BERNOULLI EQUATION
DR SUFFIYANA BINTI AKHBAR
EH 220 3E
NURUL AINA NAJWA BINTI AZLAN
NURFATIN AMIRAH BINTI MOHD JAMIL
NOOR AMIR HAIQAL BIN MOHAMAD NOOR
NURUL FATINI IZZATY BINTI MOHD JAAFAR
NURUL HAFIZAH BINTI HAZAMY
ABSTRACT
This experiment was conducted to demonstrate the Bernoulli’s
Theorem. The experiment was done by using Bernoulli’s
Theorem Demonstration Unit (Model: FM24) where the venturi
can be used to demonstrate the flow measurement and the
discharge coefficient to which Bernoulli’ s Theorem being
applied. The discharge valve was adjusted to a high measurable
flow rate and the hypodermic tube was slide gently after the
levels were stabilized. Then, the readings from the manometer
were recorded and the water flow rate was measured using
volumetric method where 5L of water was collected by the time
taken. The data obtained were further tabulated by calculating
the velocity using both Bernoulli equation and Continuity
equation. Bernoulli’ s equation is actually a set of variations on
an equation that express the relationship between static pressure,
dynamic pressure and manometric pressure. Then, graphs were
plotted to analyze the characteristics of the velocity. Based on
the graphs plotted, the velocity calculated using Bernoulli’ s
equation is higher compared to Continuity equation. From the
Bernoulli theory, the relation between the increase and decrease
in the pressure value is inversely proportional to its velocity.
Thus, the objective of Bernoulli’s Theorem is accepted and the
experiment was successful.
2018226042
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INTRODUCTION
Bernoulli's Principle is a physical principle formulated that
states that "as the speed of a moving fluid (liquid or gas)
increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases. Bernoulli's
principle is named after the Swiss scientist Daniel
Bernoulli who published his principle in his book 1978.
Bernoulli’s Principle can be demonstrated by the Bernoulli
equation. The Bernoulli equation is an approximate relation
between pressure, velocity, and elevation. While the Continuity
equation relates the speed of a fluid that moving through a pipe
to the cross sectional area of the pipe. It says that as a radius of
the pipe decreases the speed of fluid flow must increase and
vice-versa.
However, Bernoulli’s Principle can only be applied under
certain conditions. The conditions to which Bernoulli’s
equation applies are the fluid must be frictionless (inviscid) and
of constant density; the flow must be steady, and the relation
holds in general for single streamlines.
In general, frictional effects are always important very close to
solid wall (boundary layers) and directly downstream of bodies
(wakes). Thus, the Bernoulli approximation is typically useful
in flow regions outside of boundary layers and wakes, where
 the fluid motion is governed by the combined effects of
pressure and gravity forces.
4) To determine a steady, continuous, incompressible, non-
Bernoulli's principle can be explained in terms of the law of
conservation of energy. As a fluid moves from a wider pipe into
a narrower pipe or a constriction, a corresponding volume must
move a greater distance forward in the narrower pipe and thus
have a greater speed.
At the same time, the work done by corresponding volumes in
the wider and narrower pipes will be expressed by the product
of the pressure and the volume. Since the speed is greater in the
narrower pipe, the kinetic energy of that volume is greater. Then,
by the law of conservation of energy, this increase in kinetic
energy must be balanced by a decrease in the pressure-volume
product, or, since the volumes are equal, by a decrease in
pressure.
The Bernoulli equation:
kinetic energy + potential energy + flow energy = constant
𝑉2 𝑝
2𝑔
  +  𝑧  +   𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑝
Where, = Pressure Head (m)
𝑦
𝑣²
= Velocity or kinetic head (m) (v=Q /A= m/s)
2𝑔
Z = Potential head (Height above some assumed level)
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this experiment are:
1) To investigate the validity of the Bernoulli equation when
applied to the steady flow of water in a tapered duct.
2) To measure the flow rates with venture meter and to
demonstrate Bernoulli
3) To find the time taken to collect volume of 3L of water, the
volumetric flow rates of the water, and the pressure difference
at all manometer tube, velocity, dynamic head and the total
head.
viscous fluid flow, the total energy or the total head remains
constant at all the section along the fluid flow provided there is
no loss or addition of the energy.
THEORY
Bernoulli’s principle is where within a horizontal flow of fluid,
points of faster fluid speed will have less pressure than the points
of the slower fluid speed. Bernoulli’s equation is relate with the
pressure, speed, and the height of any two points in a steady
streamline of flowing fluid of density. Bernoulli’s equation is
often written as follows,
1 2 1
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣1 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣22 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ2
2 2
(Equation 1)
In this equation, p₁ represents the static pressure at section 1,
p₂represents the static pressure at section 2. Cause Bernoulli’s
equation is inferred by the conservation of mechanical energy.
So only ideal fluid is available, which viscosity can be ignored
and cannot be compressed. From the Figure 1, Bernoulli’s
equation can be understood more clearer.
Figure 1
When liquid flow, the mechanical energy of liquid flow will
exist in three different kinds of form. The three different kinds
of forms are potential energy, pressure energy and kinetic
energy. And these three different kinds of form can be
converted to each other. In the ideal situation, which without
flow energy loss. The total energy of these three different kinds
of form is constant. Both sides of the equation, which is shown
above, are divided by ρg.
Derivation using Streamline Coordinates,
Euler’s equation for steady flow along a streamline is
 1𝛿𝑝 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑣
− −𝑔 =𝑉
𝜌𝛿𝑠 𝛿𝑠 𝛿𝑠 Bernoulli’s equation can be written as:
(Equation 2)
𝑝 𝑣2
+ + 𝑧 = ℎ∗ (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
If fluid particle moves a distance, ds, along a streamline, 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝛿𝑝 (Equation 8)
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑝 (𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒) The terms on the left-hand-side of the above equation represent
𝛿𝑠
(Equation 3)
the pressure head (h), velocity head (hv), and elevation head (z),
𝛿𝑧 respectively. The sum of these terms is known as the total head
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑧 (𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝛿𝑠 (h*). According to the Bernoulli’s theorem of fluid flow
(Equation 4)
through a pipe, the total head h* at any cross section is constant
𝛿𝑉 (based on the assumption given above). In a real flow due to
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑉 (𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)
𝛿𝑠 friction and other imperfections, as well as measurement
(Equation 5)
uncertainties, the results will deviate from the theoretical ones.
Then, after multiple Equation 1 by ds,

