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An experimental investigation into the behavior of short reinforced that provided by uniform lateral pressure. The concrete
concrete columns is described. Twenty-five concrete units, each 450 cover (outside the reinforcement) will crack longitudi -
mm (17.7 in.) square by 1200 mm (47.2 in.) high, containing either
nally and separate from the concrete core at compressive
8 or 12 longitudinal steel bars and different arrange ments of square
or octagonal steel hoops, were subjected to concentric or eccentric
strains in the order of 0.004 or higher and hence cannot
loads to failure at different strain rates. Results presented include be relied on to carry stress at high strains.
an assessment of the effect of eccentricity of load, strain rate, Early research on confined concrete, leading to em-
amount and distribution of longitudinal steel, and amount and dis- pirical stress-strain relations, was generally on small
tribution of transverse steel. A stress-strain curve for concrete confined scale concentrically loaded specimens, often without
by hoop reinforcement and loaded at a high strain rate (comparable concrete cover. The loading was generally applied con-
with seismic loading) is proposed and compared with an existing
centrically and at low strain rates. Behavior under
curve based on previous tests conducted at low strain rates. The
available ultimate compressive strain for concrete con fined by hoop
these conditions has been used to predict behavior of
reinforcement is also discussed. full-scale members under seismic conditions which are
characterized by high strain rates, repeated load ap -
Keywords: columns (supports); compressive strength; confined concrete; de- plications, and eccentricity of loading. Recent tests
formation; eccentric loads; failure; hoops; loads (forces); reinforced concrete;
reinforcing steels; strains; stresses; stress-strain relationships; tests.
conducted by Kaar, Fiorato, Carpenter, and Corley
(1978); Vellanas, Bertero, and Popov (1977); 4 and
Flexural strength calculations for reinforced concrete' Sheikh and Uzumeri (1979) 5 have involved more real-
members are generally conducted assuming an extreme istically sized specimens of confined concrete, but the
fiber concrete compressive strain of 0.003 and a con- tests have not been conducted under high strain rates
crete compressive stress block based on the concrete representative of seismic conditions.
stress-strain curve up to that strain.' However, under
seismic loading high ductilities are often demanded of
members, requiring an ultimate concrete compressive At present, the recommendations made by the seismic
strain of much greater than 0.003. This is particularly design codes of various countries show vast differences
the case for columns with high axial load levels, where in the quantity of transverse reinforcement required for
the available section ductility is very much dependent ductility in the potential plastic hinge re gions of
on the shape of the stress-strain relation of the concrete columns and piers. Park and Priestley' compared the
at high compressive strains. It is well known that the different requirements of various U.S., Japanese, and
ability of concrete to carry significant stress at high New Zealand codes in this respect and it is evident that
strains can be improved by providing arrangements of the required quantity of transverse reinforcement is still
transverse and longitudinal reinforcement which effec- a matter of some controversy. Recent tests conducted at
tively confine the core concrete,' increasing both the the University of Canterbury*' on nearly full size
compressive strength and ultimate strain. At stresses reinforced concrete columns, containing either spiral or
approaching the uniaxial compressive strength the rectangular hoop reinforcement and subjected to slow
transverse strains become very high because of the pro- cyclic loading, have shown that the
gressive internal cracking, and the concrete bears out
against the reinforcement.' The confinement of the *Park, R.; Priestley, M. J. N.; and Gill, W. D., "Ductility of Square
Confined Reinforced Concrete Columns," accepted by the Structural Divi -
concrete is provided by arching between adjacent sion, American Society of Civil Engineers, in press.
transverse bars and also to some extent by arching be - Received May 4, 1981, and reviewed under Institute publication policies.
tween adjacent vertical bars. If the bars are close Copyright © 1982, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved, including
the making of copies unless permission is obtained from the copyright pro -
enough, the confinement of the concrete can approach prietors. Pertinent discussion will be published in the November -December
1982 ACI J O U R N A L if received by Aug. 1, 1982. 002-8061/82/010013-15 $2.50.
13
AC1 JOURNAL I January-February 1982
B. D. Scott completed his BE and ME degrees in civil engineering at the
University of Canterbury, New Zealand. This paper describes the experimental
research work conducted for his ME in 1980-81. He is currently in the United
Kingdom gaining further experience in structural design.
