z-axis. Moving the TTCA upward or downward com-
mands translation up or down respectively, along the X-axis when the THROTTLE-JETS select lever
is set to JETS. When the select lever is set to THROTTLE, up or down movement of the TTCA in
creases or decreases, respectively, the magnitude of descent engine thrust. Regardless of the select
lever position selected, the TTCA can command translation along the Y-axis and Z-axis using the RCS
thrusters.
2.2.3.7.3 Attitude and Translation Control Assembly, (See figure 2. 2-37.)
‘The ATCA processes signals from the ACA, TTCA, RGA, and AEA in the AGS mode and
from the LGC in the PGNS mode. The ATCA provides control of LM translation and rotation in all three
axes, using the thrusters. Automatic and manual control are available in the primary guidance and abort
muidance modes.
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Page 22-128 Mission_LM Basic Date__15 December 1968 Change Date LMA790-3-LM.
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
re
WS
The ATCA performs the following functions in the primary guidance mode: Gna
¢ Under automatic attitude hold control, conditions the thruster commands from the
LGC
‘Supplies regulated 800-cps, three-phase and single-phase power to the RGA, and
relerence 800-cps, single-phase power to the FDAI's, AGS, IS, backup RR
servo transducers (manual mode).
! GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Mission LM Basie Date_15 December 1968 Change Date 15 September 1969 Page 2.2-128A/2. 2-125 START ABORT STAGE pxodess
tonnes
NAVIGATION
secre
ACA OUZORDETENT SIGNAL
sare ovao [Lancy
1M INDICATION
MANUAL DESCENT ENGINE START SIO»
AUTOMATIC PGNS DESCENT ENGINE ASCENT ENGINE ON.OFF COMMANDS
ALAUTOMATIC DEADRAND SELECT
[MANUAL DESCENT ENGINE THROTTLE COMMANDS
15 10 HATE DISPLAY
45 PAMPLIFER ENABLE lArimupe AND TRanstation: PROPORTIONAL ANGULAR RATE COMMANDS
‘cowneot ASSEMBLY
L AUTORWOT Res CONMMANOS PULSE COMMANDS
ANGULAR BATE SGNALS
‘cumBal FEEDBACK COMMANDS ent ane eae
A DESCENT ENGINE THROTTLE COMMANDS
bascen ENGINE
aninype comrsouce
AUTOMATIC AGS ‘seas
‘escent ENGINE
Sn CoMnUANs
ULOF DETENT SONAL
Figure 2..2-34.
GUIDANCE,
Mission LM. Basic Date 3 LMA790-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
INE ON OFF COMMANDS.
wo
[TRUST TRARSLATION
CONTROLLER ASSEMLES
QUUAR BATE COMMANDS
rive acruaToRs
wo
anmype contwouee
wo lL
(MECHANICAL INTERFACE
ENGINE ABM COMMAND
| GROIN
Le
|
Le
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‘asses
Figure 2,
“PRAXIS TRANSLATION OVERRIDE
Control-Eleetronics Section
Block Diagram
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Mission LM Basic Date
15 December 1968 Change Date_15 June 1969
Page _2.2-129/2,2-130 LMA790-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
PUSHIOTAIK YAW.RIGNT YAW YAW LT
eNrtad
errr soe
row,
ou
ter
sou ariupe
amimuoe oe
artituoe
conTROLLER
(rsroL-cn HANDLE)
Figure 2.2-35. ACA Manipulations
© Supplies regulated d-c power to the DECA, ACA, TTCA, and S&C control assem-
blies and internal d-c power to the ATCA
© Accepts externally generated ground diseretes at the primary jet drivers pre-
amplifiers during the digital autopilot (DAP) mode for RCS actuation 1
‘The ATCA performs the following functions in the abort guidance mode:
© Accepts 800-cps attitude error signals, rate command signals, and rate gyro
signals for the purpose of generating on and off thruster commands
© Sums, amplifies, limits, demodulates, and deadband attitude and rate (command
and gyros) signals to produce vehicle rotation commands.
