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STEREOPHONIC FM BROADCASTING

Carl G. Eilers
Zenith Radio Corporation
Chicago, Illinois
Summary property of a difference (L-R) stereo-
phonic subcarrier and a sum (L+R) audio
In arriving at a suitable choice of signal, it is possible to fully modulate
transmission parameters for stereophonic the FM transmitter with the main channel
FM broadcasting, consideration must be modulation and then to insert the stereo-
given to several factors, as follows: phonic suboarrier made in the fashion
just described without having to reduce
1. The modulation choice should provide the modulation for either sum (L+R) or
an aurally-balanced program for the difference (L-R) signal.
monophonic listener.
A maximum modulation of 90% is allo-
2. A reasonable compromise should be cated to both sum (L+R) and difference
made between the stereophonic signal- (L-R) signals as applied to the radiated
to-noise ratio and the monophonic carrier. Since the FCC considered stereo-
signal-to-noise ratio as compared to phonic broadcasting as an adjunct to the
monophonic broadcasting. present monophonic broadcasting, the
standards were chosen such that the mono-
3. Receivers designed for the system phonic signal-to-noise ratio when broad-
should be capable of reliable oper- casting stereophonic programs was sub-
ation yet should be reasonably stantially the same as the signal-to-
inexpensive. noise ratio when broadcasting monophonic
programs. The stereophonic broadcasting
4. If possible, the system should pro- standards as adopted result in a signal-
vide an additional channel for other to-noise degradation of 23 db in the
services without degrading the de- stereophonic channel as compared to the
sired service. monophonic channel. The additional 10%
of the maximum modulation allowable is
The transmission parameters should allocated to a pilot subcarrier having a
be selected with the present state of the frequency one half of the stereophonic
electronic art in mind; however, it should subcarrier, or l9KC.
be recognized that advances in the art
will always take place. Thus, one must The l9KC pilot subcarrier frequency
also keep the future in mind when select- is required to be maintained within
ing these parameters. ±2 cycles and the limits of percentage
modulation of the radiated carrier allo-
Brief Description of Stereophonic cated to the pilot subcarrier are 8 to
FM Broadcasting As Approved by FCC 10%.
The system of stereophonic FM broad- In order that the left and right
casting which has been developed at derived stereophonic channels are re-
Zenith Radio Corporation and adopted in produced consistently at the correct out-
principle by the FCC had its inception in put terminals, there is an additional
a time-division multiplex switching system specification in the FCC Rules on the
between left and right stereophonic phase relationship between the pilot
program sources. subcarrier and the stereophonic sub-
carrier when the radiated carrier is
The system as adopted by the FCC is being deviated upward in frequency by the
basically a sum (L+R) and difference(L-R) main channel modulation.
method of stereophonic broadcasting. The
sum (L+R) signal is transmitted on the The amplitude matching of the main
main channel as normal audio modulation, and subchannel signals is required to be
thus providing an aurally-balanced within ±3.5% of each other and the phase
program for the monophonic listener; and difference between the main and sub-
the difference (L-R) signal is transmitted channel signals is required to be within
as a suppressed carrier amplitude modu- 30 at all modulating frequencies between
lated 38KC stereophonic subcarrier which 50 cycles and 15,000 cycles. Identical
frequency modulates the radiated carrier 75 4sec preemphasis characteristics are
simultaneously with the main channel suecified for both main and subchannel
modulation. Because of the interleaving signals.