R, Park, FAC1, is professor and head of the civil engineering department at the
University of Canterbury, New Zealand. His research interests include the inelastic
behavior of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams, columns, frames, and
1D or 12mm dia.
slabs, and earthquake engineering. He is a member of joint AC1- ASCE Hoopsets
Committees 352, Joints and Connections in Monolithic Concrete Structures; 428,
Inelastic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Structures; 441, Rein forced Concrete
Columns; and of the ACI International Activities Committee.
600
STRESS - MPa
400
I as,--
1 (2105 0.06
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
STRAIN
Fig. 3 — Typical molds with reinforcement cages ACI JOURNAL / January-February 1982 Fig. 4 —
Stress-strain curves for steel reinforcement
least eight hoop bar diameters embedded in the con -
crete core. The spacing of transverse hoops was re -
duced by one-half for the 200 mm (7.9 in.) at each end mm (7.9 in.) high x 100 mm (3.9 in.) diameter cylinders
of the test units to provide extra confinement and in sure at age 6 weeks, which was close to the time of testing
that failure occurred in the 800 mm (31.5 in.) long central the units, are shown in Table 1.
region. Table 1 gives the center-to-center spacing of the
hoop sets and the volume ratios of the transverse
reinforcement for the test units. TESTING PROCEDURE
Testing machine and strain rates
Note that there is a difference between the detailing
The tests were conducted in a DARTEC electrohy-
practice in the United States and New Zealand. U.S.
draulic universal testing machine which has a vertical
practice" permits column transverse reinforcement to
load capacity of up to 10 MN (2248 kips) and a maximum
engage only alternate bars if they are within 152 mm
available clearance between the top and bottom steel
(6 in.) of a tied bar. New Zealand practice' requires the
platens (bearing plates) of 4 m (13.1 ft). The DARTEC
center-to-center spacing across the cross section be -
machine can be either load or displacement controlled.
tween tied bars to not exceed the larger of one -third
The machine is capable of recording the load carried
of the cross section dimension in that direction or 200
during the whole strain range, including the descending
mm (7.9 in.). In the test specimens all longitudinal bars
portion of the load-strain curve after maximum load.
were tied (see Fig. 1). According to New Zealand prac tice
The applied load was measured to a precision of 1 kN
all bars needed to be tied. U.S. practice would require all
(225 lb) and checked by strains measured on the columns
the bars of the 8-bar column to be tied, but would allow
of the testing machine.
one of the intermediate bars in each face of the 12-bar
column not to be tied. The tests were conducted at a controlled rate of lon -
gitudinal compressive strain of either 0.0000033/sec,
The test units were cast in the vertical position in 0.00167/sec, or 0.0167/sec, normally up to a maximum
batches of 10. The construction sequence consisted of strain of about 0.04. The high strain rate is repre sen-
assembling the reinforcing cages, fixing the strain tative of that expected during seismic loading. The low
gages, and placing the cages in the painted and oiled strain rates were for comparison.
plywood molds. The 16 mm (0.63 in.) diameter hori -
zontal bars at the third points of the test units (see Fig.
1) were passed through the sides of the mold and Instrumentation
bolted to position the cages in the mold accurately. The
Longitudinal concrete strains in the test units were
concrete was placed in th ree lifts and well vibrated.
measured using linear potentiometers over the central
Fig. 3 illustrates some of the molds.
400 mm (15.7 in.) gage length on each vertical face of
Table 1 also lists the measured yield strengths of the the units. The potentiometers were attached (screwed)
steel found from tension tests, and Fig. 4 shows the to the 16 mm (0.63 in.) diameter horizontal bars which
stress-strain curves for the bars. were at the one-third points of the units (see Fig. 1).