© Determines, by combination of rotation and translation commands in the logic
cirouitry, the appropriate pulse ratio modulators and jet solenoids to be
energized, Proper thruster selection provides the desired rotation and trans-
lation,
© Accepts external open-loop, low-level rotation commands directly at the logic net-
works (pulse mode)
Provides trim signals to the DECA
© Provides d-c voltages to the ACA, TTCA, DECA, and the control panel, and
internal d-c voltages to the ATCA
¢ Provides synchronized 800-eps, three-phase power to the RGA and 800-cps single-
phase power to the ACA, TTCA, RGA, AGS, FDAI's, IS (during manual mode
only), and RR backup servo transducers
¢ Accepts and processes mode-changing external signals to effect changes in rate gain
due to changes in vehicle inertia (during APS or DPS operations), a change in
deadbands {manually set), and a change in 2 jet - 4 jet rotation commands, but
dependent upon engine propulsion modes.
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Mission__LM. Basic Date__15 December 1968 Change Date15 September 1969 Page 2.2-131 LMA790-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
THRUST/ TRANSLATION “+X. AXISTRANSLATON
TERANDLE CONTROL contol
1. ANS TRANSLATION urwaso wovemenn,
(oURWARD MoVENEN)
eerwaro
em one N
Y-AXIS TRANSLATION.
ORR MovenenT)
(GIGHE WARD. MOVEMENT
42. AxIs TRANSLATION
=X-AMIS TRANSLATION ICON THIOTILEJETS Y-AXIS TRANSLATION
ees eal Cone. Select Leven HS coma
‘THROTTLE JETS SELECT LEVER SET TO JETS
‘aUsT/ TRANSLATION +X ARIS TRANSLATION wom ers
TWANDUE CONTHOR Descent engine onal SECT LEVER
=2- WS TRANSLATION. (wasn mOvenen)
(oun Movenenn)
Sy
—1- AUS TRANSLATION,
Ny
Ke
Se,
(NARS NovEMENT)
[DOWNWARD MOVEMENT) (RIGHTWARD MOVEMENT
42-ANIS TRANSLATION
Res tnt
=X AxS TRARSATION rnchon $F. AXIS TRANSLATION.
Descent engin coir! CONTROL Res contol
‘THROTTLE-JETS SELECT LEVER SET TO THROTTLE
Figure 2.2-36. TTCA Manipulations
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Page_2.2-132_Mission_LM Basie Date__15 December 1968 Change Date PCH Taw entOR
pret arnmupe
FROM _RATE COMMANDS och woe
Fon __ RATE SIGNALS
Feom BATE COMMANDS
rout sane
faoy souarmoc rors | [Tso roca
rngy 1218 connnvos — oenoouaton wou woe
foe ANE SNS it Seats
cof a or wer sescr
loewoouaron.
FERRENee 2
<3
es Hinge
asec | ro mrema
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he 43 vor To BcTeRNAL
Bets, soo cps PP ERCUS OF Aten
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Figure 2,2-37, Attit
‘GUD
Mission__LM Basie Di LMA790-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
‘SUBSYSTEMS DATA.
‘RES
FROM FNS oR AGs—ZEVOE ENABLE
aPuiek
i
(e"20
conta
;
Task
aw woe vaw pe way "igusten ae |
wens Takes uo, auc
eADBAND
Pose ean
i
FOU.
ABRAND
it
ooUle
sis yvoc
Havoc ERCUTS OF ATCA
“s¥0c
re vec
via voc To exreesat
Bees, 800 cos FP SEINE OF ATCA
24 VAC, 34, 800 CFS
(LLL AUN
Figure 2.2-37, Attitude and Translation Control Assembly - Simplified Block Diagram
(Attitude Hold and Auto Modes)
: GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Mission__LM Basic Date__15 December 1968 Change Date_15 June 1969 Page 2.2-133/%
rtd L.MA790-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
In the primary guidance mode, only the primary preamplifiers are enabled by the GUID
CONT swith. The circuits in the ATCA remain fully active when used with the PGNS, but automatic and
manual steering and translation commands from the jet selection logic are inhibited at the PRM outputs.