In our experimental setup, the centre line if the cross sections

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
− − 𝑔𝑑𝑧 = 𝑉𝑑𝑉 𝑜𝑟 + 𝑔𝑑𝑧 + 𝑉𝑑𝑉 = 0 lies on the same horizontal plane, taken as our datum, z = 0. As
𝑝 𝑝
(Equation 6) all the z value is equal to zero, the equation can be represented
as:

Integration of this equation give :,

𝑑𝑝 𝑉 2 𝑝 𝑣2
∫ + + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 + + 𝑧 = ℎ∗ (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝑝 2 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
(Equation 7)
The relation between pressure and density must be applied in
This represents the total head at a cross section.
this equation. For the special case of incompressible flow, p =
constant, and Equation 7 becomes the Bernoulli’s Equation.
In this experiment setup, the pressure head is denoted as hi and
the total head is denoted as h*I , where I is the cross sections at
Bernoulli’s law indicates that, if an inviscid fluid is flowing
different tapping points, A1
along a pipe of varying cross section (refer to figure 2), then the
pressure is lower at constrictions where the velocity is higher,
and higher where the pipe opens out and the fluid stagnates. The
well-known Bernoulli equation is derived under the following
assumptions:

 The liquid is incompressible. (density is constant)

 Along a streamline
 The liquid is non-viscous
 The flow is steady and the velocity of the liquid is less than the
critical velocity for the liquid
 There is no loss of energy due to friction.
 8. Water tank equipped with valves, Control Valve and measuring
tube
9. Hypodermic tube
10. Hydraulic Bench
11. Union
12. Air Bleed Screw
13. Discharge water
14. Sump tank
15. Volumetric Tank

