Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Power bank or also called portable battery charger is defined as a portable

battery that uses electric circuits to control the power that goes in and out. Just

like any device power bank loses power but it can be charged up using a USB

charger to gain power, and then used to charge battery powered device just like

mobile phones, pocket Wi-Fi, and a host of other items that would normally use a

USB charger.

A portable battery charger has a built-in, connector that can be drawn

back or back in for charging a transportable electronic device. The first connector

is exposed to the outside of the portable battery charger to let a power supply

apparatus insert for charging a reserve battery in the portable battery charger. If

the first connector is exposed outside, the second connector is exposed to the

inside of the portable battery charger, to be inserted into a portable electronic

device for charging the portable electronic device. First and second connectors

are covered in the case of the portable battery charger (Wang, W.F 2011) .

Just like all the technology, power bank has also made its way in evolving

over time. In the previous years, power bank has been improved from a simple

combination of a control circuit and a few AA batteries to more complicated ones

with lots of functions such as LED flashlight and a Wi-Fi (Angela 2016). However,

the fact that most of the power banks available commercially are still those

1
electrically powered remains the same up to now. This fact has a great impact to

the environment as well as to one’s financial status.

Human activity is continuously affecting the earth’s atmosphere with

carbon dioxide and other carbon emissions, which trap heat, which can have a

significant impact on not only the environment but also human health the

development of power banks into using a renewable energy source as its main

energy source is a great help to the environment. The advantage of using

renewable energy sources is that these energy sources are virtually limitless

unlike fossil fuels, which are a finite resource.

From the foregoing ideas, the researchers came up with the idea to create

a power bank that use renewable energy as its main energy source. The aim of

this project research is to develop the use of salt and water solution as an energy

source.

Statement of the Problem

The aim of this study was to invent a power bank that uses saltwater

solution for its main power supply.

The research questions that served as the guide of this study are the

following:

1. How many volts of electricity were produced using the following ratio of

salt and water;

a. 1 cup of water and 1 spoon of salt.

b. 1 cup of water and 2 spoons of salt.

2
 c. 1 cup of water and 3 spoons of salt.

2. Is the saltwater solution capable to charge a phone?

Objectives of the Study

This research aims the following:

1.To develop a power bank that uses only salt and water solution to fully charge

a phone.

2. To develop a power bank powered by salt and water solution that can charge

more than 1 phone when it is fully powered.

Significance of the Study

This study is significant to the following;

To the country, this device is significant for its citizens who are having a

hard time charging their phones when there is a blackout.

To the society, this study is important to help understand the needs of

each individual and how to respond from it. This study encourages society to

improve the daily living.

To the economy, this study has a great impact because if stands to

create productivity by attending to their basic needs, which in turn leads to

greater competitiveness and environmental benefit.

To the community, this invention could encourage others to help and

support save energy by allowing such device to be used in their locality.

3
 To the citizens, this device is significant for those who experience having

a hard time charging their mobile phones during blackouts with this device they

can easily charge their phone even if its blackout.

To the other researchers, this study can be used as their reference to

their studies either subject or the device itself. This study could also mean for

improvement of another related device.

To the authors, this study is beneficial to them because the researcher

was the first person to know the importance of this study either the study works

or not, the information and the new knowledge acquired by the researcher is still

be very crucial.

Research Locale

The study was conducted at the Fatima National High School.

Fig.1 Fatima National High School

Scope and Delimitation

This study focused on creating a power bank that uses saltwater solution.

The limitation of this research includes the capability of the power bank to

charge a phone.

4
 The structure of the device was the concern of this study also its

construction and productions. The researchers make the device since the device

available in the market does not use saltwater solution.

5
 Chapter II

REVIEW OR RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

Started from the day that mobile phone was invented the life of its battery

is a headache for the users. The principal model of PDAs was cumbersome and

vast, and it requires an extraordinary measure of intensity for it to work. In the

event that you will energize it for ten hours, it will result in around 30 minutes as

long as an hour of talk time. Soon enough people started coming up with new

technology in making the batteries long lasting and making recharging easy and

convenient (Bownes9 2014).