Regulated d-c power and the synchronized 600-cps power are still supplied from the ATCA. In this
functional mode, the ATCA electronically switches the thruster command ground diseretes from the
LGC to provide driving power for RCS jet solenoid actuation and provides vehicle rotation rates to the
FDAI's. In the abort guidance mode, only the abort preamplifiers are enabled and thruster signals from
the pulse ratio modulators are switched to drive the RCS primary solenoids. The BAL CPL switeh
(panel 1) must be set to ON to enable all 16 abort preamplifiers. If the BAL CPL switch is set to OFF,
the four abort preamplifiers that control the upward-firing thrusters (AIU, B2U, A3U, and B4U) are dis-
abled, if necessary, to optimize conditions during ascent engine firing.
In the abort guidance mode, pitch, roll, and yaw signals are processed in three similar
channels. Attitude error signals from the AGS are applied to the ATCA in the automatic mode and the
attitude hold mode with the ACA's in detent. When the DEAD BAND switch {panel 3) is set to MIN (narrow
deadband), the error signals are first passed through limiters to prevent excessive vehicle rates. The
limiters maintain the vehicle rates at a maximum of 10°/sec in pitch and 5°/see in roll and yaw during
descent or ascent phases. When the DEAD BAND switeh is set to MAX (wide deadband), the limiter is
eliminated, The error signals are next summed with rate-damping signals from the RGA. In the attitude
hold mode, with an ACA out of detent, proportional attitude-rate commands are summed with the RGA
rate-damping signals. The gains of the summing amplifiers are changed when the LM is staged, to
account for the change in vehicle moment of inertia. The summed a-c signals are changed to de by keyed
emodulators and filters, In the roll and pitch channels, the demodulator output is routed to the DECA to
control descent engine trim. ‘The deadband cireuitry provides for a wide deadband (-5° to +5°) or a
narrow deadband (-0.3° to +0.3” roll and piteh; 0.4° to +0.4° yaw). If the ascent or descent engine is
turned on, the narrow deadband is automatieally selected. When the engines are turned off, the deadband
depends upon the setting of the DEAD BAND switeh.
In the automatic and attitude hold modes, the attitude error signals from the deadband cir
cuits are routed to the logic summing amplifiers, which drive the proper pulse ratio modulator (PRM) and
reaction jet driver. In the pulse mode, d-c voltage discretes from the ACA's are directly routed to the
logic summing amplifiers. Using one summing amplifier to drive one thruster or the other in the eight
opposing pairs, depending on the polarity of the ACA output, eliminates the possibility of wasting fuel by
simultaneously firing opposing thrusters. Roll, piteh, and X axis translation are controlled by the vertical
thrusters: yaw, Y-axis translation, and Z-axis translation, by the horizontal thrusters. The eight summing
amplifiers combine the attitude signals and translation eommands from the TTCA and apply the resultant
signals to eight PRM’s. Logie circuitry determines whether two or four thrusters (jets\ fire for X-axis,
translation, pitch, and roll, as well as, the net number of jets activated by combination signals, Also manual
operation of 2 or 4 jets in X-translation and pitch or roll ona single axis basis is possible using ATCA,
‘The eight PRM’s generate pulses, whose width and frequency vary according tothe input volt-
ge, to control the duty cycle of the thrusters. The pulse output of each PRM is fed to a pair of solenoid
ver preamplifiers and jet drivers. Each pulse from the PRM fires one of a pair of opposing Uirusters,
depending on the polarity of the input voltages to the PRM. When the pulse is applied, the jet drivers,
which act as solid-state switches, supply a ground path tothe solenoid coil of the thruster, This action
completes anelectrical path for the solenoid coil, and the thruster fires for the duration of the PRM pulse.
2.2.3.7.4 Rate Gyro Assembly.
The RGA senses pitch, roll, and yaw rates and applies the 800-eps rate signals to the ATCA,
‘The ATCA uses the 800-cps rate signals to rate-damp the attitude control loop when the AGS is in control,
Rate signals are displayed on the FDAI from monitor points at the ATCA inputs.
2.2.3.7.5 Descent Engine Control Assembly. (See figure 2.2-38.)
‘The DECA processes four descent-engine-coatrolling outputs, as follows:
© Engine-throttling commands from the astronauts (manual) and the PGNS (automatic)
© PGNS or ATCA signals to position the GDA's to control engine trim
© Engine arm commansls to actuate the fuel and oxidizer isolation valves in the
descent engine
© On and off commands to control descent engine ignition and shutdown,
@ _ Issues GDA operation and DC supply failure notification to IS
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
LM. Basic Date__15 December 1968 __ Change Date_15 September 1969_Paye 2. LMA790-3-LM.
