Classification Practical Note

PRACTICAL NOTE OF CC, DDC, UDC

A. Facets vs. Phases

Facets are layers of which a subject is made of. These are in born constituents of a compound
subject and are hard to set apart. They make a compound subject. Identification of different
facets in a compound subject is a process of facet analysis. But phases of a subject are loosely
assembled and are in incidental relations which can be easily set apart as they form distinct
portion of a complex subject. A complex subject requires phase analysis and further each of
the phases may require facet analysis.
B. Kinds of Relations
At the first instance, in the 6th edition (1963) of the CC, Ranganathan recognizes five kinds
of relations or interactions between the involved phases. In the 7th edition (1987) one more
relation Tool Phase has been rather reintroduced to make them six. Namely these are:
1. General Relation
It is an unspecified relation comprehending all other relations not included in any of the
following five relations. This sort of relation is vague and undefined. For example, Relation
of political Science with History; Relation between Algebra and Geometry
2. Bias Relation
When the exposition of a phase is favorable to or inclined towards another phase, it is
deemed to be a bias relation. The biased subject is specifically attuned to the needs of a
specified group, especially a specialist, or examples selected are of use to that group. It is a
form of presentation. For example, Mathematics for Biologists uses examples calculated to
interest a biologist and leaves out much Mathematics of no use to that group. Psychologies
for Doctors, or Physics for Civil Engineers, are other examples of bias Phase Relations. Bias
should be towards a specialist group. Gardening for handicaps or Hockey for teenagers is not
bias phase subjects.
3. Comparison Relation
When the involved phases are compared with one another, then it is called a Comparison
Relation. Ranganathan states such a relation is comprehensive or non-descriptive. E.g.,
AACR 1compared with AACR 2; Comparative study of Indian and British constitutions.
4. Difference Relation
As the name implies, this type of relation involves the exposition of the difference between
the involved phases. For example, Difference between the Indian Constitution and the british
Constitution; Difference between Hindu and Jain religions. This type of relation is either
redundant or can be treated as a simple corollary of comparison relation.
5. Tool Relation
A subject may be used as a tool to study the exposition of other subjects. Then such subjects
are called tool phase. It is a method to investigate the original subject by using another
subject. For example, mathematical economics. Philosophy of science or Sociology of
science is two such subjects where philosophy and sociology have been

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Used to study science. Mathematics is often used to study or describe other subjects e.g.,
Mathematical geography.

6. Influencing Relation
When the phases are so involved that one is influencing the exposition of the other, it is
termed as the influencing relation. This phase relation is very prominent and frequent in
research. For example, the Influence of British Constitution on the Indian Constitution;
Impact of IT on library service
C. Levels of Relations
To make class numbers brief and precise Ranganathan has differentiated each of the six
relations into three levels, viz., whether they occur at the level of the main class, facets or
isolates.
D. Phase Relations
When foci involved in some relation belong to two different main classes, it is termed as
Phase Relation. For example:
Difference between Mysticism and Religion.
(Difference Phase Relation)
Law for Social workers
(Bias Phase Relation)
Science and Religion
(General Phase Relation)
Impact of Climate on Economic growth
(Influencing Phase Relation)
1. Intra-Facet Relations
When the two parts belong to one and the same main class, same category, but to different
arrays, it is termed as Intra-Facet Relation. For example, Difference between Jew and Muslim
religions:
Here both Jew and Muslim religions belong to the personality facet of the main class Q
Religion, but their arrays are different. Similarly, let us take the example of the title
“Influence of Transport on Trade”. Both Transport and Trade belong to the Energy facet of X
Economics, but belong to the different arrays. They are again of six kinds ranging from
general to influencing relations. Some more examples are:
A Comparative study of Indian and British Laws.
(Intra-Facet Comparison Relation)
Relation between Algebra and Geometry
2. Intra-Array Relations
Ranganathan has carried the division one step further by inventing what he calls Intra-Array
Relations. In this case the two foci not only belong to the same facet of a main class, but also
to the same array of that particular facet. In other words it is the relation between two equally
ranked isolates whose immediate parents are the same.
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For example: “Relation between the First and the second House of the Indian Parliament”.
Here both the First and Second House belong to the same facet Personality and the same
array 3 of [P2] in V History. Thus it is a case of Intra-Array General Relation.
“Difference between the Education of Male and female students”.
Since both the “Male” and “Female” belong to the 5tharray in [P] of T Education, so it is a
case of Intra-array difference Relation.
Comparison of English and French Pronunciations. Here English and French languages
belong to the same array in the personality facet of P Linguistics. It is obviously a case of
Intra-Array Comparison Relation.
These (Intra-Array Relations) are again of six kinds, like other levels of relations ranging
from General to influencing relations. Thus in all there are (6×3)18 kinds of relations. Intra-
Facet and Intra-Array relations are not in any phase relation, as both the component belong to
the same main class. These are only for the brevity of the class number.
E. Phase analysis
Having analysed the kind and level of the relation of two phases, it is not difficult to construct
the class number for the complex subject. But prior to this, precedence of one phase over the
other must be determined. Since the CC is a very standardized scheme, so the determination
of the First and the second Phase (Called Primary and Secondary Phase respectively) is vital.
Ranganathan has formulated rigid but easy and unambiguous rules for this purpose:
E.1. Symmetrical relation
General, