LIVEWARE-HARDWARE INTERACTION

Firstly, the interaction between the Liveware and the Hardware (L-H system) is usually named man-
machine system. This system can be easily explained by an example which aircrafts should provide a
great value of services as much as they can, such as fitting seat in aircraft, for the passenger’s comfortable
flight.
Hawkins (1987) argued that the design of controls and displays, which is subject to the L-H interaction,
should be matched with human characteristics and conveniences in order to minimize the possibility of L-
H error occurrences. In addition, the errors originated from the deficiency of this L-H interaction are
commonly seen when human factor specialists only consider the design on the in-flight control and
display leading to the common errors (Hawkins, 1987).
Some research in 1940s showed an instance of the common error of L-H interface that the old three-
pointer altimeter had caused common errors in aviation field. Therefore, displays should indicate
information that people can process their tasks in order to successfully minimize the occurrence of the
error, such as knowledge of human behaviour and the way that people can process information, make
decisions and act on them.

Investigators reportedly suspect pilots’ mistakes led to fiery Russian plane

crash
By Patrick Reevell
MOSCOW — May 7, 2019, 3:47 PM ET

Investigators examining the fiery crash landing of a Russian passenger at a Moscow airport
reportedly are increasingly focused on pilot error as the primary cause of the accident that killed
41, as well as whether the emergency response was too slow.

The Aeroflot flight with 78 people aboard ran into trouble shortly after taking off on Sunday
from Moscow bound for the northern city of Murmansk, reportedly after being struck by
lightning. An attempted emergency landing at Moscow’s Sheremetyevo airport then ended
catastrophically, with the plane engulfed in flame.

Two reports in well-respected Russian news outlets on Tuesday cited sources close to the
investigation, which alleged the pilots had made a series of mistakes that led to the accident
being so deadly.
 The scene of a crash of a Russian Airlines plane at Sheremetyevo airport outside of Moscow,
May 5, 2019.

The newspaper Kommersant reported that investigators believe that the pilots’ first mistake was
flying into the bad weather, where according to various accounts it was hit by the lightning,
reportedly caused the aircraft to lose radio contact and leaving it with only manual control.

The pilots managed to signal to ground controllers and requested an emergency landing. At this
point, Kommersant reported, investigators accuse the pilots of making a second error, deciding to
hurriedly make the landing rather than to circle in the air while burning off fuel.

As the a result, the aircraft attempted the emergency landing with nearly-full fuel tanks and
therefore also heavily weighted.The plane came in too fast and too hard, causing its landing gear
to collapse and slam the fuselage into the runway, making it bounce into the air.

The pilots, Kommersant wrote, then reacted incorrectly, pointing the nose downward instead of
immediately seeking to pull up. The plane bounced twice more, bursting its fuel tanks, throwing
fuel over the engines which exploded into fire.

“What we saw was a botched landing," Steve Ganyard, a former deputy Assistant Secretary of
State and ex-military pilot who is an aviation consultant for ABC News. "A landing that went
awry and it hit so hard that it broke the airplane up and caused that horrific fire.”

A second Russian outlet, RBC, on Tuesday reported that investigators also allege the pilots may
worsened the fire by failing to turn off the engines after the crash.
The pilots, Denis Yevdokimov and Maksim Kuznetsov have not spoken publicly since Sunday.
In an unverified audio interview aired on Russian state television, Yevdokimov said the plane
had lost communications and autopilot controls after the lightning strike. He said he had
followed all procedures.

Tracking data on the site FlightRadar24 showed the plane had circled the airport twice before
landing.

There were still many questions remaining, though, about the factors behind the crash. Experts
noted there may have been reasons why the pilots had felt they could not wait before landing.
Shem Malmquist, an airliner pilot and visiting professor at the Florida Institute of Technology
disputed that landing with a full load of fuel was necessarily a mistake.

"Landing overweight is not a big deal-- we do it all the time," he said. "It's not the first choice.
But it's not an unusual decision to make at all if you feel there's any urgency to getting on the
ground."

Malmquist cautioned against laying responsibility for the accident on the pilots, while neglecting
the factors that had determined their decisions. "It's very convenient to blame pilots. But in actual
fact accidents are always more complex," he said.

The scene of a crash of a Russian Airlines plane at Sheremetyevo airport outside of Moscow,
May 5, 2019.

Experts have also questioned Sheremetyevo airport’s response, with concerns that authorities had
declared an emergency too slowly. The head of Sheremetyevo’s flight attendants union, Ilona
Borisova, told Kommersant that although the firefighters had acted swiftly, the alert summoning
them had already come in too late -- meaning they arrived only after the plane had landed and
was already ablaze.

Russian officials have so far defended the response. But Russian transport minister Yevgeny
Dietrich told journalists on Monday that the airport declared an emergency one minute after the
plane’s landing, with the first fire trucks arriving within a minute. Six other trucks arrived four
minutes later, he said.

Investigators have recovered the plane’s flight recorders, which may yet reveal details that alter
investigators' understanding of the accident. It also remained unclear on Tuesday why the plane -
- a Russian-built Sukhoi Superjet 100 -- was so damaged by the lightning strike. Such strikes are
common and modern aircraft are usually unaffected by them.

The plane's model has come under scrutiny. The Superjet is a flagship project for Russia, the first
new passenger plane developed by the country since the Soviet Union's collapse, and intended to
compete with global manufacturers, like Boeing. But it has had a troubled history, with Russia
struggling to sell it to European and U.S. airlines due to concerns about its reliability and a weak
reputation for safety.

Sunday's crash has prompted an outcry by some in Russia against the planes. But the Transport
minister, Dietrich said there were currently no reason to ground the Superjets.

Meanwhile, a few harrowing accounts from passengers have been slowly emerging. One man,
Oleg Molchanov told the popular news site Meduza that he had been sitting in the twelfth row
and that no one behind him got out.

“I went last -- there was already no one behind me,” Molchanov said. “I think the passengers
there had no chance to save themselves. They were suffocated by carbon monoxide, everything
was drenched in kerosene. The lamps were melting in front of my eyes,” he said.

Molchanov praised the flight attendants, saying they did “everything bordering on the
impossible” to get people out.

One attendant, 22 year-old Maksim Moiseyev died in the fire and has been hailed as a hero in
Russia media after he stayed aboard battling to get the rear door's open.

Molchanov told Meduza he was skeptical about the investigation, saying he expected the pilots
would be blamed regardless. “I am not an expert and I can’t say what led to the emergency, but I
think that in any case they will blame the pilots. If they’re guilty then it’s clear, and if they’re not
guilty then they’ll still hang everything on them. No one is going to cancel the Superjet project,”
he said.