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
sum posmive (EXTEND ow nETRAC,
From icc ¢ “Ta NEGATIVE ro enc
rom arca, 6 PITCH TRIM ERROR reeonack GDA
ENG Gray GIMBAL ENABLE rom
Re ee
CONTEOL
Auromanic on
ROM THR CONT SWITCH
ATOM THT
DESCENT
ENGINE
Rom __ MANUAL THROTTLE manuat | _manuat throm,
Trea, taRoTne
428 voe a
FROM (ON-OFF COMMAND
ccowrtor § escent ewoine Aww nome An
ASEM
+415. AND —15vo1r
wen
From _0-¢ BG. to nvreenan cimcurs
inca rower oF orca,
From _115¥, 200 cP5 sore risv, 400 crs
es -———e
Figure 2.2-38. Descent Engine Control Assembly - Simplified Block Diagram
2.2.3.7.6 Gimbal Drive Actuators
The GDA's, under control of the DECA, tilt the descent engine along the pitch and roll axes
so that the thrust vector goes through the LM center of gravity. One GDA controls the pitch gimbal, the
other controls the roll gimbal.
2.2.3.4.7 Control Electronics Section Modes of Operation.
‘The PGNS, in conjunction with the CES, provides automatic control of LM attitude, transla~
tion, and descent or ascent propulsion maneuvers. Automatic control can be overridden by the astronauts,
with manual inputs. As backup for PGNS control, the AGS, supplemented by manual inputs, can be used
if the PGNS malfunctions, Table 2, 2-23 contains a summary of the CES modes of attitude control.
Altitude Control, (See figure 2.2-39.) LM attitude is controlled by X, ¥, and Z axes, There are five
modes of attitude control: automatic, attitude hold, pulse, direct, and hardover (manual override). ‘The
automatic and attitude hold modes are selected with the MODE CONTROL: PGNS or AGS switch; the
pulse and direct modes, with the ATTITUDE CONTROL: ROLL, PITCH, and YAW switches.
Automatic Mode. The automatic mode provides fully automatic attitude control. During PGNS control,
the LGC generates the required thruster commands and routes them to the ATCA, The jet drivers in the
ATCA provide thruster on and off commands to selected RCS primary solenoids for altitude changes. In
the abort guidance mode, roll, pitch, and yaw attitude error signals are generated in the AGS and sent to
the ATCA. These error signals are passed through limiters and then are combined with damping signals
from the RGA, demodulated, passed through selectable deadband circuits, jet select logic circuits,
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Page 2.2-136 _Mission_LM Basie Date__18 December 1968 Change Date __ apd
‘Table 22-23. Control Blectronies Section ~ Summary of Modes of Attitude Co
switebes and Guidance Manual Attitude | Manual Translation Artin
Mode Positions ‘Signals Control Control Damp
Automatic | MODE CONTROL: Automatic steering | N/A Linear translation of | Accompii
(ens. AUTO and translation are | (See remarks LM by on-and-off in Lac,
contrat) | GUID CONT sw ~ PONS performed by LEC | for manual firing of thrusters
ATTITUDE CONTROL: ROLL, | commands €0 jet override) when TTCA is maved
PITCH, and YAW sw = arivere, ‘out of detent
MODE CONT (normally)
Aitinide | MODP CONTROL: PGNS sw- | Stabilization is Attitude rate Linear translation of || Accompli
hold ATT HOLD. accomplished by commands are | LM by on-and-off in LGC
(@GNs GUID CONT sw - PONS TGC commands proportional to | firing of thrusters
control) | ATTITUDE CONTROL: ROLL, | to jetdrivers. ACA displace- | when TTCA is moved,
PITCH, and YAW sw ~ ment, LM atti-
MODE CONT (normally) ‘ude is held to
value when ACA
Is returned to
detent.