The concrete used was normal weight, had a max i- The average of these strains was also checked against
mum aggregate size of 20 mm (0.79 in.), used ordinary the overall longitudinal strain observed from the stroke
portland cement, and had a slump of 75 mm (3 in.). displacement of the loading jack of the DARTEC ma-
The cylinders were cured at 20 C (68 F) in 100 percent chine, and good agreement was found when allowance
relative humidity, while the test units were covered was made for the flexibility of the machine.
with hessian and polythene with the top surface kept Electrical resistance strain gages were attached to the
moist. After 7 days of curing, the cylinders and units underside of the transverse hoop bars at three different
were stripped and stood in the laboratory until testing. levels within the central 400 mm (15.7 in.) of the test
The average compressive strengths given by the 200 units. These strain gages measured the stresses induced
in the hoop reinforcement by the confining pressure.
For the tests conducted at the slow strain rate, the
15
Table 1 - Details of test specimens and test results
Average ConareteConcrete, Concrete Peak
Longitudinal Transverse Average
Unit Concrete Reinforce-
Reinforcement Type Rate Maximum Strain Concrete
Concrete
ment Reinforcement Peak Strain Core at CompressiN
Number Compress- of of Strain
Load at Stress Strain
ive Arrange- No. Dia. Yield Spacing Yield Volume Maximum at
Load Loading
of Strength Strength Ratio Core at
Cylinder ment Dia. Strain Peak
First First
Strength Bars of per Load Ratio Stress
f sh mm fyh Hoop
f' Y Transverse f' Hoop
Second cc Fracture Fracture
mm MPa mm MPa Steel P,
MPa e MN f'
c
1 25.3 0 0 0 Concentric0.00000334.38 0.0018 0.86 0.0018
N
0
25.3 434 1.54 0.0040 0.0223
8.41 0.0030
0
/Is 10 72 309 0.0182 0.0167
`.21`.
0.0215
0
25.3 434
10 72 309 0.0182 Eccentric 0.00000335.49 0.0027 0.0743
0
0.0274
25.3
\ .4 434
10 72 309 0.0182 0.0167 6.40
0.0033 0.0188 0.0609
Concentric 1.22 0.0044
1 . _________
I
25.3 394
C ,1 C, 1 N
309 0.0174 0-0.0000336.72 0.0041 1.47 0.0038 0.0325
CO CO CO CO
O
7.85
mmmm
C I N C I N
-
25.3 394
1
111111
Cr Cr 309 0.0174 Eccentric 0,0167 0.0032 0.0271
O o o
25.3 394 309 0.0174 0.0649
Q.00000335.54 6.65 0.0044 0.0206
25.3 394 309 0.0174 0.0026 - -
0.0167
11 24.8
6A .
0 0 0 Concentric 0.0167 5.75 0.0012 1.17 0.0012
24.8 1
, M M M M
434 98 309 0.0140
r-I M M M
O O N N
24.8 2 Concentric 0.0167 8.50 0.0025 1.55 0.003 0.0167
/‘
C I N N N
0 0 0 0
M
24. 2
1411
24 394 10 309 0.0134 0.0167 7.90 0.0027 1.48
co
cCO
co CI CO cr
824 1 24 394 10 309 0.0174 Concentric 0.0167 8.50 0.0025 1.60 0.004 0.0214
CO CO
M M
A 0.0025 0.0287
CO 0, 0
2 ,,
.