Figure 2 : The experiment set-up
From Figure 2, the apparatus is used to investigate the validity
of the Bernoulli equation when applied to the steady flow of
water in tapered duct. The apparatus consists of the clear acrylic
duct of varying circular cross section, known as a venturi. The
duct has a series of wall tapings that allows measurement of the
static pressure distribution along the converging duct, while a
total head tube is provided to traverse along the center line of
test section. The venture meter is connected to the manometer
with pipes. Wall pressure tapings are provided along the
converging and diverging portions of the venturi to measure the
static pressure distribution. The reading of the manometer from
manometer 1 to manometer 5 shows the pressure head and
manometer 6 shows the static head. Flow rate and pressure in
the apparatus may be varied independently by adjustment of the
flow control valve, and bench supply control valve.
PROCEDURES
In order to complete the demonstration of Bernoulli’s theorem,
several apparatus are needed. They are as follows:
1. Pad of Manometer tubes
2. Venturi tube
3. Air bleed screw
4. Water inlet
5. Pump and Pump switch
6. Stopwatch
7. Water hosts and tubes
METHODOLOGY
General Start-up Procedures
The Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration (Model: FM 24) is
supplied ready for use and only requires connection to the
Hydraulic Bench (Model: FM110) as follows:
1. The clear acrylic test section was ensured installed with the
converging section upstream. The unions tightened and
checked.
2. The apparatus located on the flat top of the bench.
3. A spirit level was attached to the baseboard and the unit
was level on the top of the bench by adjusting the feet.
4. The water was filled into the volumetric tank of the
hydraulic bench until approximately 90% full.
5. The flexible inlet tube was connected using the quick
released coupling in the bed channel.
6. The flexible hose was connected to the outlet and it
directed into the channel.
7. The outlet flow control partially opened at the Bernoulli’s
Theorem Demonstration Unit.
8. The bench flow control valve, V1 fully closed then the
pump switched on.
9. V1 was gradually opened and water allowed filling until all
air has been expelled from the system.
10. All the ‘trapped bubbles’ was checked in the glass tube or
plastic transfer tube.
-To remove air bubbles, the air were bleed out using a pen or
screw driver to press the air bleed valve at the top right side of
the manometer board.
11. Water flowing into the venturi and discharge into the manometer #H is the sum of the static head and velocity
collection tank of hydraulic bench. heads, total head (h*), because the hypodermic tube is held
12. The water flow rate proceeds to increased it. When all the against the flow of fluid forcing it to a stop (zero velocity).
water flow was steady and there were no trapped bubbles, the The reading in manometer #A measures just the pressure
discharge valve closed to reduce the flow to the maximum head (hi) because it is connected to the venturi tube
measurable flow rate. pressure tap, which does not obstruct the flow thus
13. Water levels in the manometer were in different heights. measuring the flow static pressure.
14. V1 and outlet control valve adjusted to obtain the flow 5. Step 5 was repeated for other cross sections (#B, #C, #D,
through the test section and the static pressure profile #E and #F).
observed along the converging and diverging sections is 6. Steps 3 to 6 were repeated at least with three other
indicated on its respective manometers. The total head decreasing flow rates by regulating the venture discharge
pressure along the venture tube being measured by valve.
traversing the hypodermic tube. 7. The actual flow Q from the volumetric flow measurement
Note: the manometer tube connected to the tapping adjacent to method was obtained.
the outlet flow control valve is used as a datum when setting up 8. The velocity was calculated using the Bernoulli’s equation
equivalent conditions for flow through test section. where ViB =√2 × 𝑔 × (ℎ∗ − ℎ𝑖 )
15. The actual flow rate measured by using the volumetric
9. The velocity were also calculated using the continuity
tank with a stop watch.
equation where, ViC = 𝑄𝑎𝑣 /𝐴𝑖
General Shut Down Procedures
10. The difference between the two velocities was calculated.
1. Water supply valve and venturi discharge valve
closed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
2. The water supply pump closed. Results:
3. Water drain off from the unit when not in use. 1st Trial
Procedure Volume, V (L) 5.0

Time, t (s) 34.47

1. The general start up procedures was performed.
2. Before conducting the experiment, all the manometer Flow rate, Qav (m³/s) 1.4505x10ˉ
4

tubing was checked to make sure air-bubbles free whether

they are properly connected to the corresponding pressure
taps. The discharge valve was adjusted to a high
measurable flow rate
3. After the level stabilized, the water flow rate was measured
using volumetric method and record the manometer
reading.
4. The hypodermic tube that was connected to manometer #H
was gently slide so that its end reaches the cross section of
the venturi tube at #A. After some time, the readings from
manometer #H and #A were noted. The reading shown by
 2nd Trial
Volume, V (L) 5.0 3rd Trial
Volume, V (L) 5.0
Time, t (s) 30.15
Time, t (s) 20.29
4
Flow rate, Qav (m³/s) 1.6584x10ˉ
4
Flow rate, Qav (m³/s) 2.4643x10ˉ
 z = elevation head of the center at the cross section with
respect to a datum

h * = total (stagnation) head

In the experiment setup, the center line of all the cross sections
we are considering lie on the same horizontal plane (which we
may choose as the datum, z=0) thus, all the z values are zeros
so that the equation reduces to:

P v2
  h *  constant
g 2 g
Assuming the pressure is static, stagnation and dynamic.
Therefore,

ViB = 2  g  (h *  hi )
As for example, ViB of the cross section A for 1st trial
experiment:

ViB = 2  (9.81m / s 2 )  (0.165m  0.160m)

ViB = 0.3132 m/s

2. To calculate the area of each cross section of the tube, Ai

Di2
Using this equation: Ai =
4

Calculation : As for example, D A = 26mm (obtain from Appendix C):

 (0.026) 2
Ai =
1. To calculate the velocity, ViB 4
4
Using Bernoulli’ s equation: Ai = 5.3093x10ˉ m²

P v2
  z  h *  constant
g 2 g
Where,
3. To calculate the volumetric flow rate, Qav for each trial (1st,
P = fluid static pressure at the cross section
ρ = density of the flowing fluid 2nd ,3rd )
g = acceleration due to gravity
v = mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross section
Using this equation: Qav  volume of water (m³)
time taken (s)

As for example, the volumetric flow rate, Qav for this
experiment:
4. To calculate the velocity, ViC
Qav
Using Continuity equation: ViC =
Ai
As for example, ViC of the cross section A for 1st trial
experiment:
1.4505  10 4
ViC =
5.3093  10  4
ViC = 0.2732 m/s
5. To calculate the difference between ViB and ViC
For cross section A, ViB - ViC = (0.3132 - 0.2732) m/s
= 0.0400 m/s
DISCUSSION
In this experiment, measuring of flow rates is made in a steady
flow of fluid. The flow rate is measured to be able to find the
kinetic head, total head and the head loss for a passage of
varying cross-section. From the Bernoulli’s principle, it states
that the faster the rate of flow, the lower the pressure, and the
slower the rate flow, the higher the pressure. In fluid dynamics,
Bernoulli’s principle states that an increase in the speed of a
fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a
decrease in the fluid’s potential energy.
As shown in graph of all three test that the decrease in area of
flow decrease the height of water in manometer column means
they are directly proportional to each other. Bernoulli’s
theorem, in a fluid dynamics, relation among the pressure,
velocity and elevation in a moving fluid, the compressibility
and viscosity of which are negligible and the flow of which is
steady or laminar. First derived (1738) by the Swiss
mathematician Daniel Bernoulli, the theorem states, in effect,
that the total mechanical energy of the flowing fluid,
comprising the energy associated with fluid pressure, the
gravitational potential energy of elevation and the kinetic
energy of fluid motion remain constant. Principle of energy
conservation for ideal fluids in steady, or streamline, flow and
is the basis for many engineering applications.
These can be seen in the table of the 3 trials performed.
Summing up the kinetic head and elevation head results the
total head. Calculation of the head loss is done by subtracting
the total heads of the same cross sectional areas. The velocity
of 𝑉𝑖𝐵 is 0.3132 m/s and the area of each cross section of the
tube Ai is 5.3093 × 10−4 𝑚2 . The average of volumetric
flow rate Q av is 1.8578 × 10−4 𝑚3/s. The velocity of ViC is
0.2732 m/s and the difference between ViB and ViC is 0.0400
m/s.
CONCLUSION
Regarding to the experiment that has been carried out, we can
conclude that the velocity of fluid will increase if the fluid
flowing from wider to smaller tube and the velocity will
decrease in the opposite situation despite of the type of flow or
pressure difference. As the velocity for all eases increases the
dynamic head values are also seem to be increased. Hence, the
velocity influenced by the diameter of the tube and the pressure
depends on velocity of the flow. Increasing flow rate will lead
to increase the velocity thus will create a difference pressure.
Unfortunately, some expected errors to occur throughout the
experiment and eventually the result. However, the result can
be improved if precautions are taken during the experiment
such as the eyes level must be level to the scale when reading
the manometer result. Besides, water valve must be controlled
gradually to stabilize the water level in the manometer.
Moreover, get rid of the bubbles in the tube as it can majorly
affect the manometer reading.
Bernoulli’s theorem has several applications in everyday lives.
One of them is carburettor that apply Bernoulli’s theorem where
internal combustion engine mixing air with a fine spray of
liquid fuel. In conclusion, all the objectives in this experiment
considered achieved and based on data and calculation obtained
it is proved the validity of Bernoulli’ s equation. Other objective
which is to measure flow rates and both static and total pressure
heads in a rigid convergent and divergent tube of known
geometry for a range steady flow rates is achieved. As the
pressure difference increase, the time taken for fixed volume
water collected and the flow rates of water also increase. Thus,
the velocity of the same channel and both convergent and
divergent flow are directly proportional.
RECOMMENDATIONS
 Remove the trap bubbles from manometer tube as it
can majorly affect the manometer reading.
 The in-charge person for valve must control it
carefully to stabilize the level of water as it is quite
difficult to control it.
 The eyes level must be parallel with manometer scale
during reading the manometer to prevent parallax
error.
 Any leaking of water in the instrument must be
avoided
 The experiment can be conducted several times to
obtain more accurate value or average value.
APPENDIX
 The valve and bleed screw should regulate smoothly
to reduce the errors.
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 James Prager, K. K. (2009). Teach Engineering.
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