Automatic. | MODE CONTROL: AGS sw ~ Automatic steering | N/A Linear translation of | Rate gyro
(acs AUTO | Signals from AGS (See remarks LM by on-and-olf signals 2
control) | GUID CONT sw - acs | are centto CES to | for manual Airing of thrusters ‘med with
ATTITUDE CONTROL: ROLL, | command changes override) when TTCA is moved, | steering
PITCH, and YAW ss — in LM attinde, Signals
MODE CONT
Attitude | MODE CONTROL: AGS sw - Automatic sta~ Applied attitude | Translation com- Rate gyro
hola ATE HOLD bilization signals, rate commands | mands slong LM signals su
(acs GUID CONT sw - AGS: which maintain are proportional | axes by on-and-off med with
control) | ATTITUDE CONTROL: ROLL, | Lat attitude, to ACA displace- | firing of thrusters stabilizath
PITCH, and YAW sw - ment. LMatti- | when TTCA is signals
MODE CONT tude is held to | moved out of
acquired value | detent
when ACA is re
turned to detent.
Pulse MODE CONTROL: AGS sw - Abort guidance Astronaut com- | ‘Translation com- No vate de
AUTO or ATT HOLD signals interrupted | mands angular | mands along LM ing in axis
GUID CONT sw - AGS (on individual-axis, acceleration axes by on-and-off selected
ATTITUDE CONTROL: ROLL, | basis, through Tow firing of theusters
PITCH, and YAW sw — frequency puls- | when TTCA 18 moved
PULSE’ (Seleoted on individual Ing of thrusters | out of detent
axis basis) two jets).
GUIDANCE, NA
Mission___LM Basic Date 15. APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
LMA790-3-LM
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
conies Section ~ Summary of Modes of Attitude Control
Attitude | Manual ‘Translation Attitude Engine Gimbal
trol Control Damping Control Remarks
Linear translation of | Accomplished | Pitch and roll gimbal | All thruster commands from LGC go
narks EM by on-and-off in Lec commands from LGC | directly to primary preamplifies
ual firing of thrusters applied to DECA, Attitude control funetion is over-
» when TTCA is moved ridden by operating ACA to hardover
fut of detent position, thereby commanding on~
‘and-off four-jet operation through
secondary coils of thruster solenoid
valves, #X-axis translation Is
‘obtained by commanding four-jet
‘operation direct to RCS secondary
coils, by pressing +X TRANSL
pushbutton on panel
rate Linear translation of | Accomplished | Pitch and roll gimbal | Same as for automatic mode (PGNS
sare | LM by on-and-off in Loc commands from LGC | control), “Minimum impulse mode
onal to | firing of thrusters applied to DECA is made available by entering com
place- | when TTCA is moved. ‘mand into DSKY, In this mode, LG
DI atti- commands one RCS pulge each lime
feld to ACA is moved past 2.5° nominally
ten ACA, from detent.
ted to
Linear translation of | Rate gyro. Pitch and roll gimbal | All thruster commands go through
varks LM by on-and-off signals sum- | commands derived ATCA jetselect logic and PRM. Att
‘al firing of thrusters med with from ATCA summed | tude control funetion is overridden by
) when TTCA is moved. | steering error channels ‘operating ACA to hardover position,
signals thereby commanding on-and-off four~
jetoperation through secondary coils
“ofthruster solenoid valves and bypass-
ing jet select logic, PRM's, and Jet
drivers. +X-axis translation is obtained
by commanding four-jet operation direct}
to RCA secondary coll, by pressing
SX TRANSL pushbutton’ 2 or 4 jet op-
eration on single axis basis optional
forpiteh or roll and X-translation with
no MPS power. High and ow gain rate
depends on ascvent/lescent condition.
‘ttinde | Translation com- Rate gyro Pitch and roll gimbal | Same as for automatic mode (AGS
mands | mands along LM signals sum- | commands derived control). High and low gain rate
ortional | axes by on-and-off med with from ATCA summed | depends on ascent/deseent condition.
isplace- | firing of thrusters stabilization | error channels
Watti- | when TCA is signals
Adto | moved out of
value | detent
Vis re-
detent.
com- | Translation com- No rate damp- ] No AGS control Same as for automatic mode
polar | mands along LM ing in axis (AGS control)
fon axes by on-and-off selected
me firing of thrusters
puls- | when TCA is moved
asters | cut of detent
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Mission__LM. Basic Date 15 December 1968 __ Change Date_15 September 1969 Page2.2-137
Cred LMA790-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
‘Table 2.2-28. Control Eleetronies Section ~
Summary of Modes of Attitude Control (
Guidance
‘Signals
Manual Attitude
Control
‘Manual Translation
Control
Attitude
Damping
Switehes and
Mode Positions,
Direet MODE CONTROL: AGS sw -
AUTO or ATT HOLD
GUID CONT sw ~ 408
ATTITUDE CONTROL: ROLL,
PITCH, and YAW sw —
DIR (selected en individual-
axis basis)
Abort guidance
signals interrupted
fon individual-anis
basis.