.8 24 394 12 296 0.0213 0.0167 8.40 0.0032 1.62
u 0.0035 0.0359
a)
Concentric
C O N CO
N N N
24.2 20 272 10 309 0.0182 0.0167 7.45 0.0021 1.49 0.0030 0.0287
M V U1
M M M M
N N N N
24.2 r 20 272 12 309 0.0224 II 0.0167 7.80 0.0023 1.57 0.0035 0.0284
szr
24.2 20 272 12 309 0.0309 II 0.0167 8.50 0.0030 1.79 0.0040 0.0323
. . \
26 \,,, /
24.2 4 0 Concentric 0.0167 6.20 1.27 0.0010
0
27 0.0010
0 0
tests conducted at the fast strain rate, only the gages 8 3 8 l9e i wsil
10
numbered 2 and 10 were present at one one -third 3
point, 4 and 11 at midheight, and 7 and 12 at the other
one-third point. The strain gages used ha d a gage
7
length of 5 mm (0.20 in.). 4
7 X 12 11 4
For tests conducted at the low strain rate
(0.0000033/sec), the loads and strains were recorded
manually. For tests conducted at the higher strain rates Fig. 5 — Positions of
(0.00167/sec or 0.0167/sec), all measurements were re- electrical resistance strain gages for 8- and 12-bar
corded electronically. units
Fig. 7 shows a series of time-sequence photographs Unit 12 (see also Fig. 7) and also illustrates the loss of
for Unit 12, which was loaded concentrically and at anchorage of the outer hoops. Fig. 8(d) shows the
the high strain rate. The photographs were taken at unreinforced Unit 11 after high strain rate concentric
high speed, and the time t in the figure indicates the loading. The cone of failure at each end joined by a
time in seconds after the start of loading. The hori- large vertical crack was typical of all unreinforced
zontal metal bands seen in the figure near the center units tested, and the failure was always brittle with a
of the test unit were made loose fitting, with 25 mm sudden loss of load capacity.
(1 in.) clearance all around, to provide protection to
The eccentrically loaded Units 4 and 5 at failure can
the potentiometers; the bands provided no confine -
be seen in Fig. 8(e) and (f). Note the buckling of the
ment. Fig. 7 shows that vertical cracking of the cover
longitudinal bars on the compression face and the large
concrete had occurred by t = 0.39 sec, just before a
evenly spaced tension cracks on the opposite face.
peak load of 8.5 MN (1910 kips) was reached, and by
These tension cracks are slightly inclined to the hori -
the next photograph at t = 0.79 sec the load had fallen zontal due to the shear induced by the amount gradient
to 6.4 MN (1440 kips). The next photograph at t = resulting from high, but variable, P-A moments. Since
1.13 sec was taken just before the first hoop fracture, P-A moments are maximum at mid -height and zero at
and the photograph at t = 1.48 sec is at the third hoop top and bottom, a moment gradient with height, and
fracture. By the last sequential photograph at t = 2.22 thus a shear force distribution, is involved. It is sig -
sec, six hoops had fractured; two more would do so nificant that despite the squat nature of the test units,
before the end of the test. The final photograph shows the lateral displacements finally induced P-A moments
the condition of the concrete core at the end of testing. of the same order of magnitude as moments resulting
from the end eccentricities. The extent of the final lateral
Fig. 8 shows selected features of the failures for various displacement is clearly illustrated by Fig. 8(f).
test units. Fig. 8(a) shows a typical lightly con fined unit
(Unit 17) and Fig. 8(b) shows a typical heavily confined
unit (Unit 15), both after high strain rate concentric GENERAL TEST RESULTS
loading. Failure occurred in the central region of the The main test results obtained for each unit were the
units and the longitudinal bars buckled. It is also evident relationships between total load versus longitudinal
that the core concrete of the more lightly confined Unit 17 strain, the longitudinal concrete core stress versus lon-
is significantly more damaged than that of the more gitudinal strain, and the hoop reinforcement stress ver -
heavily confined Unit 15. Fig. 8(c) shows a close-up
of the fracture of three hoops from the lightly confined
18 ACI JOURNAL I January-February 1982
p, chow
4.34 P4Po
Ad= 3770 me ,2 W Z00
60182
303NPo rst hoop
frac t ure
25.3MF'a
t 0.0 0000 33/sec 0.01 0.02 0 .0 3 S T RA IN
NOTE
1MPa .145psf
1 MN '• 22S kips 1 ,1 H O OP S TRE SS -L O N G IFL O RAL s law,
(Rom Concrete)
en'
P , 4 0 .0 179
3 9 LA IRa
A , 3 6 )9 riv e ' I I 200
— • — m or ta re d K en t- Pa rk s rt. Ll
Tato, — U n t o 6
(Moo Conuerel
LLB
- • - m o d • b e d k e n , - P o r k ( C gs
1.6
N, Und 3
------- a n d I
1st hoof.