The usage of "battery" is to describe a group of electrical devices belongs

to Benjamin Franklin, who was described various Leyden jars by analogy to a

battery of cannon in 1748 (Isa, I. S. M., et. al., 2013). Alessandro Volta described

the first electrochemical battery, the voltaic pile in 1800 (Fayeez A. T. I., et. al.,

2013). So according to Volta, this was a pile of copper and zinc plates that was

separate by brine-soaked paper disks, which can produce a steady current for a

considerable length of time. However, Volta did not appreciate that the voltage

was due to chemical reactions and he thought that these cells are not capable

source of energy and the associated corrosion effects at the electrodes was a

mere nuisance, rather than an unavoidable consequence of their operation, as

Michael Faraday showed in 1834 (Ganapathy, V. R., 2011) When a battery is

discharged, an electrochemical oxidation reaction proceeds at the negative

6
electrode and passes electrons into the external circuit, and a simultaneous

electrochemical reduction reaction proceeds at the positive electrode and

accepts electrons from the external circuit, thereby completing the electrical

circuit. The change from electronic current to ionic current occurs at the

electrolyte or electrode interface. When one attempts to recharge a battery by

reversing the direction of electronic current flow, an electrochemical reduction

reaction will proceed at the negative electrode, and an electrochemical oxidation

reaction will proceed at the positive electrode (Bellis, M., 2010).

The development of the battery has impacted the market for a cell phone

battery charger such as those developed by Haidue. With this battery the

innovative entrepreneurs can now develop a portable cell phone battery charger

that can be useful to supply the demand for power by battery hungry devices.

Todays, there are different types of brands of chargers in the market, that can

power up anything from your cell phone to tablet or even a laptop (Bownes9

2014).

Related Studies

International

The world is confronting an extraordinary test with respect to

contamination, ozone layer consumption, environmental change and a

requirement for maintainable advancement. The use of a renewable energy

source in energy production is still lower compared to the non-renewable energy

source. Hydrogen creation from a sustainable power source is a typical answer

7
for this sort of vitality issue. The utilization of water electrolysis is an exceptionally

successful advancement for the progress of the hydrogen creation through

changing over electrical vitality into substance vitality (Dhage, P., Kriplani, V.M

2017).

An examination from South Africa that investigated by the researches

was about the capability of inexhaustible power for mining tasks in South Africa

uncover that the power use examples of mining activities regularly have a

generally steady day and night utilizations. One of its requirements for a

reasonable source is its capacity to supply power continually. They conclude

that most of the renewable recourses can only be used in hybrid versions

owing to relatively high intermittencies especially with electricity supply from

solar photovoltaic and wind generation (Votteler, R.G. et al 2016).

As indicated by Moia (2010) an unbiased saltwater-based battery which

utilizes p-type and n-type arrangement handled polymer films as the cathode and

the anode of the cell. The particular limit of the anodes (around 30 mAh cm-3) is

accomplished by means of the arrangement of bipolar in both p-type and n-type

polymers. By designing ethylene glycol and zwitterion-based side chains

appended to the polymer spine, we advance quick particle transport through the

non-permeable polymer films. This joined with effective transport of electronic

charge by means of the conjugated polymer spines, enabled the movies to keep

up steady limited at high charge and release rates (>1000 C-rate). The anodes

likewise show great dependability among electrochemical cycling (under 30%

reduction in limit over >1000 cycles) and a yield voltage up to 1.4 V. The

8
execution of these semiconducting polymers with polar side-chains shows the

capability of this material class for quick charging, water-based electrochemical

vitality stockpiling gadgets.