Astronaut eom=
‘mands angular
acceleration
‘through on~and-
off firing of
ehrusters (Lwo-
Jet operation
direct 10
‘secondary
coils).
‘Translation com-
‘mands along LM
faxes by on-and-off
Firing, of trusters
when TTCA is moved
‘out of detent
No rate damp
ing in axis
selected
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Page_2.2-138 _Mission_LM Basic Date,
15 December 1968
Change Date
15 June 1969 titudle Control (cont)
Attitode Bogine Gimbal
Damping ‘Control Remarks,
No rate damp- | No AGS control Same as for automatic mode
ing in axis (AGS control), except that
selected attitude commands for selected
axis are directly applied to RCS
secondary coils arrirupe
cOntRouge
‘ASSEMBLY. ACS JET SECC
RCs JET tc
2 WRECT
vaste
&
tf
Hom exmoswe ones
Figu
Mission LM LMA790-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
PHECH, ROU, YAW ATINUDE emRoRS
ACS. J61 SEC CMD, x ANS. 210)
Tics JT SEC ©n0, x TRANSL(AID)
RCS JET SEC END. PX TRANSL (30)
ICH ATTTUDE ERO
SIFT SEC_CMD, PX TRANSL (a8)
USE PCH COMMAND.
BCS JET SEC CMDS (I
Win ReiAY Re
2uET CECT COMMANDS (16)
rou aime ema TN ETE COANE
ROU RATE GYRO.
+
HOM ec
som aca CONOL ROW SHITE
See CONTROL
BSE RON CORIANE
0 jn A)
conten #04, Serre
Taw COMIN
ACTRANSIATION 4 J5.2 JS sheer
PCH ROL TWO mRUSTER SECT
E-TRANSLATION COMMANE
r TLTRANSLATION COMMAND
X TRANSLATION 4 15.2615
FROM AONE DEMIS
SARE COMMAND
SECT RETURN
Figure 2.2-39. Attitude and Translation Control Schematic (Sheet 1 of 2)
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Mission__LM. Basic Date__15 December 1968 Change Date___15 June 1969 _ Page 2.2-139
CONE tad LMA790-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
‘SUBSYSTEMS DATA
[ATTITUDE AND TRANSLATION CONTROL ASSEMBLY
[es
regen
Tinea :
ren
Een
weowaror || [1 :
+ { +:
mae em Spun U U
aoe py ase t
= [i wR
sou ras pe tt
on mos) | ++ [7] wots
‘AND RATE, 5 we
acm 4 - ion
ruse wou exo ma
oo ro ete use a t
eect ' aa anes ra
t tT SOLENOD
use Yaw exo \ > ruse ae t
' { pe] es
1 ee
428 VOC a —-| Wy
' tf fae
! tH vase His ‘ene
rr. t
rs. re ee
ou a
; Sot Garon) c
Page,
Figure
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
2.2140 Mission LM.
Attitude and Translation Control Schematic (Sheet 2 of 2)
Basic Date__ 15 December 1968
Change Date
15 June 1969 LMA730-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
(Pages 22-141 thru 2, 2-144 intentionally left blank).
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Mission__LM. Basic Date__15 December 1968 __Change Date__15 June 1969_ Page 2. 2-141
Ny LMA790-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
PRM's and jet driver amplifiers, which fire the RCS jets. The jet select logic determines which jets tire PG
to correct the attitude errors. In the primary and abort guidance modes, the astronaut can override
attitude control about all three LM axes by initiating hardover commands with the ACA.