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The main channel, subcarrier channel, The crosstalk between sum and
and the pilot subcarrier added together difference channels is required to be at
form a composite modulation signal having least -40 db relative to 90% modulation
a frequency spectrum consisting of (L+R) of the main carrier. There is no speci-
components from 50 cycles to 15,000 cycles, fication on crosstalk from the composite
a pilot subcarrier component at l9KC, and stereophonic signal to the SCA subchannel
(L-R) subcarrier sideband components from since the latter is not a broadcast ac-
23,000 cycles to 53,000 cycles. tivity. The distortion requirements now
specified for monophonic broadcasting
For those broadcasters wishing to are applicable to the (L+R) channel and
engage in SCA operation, an additional (L-R) subchannel.
band from 53,000 to 75,000 is specified by
the FCC which become the upper and lower When the broadcaster elects to
bounds on the instantaneous frequency of a transmit an SCA subcarrier, he is re-
frequency modulated subcarrier. quired to reduce the percentage modulation
allocated to the main and stereophonic
The maximum modulation of the main subchannels so that the total deviation
carrier by the SCA subcarrier is 10% of the does not exceed ±75KC.
total allowable ±75KC deviation. Addi-
tionally, there is a limit placed on the The Stereophonic FM Broadcasting
crosstalk from the SCA subchannel into the Standards in brief form are shown in
band occupied by the composite stereo- CHART I.
phonic signal of at least -60 db.
CHART I. STEREOPHONIC FM BROADCASTING STANDARDS
Main Channel
A. Main Channel Modulating Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (L+R)
B. Preemphasis . . . . . . .. . . . 75 psec-
C. % Modulation of Radiated Carrier by (L+R) . . . . . . . 90%
With SCA . . . . . . . 80%
Pilot Subcarrier
A. Pilot Subcarrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19KC ±2 cycles/sec.
B. % Modulation of Radiated Carrier by Pilot . . . . . . . . 8 to 10%
Stereophonic Subcarrier Channel
A. Subchannel Modulating Signal .............. (L-R)
B. Preemphasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 psec.
C. % Modulation of Radiated Carrier by (L-R)
Amplitude Modulated Suppressed Carrier Subcarrier .. 90%
With SCA ..... 80%
D. Stereophonic Subcarrier Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . 38KC
Suppressed to at least ................. 1%
E. Stereophonic Subearrier shall cross Time Axis with
Positive Slope simultaneously with Each Time Axis
crossing of Pilot Subcarrier
Composite Modulation
A. Main and Subcarrier Channel Amplitude Matching ± 3.5%
B. Main and Subcarrier Channel Envelope Phase Matching . ± 30
C. Separation . . . . . . . . . . . 29.7 db
D. Crosstalk from Main to Stereophonic Subcarrier and from
Stereophonic Subcarrier to Main Channel ,40 db
E. When a Positive Left Signal is applied the Main Channel
Modulation and Stereophonic Subcarrier Signal shall
instantaneously cause an upward deviation in the Radiated Carrier.
F. Frequency Response, Distortion, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Requirements for both Main Channel and Stereophonic Subcarrier
Channel are identical to Monophonic Requirements.
SCA Subchannel
A. % Modulation of Radiated Carrier by SCA Subcarriers . 10%
B. SCA Subcarrier Modulation Method . ......... Frequency Mod .ulation
C. Crosstalk from SCA Channel to Region from
50 -
53,000 cycles/second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,60 db

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LEFT PLUS RIGHT
AUDIO MODULATION LEFT ONLY AUDIO MODULATION

.T V LEFT MINUS RIGHT

wbuwwi
SUPPRESSED CARRIER AMPLITUDE MODULATED LEFT ONLY SUPPRESSED CARRIER
SU8CARRIER MODULATION AMPLITUDE MODULATED SUBCARRIER
MODULATION

COMPOSITE MODULATION
COMPOSITE MODULATION

Figure 1-Illustration of Interleaving Effect of Sum and


Difference Signals Figure 2-Illustration of Interleaving Effect of Sum and
Difference Signals

r- -
[l7
_
(X9)
I TDAM IrTROT UTTF I
LEFT)

( RIGHT)

228 KC1 |190KC t19.0KC


CARRIER
SUPPLY

Block Diagram #1-Block Diagram of Stereophonic FM Broadcasting System Installed


at WEFM

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75
Block Diagram #2-38KC Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier AM Subcarrier
1
Generator (- Response)
f