Magnetohydrodynamic is the investigation of the elements of electrically

directing liquids. Its principle's idea is that attractive fields can prompt flows in a

moving conductive liquid, which thus make powers on the liquid and impact the

attractive field itself (Universität, J.K 2016). The rule of activity of the MHD

controlled generator depends on Faraday's acceptance law. This work would be

a concern to the practicality of building up an MHD generator in which the moving

liquid is streaming saltwater, to such an extent that an asset like the Atlantic

Ocean in Nigeria can be used to produce power. Besides, the probability of MHD

in Nmahi River in Uburu, Ebonyi State can be investigated. Evaluations of the

test of salt in the Atlantic put it at 6.4 × 10 with this, the channel of a kilometer

width pleasing a stream speed of 50ms-1, a voltage of about 32V/mol is

evaluated probably. The probability of stacking the yield of numerous such

frameworks in arrangement and the non-attendance of numerous harmful actions

related with non-sustainable techniques for electric power age should make MHD

utilizing streaming saltwater an appealing option for life age in Nigeria. (Mathew,

S. 2011).

Renewable power age from the controlled blending of the ocean and new

water is moderately unexplored when contrasted with the advancement of

sunlight-based, wind, and other supportable power options. At the point when

worldwide waterway release was considered, an expected 2.6 TW of possible

9
vitality exists in undiscovered saltiness inclinations. Exchange electrodialysis is

one proposed power-creating component for saddling energy from saline

conditions and depends on the vehicle of fluid salt particles through a mechanical

assembly of particle trade layers. In this theory, operational parameters, including

stream heading, saltiness organization, and layer selectivity, are researched. For

ideal execution, I have utilized a current flowing in opposite stream mode with

monovalent particle particular films and unadulterated 0.5 M NaCl saline

arrangement. The outcomes demonstrate that a most extreme open circuit

voltage (OCV) dimension of 2.01 V is acquired with a functioning layer territory of

0.0756 m2. The nearness of multivalent particles in the feed arrangements

blocks OCV levels, yet the impacts are diminished with one valence of films.

Fundamental outcomes are smart; so as to build the business suitability of this

innovation, future work is expected to improve the execution properties of the

particle trade layers. (Gilstrap, M. 2013)

At the point when saltwater and freshwater are combined, the entropy of

the structure increases. The change of entropy can be caught and used to

change over the piece of the warm vitality of the liquids into electrical vitality. This

thought can be utilized to separate vitality from the controlled blending of

waterway and seawater. The thermodynamic furthest reaches of this vitality

extraction was dictated by the free vitality change after blending, which is around

2 kJ when one liter of freshwater was combined with an equivalent measure of

ocean water. (D. Brogioli, 2010).

10
 The energy efficiency, which is the ratio of the obtained energy and the

theoretically available energy, is another important output parameter of RED. The

theoretical energy efficiency for RED using a single electrode pair is 40 - 95%,

depending on the fraction of seawater with respect to river water and the flow

orientation. This dependency is due to the interaction between the ion transport

from the seawater compartments to the river water compartments and the

corresponding electromotive force and electrical resistance. Higher energy

efficiencies are obtained when multiple stages are considered, e.g., using

segmented electrodes. A trade-off between energy efficiency and power density

exists, as the energy efficiency is generally highest at low feedwater flow rates,

while the power density benefits from higher feed water flow. Thinner

compartments improve both the power density and energy efficiency, but at the

expense of higher power consumption for pumping. (Vermas, D. 2013)

According to Baer (2017), salt water is made up of sodium chloride and water.

When salt is added to water, the sodium and chloride ions float freely in the

water. Since an ion has an electrical charge, it can carry electricity through water.

If a circuit is created with an electricity source and a light bulb, it is possible to

light the bulb using the salt water as a conductor.

Asia

According to Gorjian (2017), renewable energy is a type of energy

that creates energy from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and

geothermal heat which are capable of being replaced by natural ecological

cycles or sound management practices.

11
According to her Solar energy, Wind, Hydropower, Biomass, and Geothermal

are some types of renewable energy sources. The first type of renewable

energy source is the solar energy is one of the best renewable energy sources

since it converses sunlight into electricity also it is one of the cleanest sources

of energy. Second, the wind as an energy source has clean and zero

emissions also it reduces fossil fuel dependence. The third is an energy source

that derives energy from falling water or fast running water is called

Hydropower or water power. Fourth a feedstock used to produce bioenergy is

called biomass. This bioenergy is a term used for energy that derived materials

that can be burned directly to produce heat or power and can be converted into

liquid biofuels. Lastly, the geothermal energy is the unique type of renewable

energy source since it is the only one created naturally by the Earth itself.