(Mom Concrete fracture ,st hoop 1St hoop
1.
frocfure fracfare
08
Z 04
a
0.' rst NA V
frac,
-003 0.02 -OW 001 00 0.03 0 . 0 4
0.2
STRAIN 0.0S 0.06 0.07
101 LOAD - STRAIN CURVES
(a) WAD-STRAW CURVES lot CORE CONCRETE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE Roy and Sozen" that confinement did not increase
compressive strength of rectangular sections.
strain rate Fig. 9, 10, and 11 also show the measured hoop re-
inforcement stress-longitudinal strain curves and indi-
cate when the hoops have yielded relative to the lon -
gitudinal strain. The hoop stress plotted for each unit
is an average of all hoop stresses measured for the unit
at that longitudinal strain.
1,2
1.0
0.8
Una' 6
e .0.0000033/sec
0.6
0.4
1st hoop
fracture
0.1
)11■
0.07 0.02 0.03 STRAIN
Fig. 15 — Stress-strain curves for unrein forced con-
crete units loaded at different strain rates Fig. 16 — Stress-strain curves for concrete core of 8-
bar units with similar transverse hoops loaded con-
centrically at different strain rates
corresponding to a number of measured strain distri-
butions, were found from a laminar analysis in which
the section was divided into nine 50 mm (2 in.) deep
strips. For a given measured strain gradient, the strain
in each strip was taken as that at its midpoint. The
stress in the concrete core at that strain in the strip was
calculated from the core concrete stress-strain curve for
the corresponding unit with the same longitudinal and Experimental Results
Units 1.3 d 13
transverse reinforcement which had been loaded con - P, .0.0182
centrically at the same strain rate. The stress in the --- Modi fi ed Ken t & Park lE qs.1 t o 41 -
--- Proposed Curve for high strain rate
cover concrete in the strip was calculated from the ( E 9 5 1 2 5 ,6 )
stress-strain curve of the corresponding unreinforced
CORE CONCRETE SIRE
EFFECT OF RATE OF STRAIN Fig. 17 — Stress-strain curves for concrete core of 12-bar
The low rate of strain, 0.0000033/sec, was represen - units with similar transverse hoops loaded con-
centrically at different strain rates
tative of the strain rate used in many previous column
research projects in which the columns were loaded to
failure (typically over a period of 10 min to 2 hr). A effect of the variation from the low to high strain rates
medium rate of strain, 0.00167/sec, was included to used in these tests, which involved a factor of 0.0167/
determine the sensitivity of the strength increase to 0.0000033 = 5000.
changes in rate of strain. The high rate of strain, Fig. 15, 16, and 17 illustrate the effect of strain rate
0.0167/sec, could be regarded as being indicative of the on the stress-strain curves for unreinforced concrete
strain rate expected during the response of reinforced (Units 21, 26, and 27) and for the core concrete of 8-
concrete to earthquakes. This rate may in fact be ex - bar units (Units 6, 7, 18) and 12 -bar units (2, 3, and
ceeded in some structures with a short fundamental 13), respectively. All of these units were loaded con -
period of vibration during earthquakes. However, the centrically. The curves in Fig. 16 and 17 were found
effect of increasing the strain rate by a factor of 1 to by subtracting the loads carried by the cover concrete
4 times is likely to be small in comparison with the and longitudinal reinforcement from the total load carried
and dividing by the core area, as described earlier.