Block Diagram d73-Carrier Supply for AM Subcarrier Generator

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Once again, if a sum (L+R) signal subcarrier frequencies without distortion
having an amplitude: or frequency discrimination. Additionally,
frequency and modulation monitors will
-1 + 2 eventually be required for measurement of
1T the stereophonic subcarrier when specifi-
is added to the above partially demodu- cations forthcoming from FCC.
are
lated right channel, the result would be:
An example of the equipment required
(LTR) - 2(L-R) + (L+R)(-1 + 2 =4R at a typical FM Broadcasting Station is
shown in block diagram #1 of the Stereo-
Multiplication by a squarewave may be phonic FM Broadcasting System installed at
accomplished using an electronic switch Zenith Radio Corporation's FM Station:WEFM.
being operated in synchronism with the
modulated subcarrier signal, thus becoming At the extreme left of the block
a synchronous demodulator. An actual diagram the left and right stereophonic
circuit using partial demodulation and audio sources are shown entering the
partial matrixing is the subject of an- AUDIO CONSOLE (MATRIX) where sum and
other paper. difference audio components are made. The
sum (A+B) audio component is passed througi
STEREOPHONIC FM TRANSMITTER EQUIPMENT a 75 psec preemphasis network and then
inserted at the normal audio input termi-
The broadcaster wishing to engage in nals of the Collins 734A Transmitter
stereophonic FM broadcasting must have Exciter. The difference (A-B) audio com-
additional pieces of equipment not now ponent is passed through a matched 75 sec
required for monophonic broadcasting and, preemphasis network, a 28.5 psec time-
also, the equipment he now has must be delay network adjustable to 0.5 psec accu-
capable of meeting certain requirements or racy, and then inserted at the input termi-
must be modified to fulfill those re- nals of the AUDIO AMPLIFIER and LOW
quirements. FREQUENCY PHASE EQUALIZER. The output
then is applied to the DOUBLE SIDEBAND
In addition to the obvious pieces of SUPPRESSED CARRIER AM SUBCARRIER GENER-
equipment required for stereophonic FM ATOR which forms the 38KC stereophonic
broadcasting such as: magnetic tape play- subearrier and the l9KC pilot subcarrier
back equipment, stereophonic disk re- for application to the 11.055 mcAJXILIARY
producing equipment, or other stereo- PHASE MODULATOR. At this point in the
phonic source, the broadcaster must have system the sum and difference components
the following: are combined in such a way that their
phase and amplitude characteristics are
1. Audio console having 2 channels with matched and then amplified and returned
their level controls ganged together. to the 734A Collins Transmitter at
2. Matrix equipment for formation of 11.055 mc to be multiplied nine times by
(L+R) and (L-R) audio. the frequency multipliers and power
3. Matched 75 psec preemphasis networks. amplifiers. Finally, the resulting 99.5mc
4. Time delay equalizers variable to output is applied to the antenna.
within D.5 IIsecs. At the extreme right of the block
5. 19KC Pilot subcarrier generator diagram is shown the G.E. BM-lA Modu-
accurate to within ± 2 cycles and lation Monitor for recovery of the stereo-
other carrier sources related to the phonic signal.
pilot subcarrier.
6. Amplitude modulated 38KC subearrier At the lower right of the block
generator with carrier suppressed to diagram is shown the CARRIER SUPPLY
less than 1 of maximum output when having as outputs: l90KC, 228KC, and l9KC
modulated with (L-R) audio. carriers for application to the DOUBLE
7. AM Subcarrier insertion equipment SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER AM SUBCARRIER
such as: a phase modulator in one of GENERATOR.
the multiplier stages of the FM exciter Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier AM Sub-
or if the main exciter is capable of carrier GeneratQr (with 1 response)
wideband modulation the AM Subcarrier f
may be mixed with the (L+R) audio
modulation. A block diagram of the DOUBLE SIDE-
8. Frequency and modulation monitors for BAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER AM SUBCARRIER
monitoring the radiated carrier. These GENERATOR is shown in Block Diagram #2.
monitors must be capable of providing In order to generate an extremely low

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Description of Stereophonic Modulation Demodulation of the amplitude modu-
Wave form lated stereophonic subcarrier is ac-
complished by using a synchronous de-
The stereophonic composite modulating tector driven by a properly phased
function can be expressed as follows: reference carrier derived from the second
harmonic of the transmitted pilot sub-
(L+R) + (L-R)coscIbct = M(t) carrier.