Attitude Hold Mode. This is a semiautomatic mode, in which cither astronaut can command an attitude
change at an angular rate proportional to ACA displacement. LM attitude is held when the ACA is in the
detent (neutral) position. In the primary guidance mode, rate commands proportional to ACA displace-
ment are sent to the LGC. The LGC operates on these commands and provides signals to the jet drivers
in the ATCA to command rotation rates by means of the thrusters. When the ACA is returned to the
neutral position, LM rotation stops and the LGC maintains the new attitude, In the abort guidance mode,
with the ACA in the neutral position, LM attitude is held by means of AGS error signals, When an ACA
is moved out of the detent position, the attitude error signals from the AGS are set to zero, Rate com-
mands proportional to ACA displacement are processed in the ATCA, and the thrusters are fired until
the desired vehicle rate is achieved. When the ACA is returned to the detent position, the vehicle rate is
reduced to zero and the AGS holds the LM in the new attitude.
Pulse Mode. The pulse mode (minimum impulse control) is selected by 2 DSKY entry (verb 76) when the
PGNS is in control and operating in the attitude hold mode, For minimum impulse control, the LGC
commands a minimum impulse burn for each movement of the ACA beyond 2. 5° of the detent position,
‘The ACA must be momentarily returned to the detent position between each impulse command. The
maximum rate at which minimum impulses can be commanded is approximately five per second. In this
mode, the astronaut performs rate damping and attitude steering. When the AGS is in control, the pulse
mode is an open-loop mode. It is selected on an individual-axis (roll, pitch, and yaw) basis by setting
the appropriate ATTITUDE CONTROL switch (ROLL, PITCH or YAW) to PULSE. When the pulse mode
is selected, automatic attitude control about the selected axis is disabled and a fixed train of pulses is
generated when the ACA is displaced. To change attitude in this mode, the ACA must be moved past I
2.5° from detent; this commands acceleration about the selected axis. To terminate LM rotation, an
‘opposite acceleration about the same axis must be commanded.
Direct Mode. The direct mode is also an open-loop acceleration mode. It is selected on an individual~
axis basis by setting the appropriate ATTITUDE CONTROL switch (ROLL, PITCH or YAW) to DIR.
Automatic AGS attitude control about the selected axis is disabled and direct commands to two thrusters
are routed to the RCS secondary solenoids when the ACA is displaced 2.5°. The thrusters fire con-
tinuously until the ACA is returned to the detent position.
Hardover Mode. In an emergency, the ACA can be displaced to the maximum limit (hardover position)
to command an immediate attitude change about any axis. This displacement applies signals directly to
the RCS secondary solenoids to fire four thrusters. ‘This maneuver can be implemented in any attitude
control mode.
‘Translation Control. (See figure 2.2-39.) Automatic and manual translation control are available in all
three axes, using the RCS. Automatic control consists of thruster commands from the LGC to the jet
drivers in the ATCA, These commands are used for translations of small velocity increments and for
ullage settling before ascent or descent engine ignition after coasting phases. Manual control in the
primary guidance mode consists of on and off commands from a TTCA, through the LGC, to the primary
preamplifiers. In the abort guidance mode, only manual control is available. Control consists of on
ind off commands from a TTCA to the jet selected logic in the ATCA, ‘The voltage is sufficient to saturate
the PRM's and provide control of the thrusters. RCS thrust (+X ~axis) is available when the +X TRANSL
pushbutton is pressed. The secondary solenoids of the four dowaward-firing thrusters (BID, A2D, B3D,
AdD) are energized as long as the +X TRANSL pushbutton is pressed.
Descent Engine Control. (See figure 2.2-40.) Descent engine control accomplishes major changes in
IM velocity.
Ignition and Shutdown. Descent engine ignition is controlled by the PGNS and the astronaut through the
CES. Before ignition, the engine must be armed by setting the ENG ARM switch (panel 1) to DES. This
action sends an engine arm discrete to the LGC and to the S&C control assemblies. Engine-on commands
from the LGC or AGS are routed to the DECA through the S&C control assemblies. When it receives the
engine arm and start discretes from the S&C control assemblies, the DECA commands the descent engine
on. The engine remains on until an engine-off discrete is initiated with either stop pushbutton (panels 5
and 6). An engine-off discrete is generated when the aV reaches a predetermined value. The astronauts
‘can command the engine on or off, using the engine START (panel 5) and stop pushbuttons.