These can be trapped for a different use to generate electricity or to heat

buildings.

Philippines

Salt Lamp is a cost-effective solution designed to improve the

quality of life of the populations living in islands and rural areas of the country. In

the Philippines like in so many other areas of the world, there is a lack of efficient

light sources and the Salt Lamp is contributing to eliminate the sustaining cost in

areas that rely on kerosene/battery powered lamps and candles as their main

source of lighting. (Suaquita, D. 2012)

Hypothesis

12
 The following are the hypothesis of the researchers for this

research project;

1. The Salt and Water Power bank is incapable of producing electricity.

2. The Salt and Water Power bank is incapable of charging a phone.

Conceptual Framework

SALT AND
WATER POWER CHARGED
BANK CELLPHONE

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined conceptually and operationally.

Salt – conceptually, a crystalline compound NaCl that consists of sodium

chloride, is abundant in nature and is used specially to season or preserve

food or in industry. Operationally, a compound that will use to produce energy.

Water – conceptually, the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms

streams, lakes, and seas, and is a major constituent of all living matter.

Operationally, a solvent that will use to mix with a compound to produce

energy.

13
Power bank – conceptually, an external battery or charge that is used to charge

a device. Operationally, a portable charger that is used to charge two or more

smart phones powered by salt and water solution.

Electric- conceptually, something (such as a light, automobile, or train)

operated by electricity. Operationally, an energy that is used to operate

electricity.

Generating- conceptually, something that produce (energy, especially

electricity). Operationally, a something that is used to recharge the battery of the

power bank.

14
 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter consists the research methods that will be used by the

researchers to make the Salt and Water Home Power bank it includes the

research procedure, materials that will be used, design and architecture, testing

and documentation, and the research project location.

Research Procedure

Sodium and chloride ions float freely in the water when salt is added to water.

Since an ion has an electrical charge it can carry electricity through water. It is

possible to use salt and water as a conductor if the device was created with an

electricity source.

The Salt and water circuit will consist a wire, LED mini lights, two electrodes,

switch, and power bank breaks outboards. When the switch was turned on the

electrodes are touched together, we have a closed circuit and electrons flow from

a positive terminal of the battery to the negative terminal of the battery. This flow

causes the Led mini lights or the power bank to breaks outboards work. When

the electrodes are not touching, therefore, the circuit is “open” and electrons do

not flow; this is called an open circuit. In the salt and water circuit, the two

electrodes act as a switch.

If you put the electrodes under regular water, the LED mini lights or power

bank break outboard will not work because no medium exists to transfer

electrons from one side of the water to the other. But if you put the electrodes in

15
salt and water solution the LED mini lights or power bank break outboard will

work. In addition, the amount of salt in water solution influences how much

current flows through the circuit, and in turn, how bright the light bulb glows.

Materials Used

The following are the materials that will be used by the researcher to make

the Salt and water Power Bank.

Component Specification Quantity

Resistors 470 ohm 1

LED mini lights 3-3.3V 6

Battery 9V 1

Aluminum Sheet 1x 1

Copper Sheet 1x 1

Table 1. Material Used for Salt and Water Power bank

The image of materials that will be used in the salt and water.

Name of the Material Picture of the Material

Switch

USB output

Solid wire

16
9v Battery

Resistors

Soldering Iron

Stick glue

Glue gun

Copper Sheet

Aluminum Sheet

Pylox

Voltmeter

17
Alligator Clip

Plastic Container

Table 2. Image of Material Used for Salt and Water Power bank

Design or Architecture

The researchers took time to internalize the design of the desired home

power bank appearance. Prior to proposing a research project, the structure,

system, and design of the power bank were carefully planned to be fully

equipped for the next stage of the project which is the construction of the system.

The plan is to improvise some other devices for the power bank’s parts. The

researchers made a creative visualization of how they want the power bank will

look like, seen in Figure 4. The circuit diagram is in Figure 5 on the following

page.