It will be noted that the maximum We will now illustrate a method of


peak-to-peak amplitudes of the sum (L-R) left and right stereophonic signal deri-
audio and the difference (L-R) modulated vation using partial demodulation and
subcarrier areequal. It is also true, but partial matrixing. This method is di-
not obvious, that the composite modulation rectly related to the original concept
function maximum peak-to-peak amplitude is of time-division multiplex demodulation.
equal to the maximum of either of the com-
ponents alone. Thus, the FM transmitter If one multiplies the composite modu-
may be fully modulated with (L*R) audio lating function M(t) with a squarewave
and then fully modulated with the (L-R) function 1 + 4cosabct,
the result would be
partial demodUlation for the left channel:
subcarrier without having to reduce the
modulation percentage for either component
as applied to the radiated carrier. This
interleaving property of the sum (L+R) and
EL+R) + (L-R)cosabct1 [1 + 4os%ct
difference (L-R) signals is directly re-
lated to the original concept of time-di-
= (L+R) + .(L-R)cos2o%ct + .........
vision multiplexing between left and right
stereophonic signals.
= (L+R) + (L-R)(l + OS22c%ct)
= (L+R) + 4(L-R)
The photographson FIG. 1 illustrate
the concept of interleaving. The upper It is obvious by examining this re-
photograph displays the sum (LrR) audio sult that the sum (L+R) signal is some-
component of the composite modulating what larger than the difference (L-R)
signal. The radiated carrier deviation is signal, thus resulting in mostly left
±75KC. The center photograph displays the but some right signal in the left channel.
difference (L-R) subearrier component. In
the lower portion of the photograph is If a sum (L+R) signal having an
shown the result of the addition of these amplitude: -1 + 2 is added to the above
two components which make up the composite partially matrixmd left channel, the re-
modulating signal. It is evident that the sult would be:
maximum peak-to-peak amplitudes are identi-
cal for all three photographs.
(L+R) + 2 L-R) + (L+R)( 1+2)
The photographs of FIG. 2 illustrate This (L+R)(-l1+)signal is readily availa-
the makeup of the modulating signal when a ble because it is an inverted main channel
left only signal is applied to the FM
transmitter. For this illustration the signal.
audio modulating frequency was higher than
that of FIG. 1, so that the actual sub- Likewise, if one multiplies the com-
carrier cycles may be viewed. It may be posite modulating function M(t) with:
noted that the subcarrier reverses phase 1 - Posct
each time the zero axis is crossed. This
shows that the suppressed carrier type of the result would be partial demodulation
modulation is taking place. For clarity for the right channel:
the pilot subearrier is not included in
the photographs of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. E(L+R) + (L-R)cosact] [1 - icOSwsctj
Stereophonic Subcarrier Demodulation -(L+R) -;!(L-R)COS
Il~~~~~I 2%ct . .........
A stereophonic receiver designed for = (L+R) -4 (L-R)(7 + cos2cJct)
recovery of left and right channels will
process the composite stereophonic signal = (L+R) - L-R)
recovered at the discriminator by matrixing
the sum (L+R) components of the main clannel Once again, the sum (L+R) signal is some-
with the demodulated difference (L-R) com- what larger than the difference (L-R)
ponents of the stereophonic subcarrier signal, thus resulting in mostly right
channel in such a proportion as to recover but some left signal in the right channel.
the desired left and right channels.