ACI JOURNAL / January-February 1982
21
r r o p o s e a c u r ve r o r R l e g
r 5 % L i m i t o f p r o p o s e d c u r ve Experimental
Modifiedd Kent a Pork for K (Eq. 31 Results
-- -- Proposed
12 Bar unit K for high 15 Curves
+ 8 Ba r u n it (Eqs 1,2.5,61
strain rate 0
Plain unit :0.0t67/sec 625
1.8
+20 1.6
7.1
1.4 Unit 15
1.6 -+-- 9
P5 = 0.0309
-0. 0167/sec
Cc '77+ N
f '
c 1.4
N
N
0
,Unit t3
1.2 p .r0.01132
K f o r l o w s t ra in
ra t e i :0 Lu
ct 0.8 Unit 14
0000033/sec Unit 12
ps = 0.0224
1.0 o P5= 0.0140
0.6
7.8 -- Proposed
Curves l'Eqs 1
strain curve for the high strain rate tends toward the
1.6
curve for the low strain rate.
Unit 20
The approximately 25 percent increase in the peak
1.4 0.0293
stress due to the high strain rate of 0.0167/sec found
1.2 in these tests may be compared with the results for
=0.0167/sec N
ti (unreinforced) concrete cylinders found by Watstein."
Li, 1.0
ES The average increases in concrete cylinder strength
6, -Unit 19 found by Watstein for strain rates of 0.01/sec and 0.1/
4 0.8 P, = 0.0213
0 Unit 18
sec were 17 and 39 percent, respectively, for concrete
'3 0.6 Unit 17 ps = 0.0174 with a cylinder strength of 17 MPa (2500 psi), and 16
0.0134
and 23 percent, respectively, for concrete with a cyl -
0.4 1st hoop
inder strength of 45 MPa (6500 psi).
fracture
Unit 1
e =0.0000033/sec
0.2
EFFECT OF DISTRIBUTION OF TRANSVERSE
0 I AND LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
001 0.02 0.03 STRAIN
strain rate alone. The increase in the peak concrete had Q, = 0.0174 and s h = 72 mm (2.8 in.), and Unit 19
stress due to the high strain rate was typically 25 per - had Q, = 0.0213 and s h = 88 mm (3.5 in.). However, in
cent. Fig. 15 to 17 also show that at a strain of 0.015 Fig. 19 the curves for Units 18 and 19 are close to -
to 0.02, this strength increase has generally fallen to gether, indicating that the effect of the lower volume
about 10 percent. Thus, the slope of the falling branch of ratio of hoop steel of Unit 18 was largel y offset b y
the stress-strain curve from the peak stress to about 0.02 the greater spacing of the larger diameter hoop ste el
strain is much steeper for the high strain rate than for the of Unit 19. The curves for Units 13 and 14 in Fig. 20
low strain rate, and at large strains the stress - are also close together for the same reason.
where
Fig. 21 - Stress-strain curves for concrete core of Sand
12-bar units with different transverse hoops loaded K = 1 + Qft,
concentrically at the high strain rate , (3)
term, since the value for f,„ in these units was close to H ig h s t ra in ra t e
• •
i =0.0 16 7/sec
300 MPa (43,500 psi). Further, the enhancement in L o w s t ra in ra t e
0.08 0 0
strain capacity due to the presence of a strain gradient £ = 0.0000033/sec
0
conservative, Eq. (9) gives a far more realistic value 0.06
for the maximum available concrete compressive strain
than the equations of Baker and Corley.
Emay= 0.004 +0.9 ps
The maximum curvature that a reinforced concrete for fyh = 300 MPa( 43.5 ks
beam or column section can achieve before fracture of
0.04
the hoop reinforcement can be calculated from L. =
•
E„,,„/c, where r„,,„ is given by Eq. (9) and c is the distance 0
from the extreme compression fiber of the core concrete
•
Se
to the neutral axis. The neutral axis depth c is found
S
from anal ysis by satisfying the co nditions of 0.02
from Corley 's Eq. 8