18
Figure 3. Salt and Water Home Power Bank Creative Visualization

Figure 4. Power Bank Circuit Diagram

19
 Purchased all the needed materials and equipment to be used in
making the device.

Get the IC 8705 battery, LED Light, wires, switch, aluminum sheet,
copper sheet and usb port.

Connect all the wirings according to the circuit diagram.

Get the cover of the plastic container. Using the cutter make a whole
that can fit the switch and usb port.

At the bottom part of the plastic container slice it considering the width
of the copper and aluminum sheet.

Put the aluminum and copper sheet inside the container make sure
to leave a small part of it to connect the battery.

Get the cover of the container and close it.

Figure 5. Research Procedure

20
Gathering of Data

The researchers measured how many volts of electricity produced using

the following ratio of salt and water; a.) one cup of water and one spoon of salt.

b.) one cup of water and two spoons of salt. c.) one cup of water and three

spoons of salt. the researchers also observed how long it took for the salt and

water solution lost its energy supply and if it is capable of charging a phone. The

data gathered were recorded in the table as shown in chapter IV.

21
 Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This section of the exploration venture introduces the testing and results, it

will also demonstrate the discussion and analysis.

The exploration venture began by purchasing every material that was

required for making the saltwater electric producing power bank (see Materials

Used). Some of the materials were purchased monetarily at the current electronic

shops. Gathering the materials was easy since they were easy to find.

The project started by getting the correct proportion of the salt and water

that can create enough vitality to charge a phone that is implied by the principle

goal of this examination think about. The Saltwater electric generating power

bank was made by utilizing the accompanying component (see Research

Procedure). The abilities regulated from the exploration venture were sufficient

for an attainable utilized in the further improvement of the examination venture.

How does this Project Works?

The analyst venture works through the electrochemistry. Electrochemistry

is the connection between substance responses and power. Salt and water can

create 0.5 volts without anyone else however with the assistance of the battery, it

can deliver greater power. The battery can pull the electrons from the water to

the salt. It can constrain the response to occur. An anode is associated with the

battery. The quality of the battery can be utilized to pull electrons from hydrogen,

and it can use to push the electrons into the salt.

22
 The saltwater solution is used in regenerating the rechargeable battery of

the power bank. The saltwater power bank can charge only phone that can read

OTG since the researchers used OTG as a alternative of usb port.

Table 3 : Volts of electricity produced using the saltwater solution

Ratio of Saltwater Solution Trials

1 2 3

a. 1 cup of water 1 spoon of salt 0.5 volts 0.5 volts 0.5 volts

b. 1 cup of water 2 spoons of salt 1volts 1volts 1volts

c. 1 cup of water 3 spoons of salt 1.5 volts 1.5 volts 1.5 volts

The table 3 presents the result in testing the given ratio of salt and water

mixture. It shows that in the three different trials the saltwater solution increase

as you add more salt on the solution.

Discussion and Analysis

Referring to the outcome, the prototype power bank was efficient in

charging a phone. In this research project, the researcher's presence that the

research output can completely charge a telephone since the battery-powered

battery will gain power from the saltwater while it releases energy in charging a

phone. Through the various test and operations applied to the power bank, it is

effective that the power bank could charge any kind of phone.

23
 Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter, the summary of findings, conclusions, and

recommendations was presented.

Summary

The main objective of this research project was to create a portable power

bank that uses the saltwater solution as its main source of energy. The following

was the findings of the researchers after a series of interpretation and analysis.

1. The Saltwater Electric Generating power bank successfully worked after

several times of testing.

2. The Saltwater Electric Generating power bank can charge a phone.

3. The Saltwater Electric Generating power bank can only charge a phone

that can read OTG.

Conclusions

The objective of this study was successful and achieved. The researchers

were able to make a portable power bank that uses the saltwater solution. The

researchers came up with the result of the study and finally made up the

following conclusions.

1. The Saltwater Electric Generating power bank can charge a phone.

2. Not all types of phones can be charged in the Saltwater Electric

Generating power bank only those phones who can read OTG.

