Nature and Processes of B.

Negative

Communication  The intended message is not achieved.

 Example: Frowning, knits his forehead or does
Communication something else other than listening.

It is considered as a process that involves relaying of

message from the sender to the receiver through the use
of systematic and understandable cycle. NOISE
Interference in the communication process.
Communication Process
The systematic flow of steps that we follow in order to Types of Noise
achieve effective and successful communication.
A. Physical Noise
It is an interference that is extended to both speaker and
Elements of Communication listener.
Example:
SENDER  Shouts of students along the corridors
 The sound of footsteps
 Encoder
 The barking of dogs
 Source
 Loud music
 The one who initiates the conversation.
 Your classmate talking to you
 Verbal, Non- verbal or written Forms of
Communication.
B. Physiological Noise
MESSAGE It is created by barriers within the sender or receiver.
The body became the hindrance to communication.
 The element transmitted in communication.
Example:
 Information, ideas, thoughts, feelings.
 Hunger
 Fatigue
CHANNEL
 Headache
 Medium or instrument used by the sender.  Medication
 Messages are sent and received via the senses.
C. Psychological Noise
RECEIVER
1. Preconceived Ideas
 The one who acts as the decoder. When people think that they already know something.
 The one who receives, analyzes, understands, and
interprets the message. 2. Wandering thoughts
When the speaker tells something, which is not
FEEDBACK connected to the topic.

 The response of the receiver in 3. Semantic Noise

 Relation to the message sent by the sender. Listeners have different definitions.

Types of Feedback
Models of Communication
A. Positive
1. Linear Communication Model
 The response of the receiver in relation to the
message sent by the sender.  Follows a straight path
 Example: Smiling, nodding of the head, clapping of  One-way process
the hands, and attentive listening.  Receiver does not give feedback or any response
 *If your silence has no meaning or intention, then it is
not considered feedback.
 *Even without hindrance (noise), we can consider it

Tennets of Communication
as (linear) communication.
 *Noise is a part of linear communication. Communication is…
 Ex. Speech, Radio Broadcast, Watching Videos Everywhere

2. Interactive Communication Model Communication is present in our environment, from

human discussion to animal noises.
 Human to human or computer
 Exchange of ideas Dynamic
 Two-way process wherein the receiver gives
feedback or response to the sender Communication is progressively changing. It moves from
 The sender and receiver understood each other. one topic to another related topic.
 Ex. Conversation, Using computers
Learned
3. Transactional Communication Model
Communication is not innate. It must be learned even
 The sender and receiver are both communicators from the time when we were infants.
 They send feedbacks to each other
 Relay ore communicate between the sender and Contextualized
receiver
 They are not labelled as sender nor receiver because Methods or way of communicating is according to
both are communicators and it is a continuous situation, such as culture, locality, and workplace.
process.
 Ex. Debate Continuous
Communication is never ending. At the end of one
conversation, one may prompt another to initiate a new
conversation.
Types of Communication
1. Verbal Communication
 Done orally 7 C’s of Communication
 Includes hearing and speaking
These must be observed to achieve efficient and
successful communication.
2. Non-Verbal Communication
 Use of symbolic signs 1. Completeness
 Involves sense of sight or body language (gestures,
posture, facial expression) Facts and information must be delivered in whole.
Kinesics - how the body speaks
Auditory - sounds and hearing 2. Conciseness
Tactile/Haptics - sense of touch
The message should be brief, short, direct to the point.
Olfactory - use of smell
and delivered in as few words as possible.
Gustatory - taste
Oculesics - eye movements
Proxemics - space and area
3. Consideration
Chronemics - time Refers to attitude and behavior towards what your
audience may feel. Putting into mind the audience.
3. Visual Communication
 Use of symbols
4. Concreteness
 Signages that we interpret The message is accurate and facts are supported by
evidence.
4. Written Communication
 Anything that we can read
5. Courtesy
 Characters and letters Manners, respect, and politeness towards your audience.
 4. Ego-Defensiveness
6. Clarity
Pride; disagreement on a personal account
Making things clear. Conveying the message one at a
time. 5. Negative Emotion
Bad mental or emotional state that affect way of
7. Correctness
thinking; anger, sadness, anxiety, and frustration
Involves proper use of right words, correct syntax,
punctuation, and as now grammatical lapses.

Barriers to Effective Communication
These are hinderances we should overcome.
Intercultural Communication
 Exchange of messages across languages and
cultures.
 Refers to how we communicate with people of
different cultures and identities.

Tangible Barriers
Gender Identity
1. National/Cultural Origin
 Refers to what it is to be a man or a woman
National identities and differences in culture  Notions of masculinity and femininity

2. Urban/Rural Differences
Age Identity
Differences in locality and urban or rural areas
 How people act, based on their age

3. Age
Cultural Identity
Difference in age and the way people act
 These are customs, values, traditions, and behaviors
observed in a community
4. Generation Gap
Refers to different culture of the year of the generation Religious Identity
5. Gender  Differences in religions and beliefs, often a cause of
misunderstanding
Refers to gender norms and behavior

Social Status Identity

6. Socio-economic Class
 Sense of belonging to a group who share the same
Status or wealth that suggests behavior occupation or economic status

Intangible Barriers Functions of Communication

1. Selective Perception
Regulation or Control
Seeing only what you want
Expressing authority or giving directions and commands
explicitly
2. Motivation
Having reasons for doing such action Information
Giving information linearly
3. Tunnel Vision
Does not include asking questions
Having beliefs or closed way of thinking Examples include public announcements, personal
details, etc.
 The context of a message refers to its literal meaning.
Motivation
Giving incentive for an individual to suggest a task.
Illocutionary
Examples include advising, goals and ambitions,
incentives. This refers to the intention or desired effect of the
message
Ex. “Mary is beautiful”—to compliment
Social Interaction
Simply when one person socializes with another.
Perlocutionary
May include conversations or asking questions.
Refers to the actual effect or outcome of a message

Emotional Expression
Explicitly shows definite or states emotions that are
expressed.

Speech Styles
Relationship between the sender (speaker) and receiver
(listener).
Level of formality, from the most formal to the least
formal.

Frozen
Highest and most formal style
Has “fixed” speeches
Ex. church rites

Formal
One-way communication
One speaker
Ex. seminars, symposiums, meetings

Consultative
Normal style of speaking, talking to someone you do now
know
Active exchange of information
Ex. interviews

Casual
Informal conversation, non-standard language, slang
Ordinary conversation
Ex. Talking to friends

Intimate
Private conversation
People whom you are very close with

Speech Acts
Locutionary