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL SUPSYSTEM
Mission__LM Basic Date_15 December 1968 Change Date_15 September 1969 Page 2.2-145 ‘LMAT90-3-LM
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
SUBSYSTEMS DATA
Throttle Control, Descent engine throttle (thrust) can be controlled by the PGNS and/or the astronauts,
Automatic throttle (increase/decrease) signals from the LGC are sent to the DECA, The analog output of
the DECA controls descent engine thrust from 10% to maximum thrust (2.5%). In the automatic mode
(THR CONT switch set to AUTO), the astronauts can use the TTCA's to increase descent engine thrust.
When the THR CONT switch is set to MAN, the astronaut has complete control over descent engine thrust.
Ifa TTCA is used for throttle control, X-axis translation capability is disabled,
‘Trim Control. Descent engine trim is automatically controlled during the primary guidance and abort
guidance modes, to compensate for center-of-gravity offsets during descent engine operation. In the
primary guidance mode, the LGC routes trim on and off signals in two directions, for each gimbal axis,
to the DECA. These sifnals operate power control cireuitry, which drives the GDA's. In the abort
guidance mode, Y- and Z-axis signals that drive the GDA's are routed irom the ATCA to the DECA. The
GDA's tilt the descent engine along the Y-axis and Z-axis a maximum of +6° or -6° from the X-axis.
GDA's are activated during periods when descent engine is armed,
Ascent Engine Control, (See figure 2.241.) Ascent engine ignition and shutdown can be initiated by the
‘BGNS, AGS, or the astronaut. Automatic and manual commands are routed to the S&C control assemblies,
‘These assemblies provide logically ordered control of LM staging and engine on and off commands. The
S&C control assemblies provide a positive command for fail-safe purposes if the engine-on command is,
interrupted. In the event of an abort stage command while the descent engine is firing, the S&C control
assemblies provide a time delay before commanding LM staging and ascent engine ignition, The time
delay ensures that descent engine thrusting has completely stopped before the LM is staged.
2.2.3.8 Power Distribution, (See figure 2. 2-42.)
Each section of GN&CS receives its power independently of the other sections, from the
CDR’s and the LMP’s buses through the cireuit breakers on panels 11 and 16, respectively. ‘The flight
displays associated with the GN&CS receive power from CDR's a-c and d-c buses. When power is sup-
plied to a particular display, a power-on indicator is energized. For the X-pointer, THRUST, RANGE,
and RANGE RATE indicators, the power-on indicator is a lamp; for the FDAI's, flags are used, The
‘MISSION TIMER and the EVENT TIMER do not have power-on indicators.
2.2,3.8.1 PGNS Power Distribution.
‘The LGC receives 28-volt d-c primary power from the PGNS; LGC/DSKY circuit breaker,
‘The primary power is used by power supplies within the LGC to develop +14- and +4-volt de power.
‘These outputs are used for logic power within the LGC. The +14-volt d-c power supply also provides an
input to the DSKY power supplies, ‘The +4-volt d-c power supplies (2) of the LGC provide power for the
standby and operate modes of LGC operation.
‘The standby mode of operation is initiated by pressing the PRO pushbutton on the DSKY,
after keying the appropriate setup command (verb-noun combination). During standby, the LGC is put
into a restart condition and the +4- and +14-volt d-c supplies are switched off, This places the LGC in
a low-power mode in which only the LGC timer and a few auxiliary assemblies are operative. The DSKY
power supply receives +28 and +14 volts de and an 800-pps syne from the LGC. ‘The power supply de-
velops 275-volt, 800-cps power for the DSKY electroluminescent displays.
‘The power and servo assembly (PSA) receives input power from the PGNS: LGC/DSKY,
IMU STBY, and IMU OPR circuit breakers. ‘The Input voltage is 27.522,5 volts de, with transient limits
between 24.0 and 31.8 volts dc. In addition to the d-e input trom the EPS, the PSA’ power supplies re-
quire clock pulses (600 pps, 3.2 kpps, and 25.6 kpps) from the LGC. ‘The PSA power supplies are as
follows:
28-volt, 800-eps, +1% power supply
2a-volt, 800-eps, 0°, 25% power supply
28-volt, 800-
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