A. Psychodynamic: • 1. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages • a.

Oral Stage (0-1) –Anal Stage (2-3) Phallic Stage (4-5)/ Ego (reality
principle)/ Superego (moral principle)/ Id (pleasure principle)/ Eros ( life instinct)/ Thanatos (death instinct)/ Instincts, Goals
and Motives/Psychoanalyti/Theory/Prenatal Development/9th month – 14.2” ; 7lbs/8th month – 12.2”; 5lbs/7th month –
10.6”; 1.36 kg/6th month – 9”; 1.75 lbs/5th month – 7.3”; 440 grams/4th month – 13.5 cm.; 120 grams/3rd month – 3” ; 25
grams/ Fetal Stage (end of 2 months – Birth)/ Embryonic Stage - 1st month- 2nd month –/Embryonic Stage (end of 2 weeks – 2
months)/ Germinal Stage (Fertilization – 2 weeks)/ Teratogens-Alcohol/Radiation from X-rays/Inadequate diet/Being your than
18/Being older than 35/Rubella (German Measles/Syphilis/Addictive drugs –/Smoking/teratogens/Patau’s Syndrome (trisomy
13)/ Edward’s Syndrome (trisomy 18)/ Down’s Syndrome (trisomy 21)/ Supermale Syndrome (XYY)/ Superfemale Syndrome
(XXX/Supermale Syndrome (XYY)/ Turner’s Syndrome (XO)/ Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXY)/ Fraternal or Dizygotic Twins/Identical
or Monozygotic Twins/genotype/phenotype/sex-linked traits/Codominance/Incomplete dominance/dominant genes/recessive
genes/xx chromosome will become female/xy chromosome will become a male/first 22 pairs are called autosomes/the
23rdpair are called sex chromosomes/ each segment of the DNA is a gene, the basic unit of heredity./ Fertilization, the union of
the egg and the sperm,produces a single cell that is called the zygote/Heredity is the transmission of traits/Every 28 days a
female ovulates/male parent releases sperm cells (300-500 million)/ 8 Stages of Development• 1. Prenatal stage• 2. Infancy (0-
2 years old)• 3. Early childhood (3-6 years old)• 4. Middle childhood (7-12 years old)• 5. Adolescence (13-19 years old)• 6.
Young adulthood (20-35 years old)• 7. Middle adulthood (36-49 years old)• 8. Late adulthood/Old age (50 years old-Death)/
Personality and Social development - changes in self-concept, gender identity and one’s quality of interpersonal relationship./
Cognitive or Intellectual development - change in mental abilities, learning capacity, memory, reasoning thought processes and
language. /Perceptual development - development of sensory capacities such as the changes in the seeing and hearing abilities
of infants./ Physical development - changes in the body structure and motor skills./ Qualitative change refers to the change of
function of an organ, resulting to improve efficiency and accuracy./ Quantitative change refers to physical growth like progress
in height or weight./ Human Development is the scientific study the patterns of growth and change that occurs throughout life/
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages • Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1) • Autonomy vs. Shame and Guilt (1-3) • Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6) •
Industry vs. Inferiority (6-Puberty) • Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence) • Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood) •
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood) • Integrity vs. Despair (Late Life)

B. Assumptions About the Stages of Human Development

C. Prenatal Development
D. 1.- Rapid cell division - By the end of the stage, the fertilized egg becomes a blastocyst (about the size of a pinhead) and plants
itself in the wall of the uterus.
E. 2. (end of 2 weeks – 2 months) - Major body systems and organs develop. - Organism becomes vulnerable to environmental
influences. - Most likely occurrences of chromosomal abnormalities.
F. 3. - 1st month – Measures quarter of an inch - 2nd month – As big as an adult’s smallest toe; back bone formed; legs and arms
begin to form; facial features take shape
G. 4. (end of 2 months – Birth) 3rd month – 3” ; 25 grams; Assumes human form; large head; starts bone formation (teeth buds,
nails); genital becomes more recognizable. 4th month – 13.5 cm.; 120 grams; about the size of a small orange; broad face, eyes
widely separated; capable of swallowing and kicking; nails/eyebrows start to grow.__________ 5th month – 7.3”; 440 grams;
vital organs developed; more frequent movement. 6th month – 9”; 1.75 lbs.; large head, lean body; with skin wrinkles; skin
pink in color; fine downy hair (lanugo) cover the body; eye brows, eye lashes visible. 7th month – 10.6”; 1.36 kg.; can open
eyes; can stretch and kick; skin is red and wrinkled./
H. 8th month – 12.2”; 5lbs.; fat begins to store in the body; lungs fully developed; head/body are proportionate; assume position
for delivery. 9th month – 14.2” ; 7lbs.; redness and wrinkles fade; downy hair disappears./ Reflexes are unlearned, involuntary
responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli They are critical for survival Rooting reflex – turning
one’s heads towards things the touch their cheeks/Sucking reflex – infants suck things that touch their lips Gag reflex – reflex
to clear the throat Startle reflex – a series of movements in which an infant flings out the arms, fans the fingers, and arches
the back in response to sudden noise/ Babinski Reflex – a baby’s toes fan out when the outer edge of the sole of the foot is
stroked Grasping Reflex Infants lose these primitive reflexes after the first few months of life; replaced with more complex
an organized behaviors./ “An organized set of ideas that are designed to explain development.” • Essential for developing
predictions about behavior. • Predictions result in research that help to support or clarify the theory/Psychodynamic - Freud,
Erikson • Learning - Watson, Skinner, Bandura • Cognitive - Piaget, Kohlberg/ helps the child to survive; directs life sustaining
activities such as respiration, eating, sex and the fulfillment of all other bodily needs/set of destructive forces present in all
human being ex. arson, murder, war, masochism/serve the instincts by seeking objects that will satisfy them; seeking
immediate gratification of instinctual needs/find realistic ways of gratifying the instinct; block the id’s irrational thinking; ability
to delay gratification/ represents the ideal and strives for perfection rather than for pleasure or reality/ reflects the infant’s
need for gratification from the mother. An infant’s eating, sucking, spitting, and chewing do not only satisfy hunger, but also
provide pleasure./ reflects the toddler’s need for gratification along the rectal area. During this stage, children must endure the
demands of toilet training./ reflects the preschooler’s gratification involving the genitals. Children at this stage gratify their sex
instinct by fondling their genitals and developing an incestuous desire for the opposite sex parent/