24
 Recommendations

The following are the researcher’s recommendations to improve the

function and presentation of the research project.

1. The researchers suggest some directions for further research. The

research project needs a further improvement in its configuration for its

better function. The researchers would recommend adding more detailed

understanding on the project and to give a lot of improvements for its

better usefulness to the society.

2. The researchers recommend making a design that is unique and portable

power bank.

3. The researchers recommend developing and study more about the

saltwater.

4. The researchers recommend using usb port to enable other mobile phone

to charge.

25
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29
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Rhea Jane G. Dugaduga

Purok XI-C, Block 02, Brgy. Fatima, G.S.C.

rheajanekim@gmail.com

09489488837

Time is gold.

Educational Attainment:
Elementary: Fatima Central Elementary School
JHS: Fatima National High School
SHS: Fatima National High School

Personal data:
Age: 18 years old
Birthday: August 04, 2000
Birthplace: General Santos City
Sex: Female
Religion: Roman Catholic
Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Father’s name: Romeo A. Dugaduga
Occupation: Electrician
Mother’s name: Josephine G. Dugaduga
Occupation: Housewife

30
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Rhea Micaila M. Generale

Purok 28 Bl. 52 Brgy. Fatima, G.S.C.

iyangskie1gmail.com

09052515548

Perseverance is the key to success.

Educational Attainment:
Elementary: Lagao Central Elementary School
JHS: NDDU IBED Lagao Campus
SHS: Fatima National High School

Personal data:
Age: 18 years old
Birthday: July 20, 2000
Birthplace: General Santos City
Sex: Female
Religion: FCG
Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Father’s name: Reynaldo C. Generale
Occupation: Seaman
Mother’s name: Michelle M. Generale
Occupation: Housewife

31
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Gio Cris C. Palamine

Purok 18, Block 54, Brgy. Fatima, G.S.C.

giocrispalamine@gmail.com

09758849429

Failure is not an option, it’s a choice.

Educational Attainment:
Elementary: Upper Tambler Elementary School 2
JHS: Fatima National High School
SHS: Fatima National High School

Personal data:
Age: 18 years old
Birthdate: August 23, 2000
Sex: Male
Religion: Missionary Baptist
Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Father’s name: Jaime Palamine
Occupation: Netter
Mother’s name: Criselupe Palamine
Occupation: Housewife

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 CURRICULUM VITAE

Anro G. Piasedad
Zone 3, blk. 10, Brgy. Fatima, G.S.C.

anropiasedad@gmail.com

09094828849

Challenges is not the reason to give up.

Educational Attainment:
Elementary: Nasa Elementary School
JHS: Fatima National High School
SHS: Fatima National High School

Personal data:
Age: 18 years old
Birthdate: November 7, 2000
Birthplace: Matnog, Tuburan, Cebu
Sex: Male
Religion: Roman Catholic
Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Father’s name: Aniano Piasedad
Occupation: Fisherman
Mother’s name: Rosalina Piasedad
Occupation: Housewife

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 APPENDIX A

(List of Tables)

Table 1. Material Used for Salt and Water Power bank

Component Specification Quantity

Resistors 470 ohms 1

LED mini lights 3-3.3V 6

Battery 9V 1

Aluminum Sheet 1x 1

Copper Sheet 1x 1

Table 2. Image of Material Used for Salt and Water Power bank

Name of the Material Picture of the Material

Switch

USB output

Solid wire

9v Battery

Resistors

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Soldering Iron

Stick glue

Glue gun

Copper Sheet

Aluminum Sheet

Pylox

Voltmeter

Alligator Clip

Plastic Container

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Table 3 : Volts of electricity produced using the saltwater solution

Ratio of Saltwater Solution Trials

1 2 3

a. 1 cup of water 1 spoon of salt 0.5 volts 0.5 volts 0.5 volts

b. 1 cup of water 2 spoons of salt 1volts 1volts 1volts

c. 1 cup of water 3 spoons of salt 1.5 volts 1.5 volts 1.5 volts

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DOCUMMENTATION

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