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distortion 38KC AM subcarrier, a two-step The CARRIER SUPPLY provides the
or double-modulation system has been used three carrier frequencies used by the
in the AM subcarrier generator. DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER AM
SUBCARRIER GENERATOR previously described.
The first step of this double-modu- These three carrier frequencies are:
lation process is accomplished in the l90KC, 228KC, and 19KC. These carriers
4-diode doubly-balanced ring modulator are derived from a common source to insure
shown in the upper left portion of Block a constant phase and frequency relation-
Diagram #2. The first ring modulator is ship between them.
driven by a l90KC carrier supplied by the
CARRIER SUPPLY and, also, by phase equal- The common source for the CARRIER
ized difference (A-B) audio supplied by SUPPLY is a l9KC crystal-controlled
the AUDIO AMPLIFIER AND LOW FREQUENCY oscillator, shown in the lower left portit
PHASE EQUALIZER. The resultant signal is of Block Diagram #3, which feeds a cathode
a double sideband suppressed carrier AM follower (thus providing the l9KC pilot
subcarrier which is passed through a band- subearrier frequency output) and also
pass filter having a l90KC center frequency feeds a frequency doubling full-wave
and a 3 db bandwidth of 60KC. The output rectifier circuit, thus providing a 38KC
of the bandpass filter is amplified by a signal to be shaped by a monostable multi-
two-stage feedback amplifier which drives vibrator that, in turn, delivers square-
the second ring modulator. wave pulses to a pulse-forming circuit in
order to trigger a blocking oscillator
The second step of this double-modu- which provides extremely sharp pulses for
lation process is accomplished in the harmonic generation.
second 4-diode doubly-balanced ring modu-
lator shown in the left center portion of A bandpass filter tuned to the 6th
Block Diagram #2. The second ring modu- harmonic of the 38KC blocking oscillator
lator is driven by a 228KC carrier supplied signal delivers a 228KC carrier frequency
by the CARRIER SUPPLY and, also, by the which then is amplified and fed to an out-
output of the l90KC bandpass filter de- put terminal.
scribed above. The resultant product of
this modulation process is the required A bandpass filter tuned to the 5th
38KC double sideband suppressed carrier harmonic of the 38KC blocking oscillator
AM subcarrier. This signal is passed signal delivers a l90KC carrier frequency
through a lowpass filter having an upper which then is amplified and fed to an
cutoff frequency of lOOKC so that both the output terminal.
l90KC and 228KC component frequencies.,as
well as other spurious components, are Auxiliary Phase Modulator
removed from the 38KC AM subcarrier.
A block diagram of the AUXILIARY
In the lower left portion of Block PHASE MODULATOR is shown in Block
Diagram #2 is shown the circuitry which Diagram #4.
provides for phase and amplitude ad-
justments of the l9KC pilot subcarrier The AUXILIARY PHASE MODULATOR pro-
supplied by the CARRIER SUPPLY. vides the means for frequency modulating
the main carrier by the stereophonic sub-
The l9KC pilot subcarrier is then carrier. It is inserted in one of the
applied to a two-stage feedback amplifier final multiplier stages of the Collins734A
where it is mixed with the 38KC AM sub- Transmitter such that the signal undergoes
carrier from the 100KC lowpass filter. an additional nine times frequency multi-
This combination is amplified by the feed- plication before being radiated by the
back amplifier and subjected to a 1 antenna.
frequency response characteristic T
developed in the output transformer of The AUXILIARY PHASE MODULATOR is
this amplifier. The 1 frequency response equipped with coaxial connectors at both
characteristic is T needed to convert input and output. The input frequency and
the phase modulation provided by the output frequency are both the same, namely:
AUXILIARY PHASE MODULATOR to frequency 11.055 mc. The basic operation of the
modulation. AUXILIARY PHASE MODULATOR is as follows:
Carrier Supply The output of the DOUBLE SIDEBAND
SUPPRESSED CARRIER AM SUBCARRIER GENER-
A block diagram of the CARRIER SUPPLY ATOR, which contains the 38KC stereo-
is shown in Block Diagram #3. phonic subcarrier and the l9KC pilot sub-
carrier, is applied to a ring modulator,

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shown in the center portion of Block The signal is then fed to a two-stage
Diagram #4, which is balanced for carrier amplifier which provides the proper RF
as well as modulation. (The modulation level for the frequency multipliers in
in this case is the stereophonic subearrier the Collins 734A Transmitter.
and the pilot subcarrier. The output
amplifier of the DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED Conclusions
CARRIER AM SUBCARRIER GENERATOR has a 1
frequency characteristic so that the f The foregoing stereophonic FM broad-
phase modulator produces frequency modu- cast equipment descriptions are sufficient-
lation.) ly detailed to make one aware of the care
required for the generation of a suitable
The carrier for the ring modulator is signal that is radiated in accordance with
supplied by a limiter-driver combination the FCC requirements.
being fed by the 11.055 mc signal from the
Collins 734A Transmitter Exciter. The receiving equipment may be quite
simple, yet stable in operation, consist-
The purpose of the limiter is to remove ing of one or two tube envelopes for the
any amplitude modulation that may exist at additional stereophonic demodulating
this point in the multiplier chain due to circuitry. The standards have been chosen
inadequate bandwidth in the tuned circuits such that good results are possible with
preceding this stage. a minimum of additional equipment, but it
is evident that the system performance
The output of the doubly-balanced ring will be improved with future advances in
modulator becomes an amplitude-modulated ciruit design as the state of the art
11.055 mc carrier with carrier suppressed. progresses.
A portion of the limited 11.055 mc carrier
is shifted 900 and added to the output of
the balanced ring modulator. The re-
sultant signal becomes a phase-modulated
signal identical to that obtained when
using the familiar Armstrong method of
frequency modulation.

TO
FREQUENCY MULTIPLIERS
AND POWER AMPLIFIERS

11.055Tncl
50n INPUI

38KC AM
SUBCARRIER
INPUT

AUXILIARY PHASE MODULATOR FOR AM SUBCARRIER INSERTION

Block Diagram #4-Auxiliary Phase Modulator for AM Subcarrier Insertion

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