Ramos, Michael Josef

Perez, Angelica

LIPIDS
Lipids are an organic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble in
water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents.

TYPES OF FATTY ACIDS

FATTY ACID

Naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid.

SATURATED FATTY ACID

Is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which all carbon to carbon is single
bond.

MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID

Is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which one carbon to carbon double
bond is present.

POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID

Is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which two or more carbon to carbon
double bonds are present.
LIPIDS FUNCTION
ENERGY-STORAGE LIPIDS:
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS

Lipids known as triacylglycerols also function within the body as energy-storage

materials.

Triacylglycerols are much more efficient at storing energy than is glycogen

because large quantities of them can be packed into a very small volume.

Fatty acids are the carboxylic acids involved in triacylglycerol formation. In the
esterification reaction producing a triacylglycerol, a single molecule of glycerol reacts
with the fatty acid molecules.

The triacylglycerol produced form glycerol and three molecules of stearic acid is an
example of simple triacylglycerol.

SIMPLE TRIACYLGLYROL

It is a trimester formed from the esterification of glycerol with three identical fatty acid
molecules.
MIXED TRIACYLGLYCEROL

It is a trimester from the esterification of glycerol with more than one kind of fatty acid
molecule.

FATS AND OIL

Fats are naturally occurring complex of triacylglycerol molecules in which many different
kinds of triacylglycerol molecules are present.

Oils are also naturally occurring complex mixtures of triacylglycerol molecule in which
there are many different kinds of triacylglycerol molecules are present.

DIETARY CONSIDERATIONS AND TRIACYLGLYCEROLS

In the past two decades, considerable research has been carried out concerning the
role of dietary factor as a cause of disease such as obesity, diabetes, cancer,
hypertension, and atherosclerosis.
GOOD FATS VS. BAD FATS

Saturated fats are bad fats;

Monounsaturated fats are good fats;

And polyunsaturated fats can be both good fats and bad fats

Why saturated fat considered as bad fat?

Because saturated fat can increase heart disease risks.

Why monounsaturated fat considered as good fat?

Because monounsaturated fat can decrease both heart disease and breast cancer
risks.
Omega-3

• Can Fight Depression and Anxiety.

• Can Improve Eye Health.

• Can Promote Brain Health During Pregnancy and Early Life.

• Can Improve Risk Factors for Heart Disease.

• Can Reduce Symptoms of ADHD in Children.

• Can Reduce Symptoms of Metabolic Syndrome.

Omega-6

Fatty acids are used for reducing the risk of heart disease, lowering total cholesterol
levels, lowering "bad" (LDL) cholesterol levels, raising "good" (HDL) cholesterol
levels, and reducing cancer risk

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

Essential fatty acids are a fatty acid needed in the human body that must be obtained
from dietary sources because it cannot be synthesized within the body, in adequate
amounts, from other substances.

TWO ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLS

Hydrolysis

Saponification

Hydrogenation

MEMBRANE LIPIDS:PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Phospholipids is a lipid that contains one or more fatty acids, a phosphate group, a
platform molecule to which the fatty acids and the phosphate group are attached, and
an alcohol that is attached to the phosphate group.
GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS

Is a lipid that contains two fatty acids and phosphate group esterified to a glycerol
molecule and an alcohol esterified to the phosphate group.

Glycerophospholipids function almost exclusively as component of cell membrane anre

not stored.

MEMBRANE LIPIDS

Sphingoglycolipid

A sphingoglycolipid is a lipid that contains both fatty acid and a carbohydrate

component attached to a sphingosine molecule.
STEROID

Is a lipid whose structure is based on a fused-ring system that involves three 6-

membered rings and one 5-memberd rings.

MEMBRANE LIPIDS:CHOLESTEROL

Is a c27 steroid molecule that is a component of cell membranes and precursor for other
steroid-based lipids.

TWO FORMS OF CHOLESTEROL

 High density lipoprotein

 Low density lipoprotein

LIPID BILAYER

Is a two-layer-thick structure of phospholipids and glycolipids in which the nonpolar tails

of the lipids are in the middle of the structure and the polar heads are on the outside
surfaces of the structure.
EMULSIFICATION LIPIDS: BILE ACIDS

EMULSIFIER

Is a substance that disperses and stabilize water-insoluble substances as colloidal

particles in an aqueous solution.

BILE ACID

Is a cholesterol derivative that functions as a lipid-emulsifying agent in the aqueous

environment of the digestive tract.

MESSENGER LIPIDS: STEROID HORMONES

Hormones

Is a biochemical substance, produced by a ductless gland that has messenger function.

STEROID HORMONE

Is a hormone that is cholesterol derivatives.

Two major classes of steroid hormones:

1. Sex hormones-which control reproduction and secondary sex characteristics.

2. Adrenocorticoid hormones, which regulate numerus biochemical processes in the

body.

SEX HORMONE

The sex hormones can be classified into three major groups;

1. Estrogens -females sex hormones

2. Androgens -the male sex hormones

3. Progestins -the pregnancy hormones

ADRENOCORTICOID HORMONE

The second major group of steroid hormones consists of the adrenocorticoid hormones.
Produced by the adrenal glands.

TWO TYPES OF ADRENOCORTICOID HORMONES:

1. Mineralcorticoids control the balance of Na+ and k+ ions in cells and body fluids.

2. Glucocorticoids control glucose metabolism and counteract inflammation.

MESSENGER LIPIDS: EICOSANOIDS

Eicosanoid

Is an oxygenated c20 fatty acid derivative that functions as a messenger lipid

PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EICOSANOID

• The inflammatory response, a normal response to tissue damage

• The production of pain and fever

• The regulation of blood pressure

• The induction of blood clotting

• The regulation of the sleep-wake cycle.

THREE PRINCIPAL TYPES OF EICOSANOIDS

1. Prostaglandins is a messenger lipid that is a c20 fatty-acid derivative that contains a

cyclo pentane ring and oxygen-containing functional groups.

2. Thromboxane is a messenger lipid that is a c20-fatty-acid derivative that contains a

cyclic ester ring and oxygen-containing functional groups.

3. Leukotrienes is messenger lipid that is c20-fatty-acid derivative that contains three

conjugated double bonds and hydroxy groups.

Prostaglandin Thromboxane

Leukotrienes
REPORT
ABOUT
LIPIDS
Submitted to:

Mrs. Jocelyn A. Baril

Submitted by:

Group 2
Ramos, Michael Josef
Perez, Angelica

CAMS – RT 2-1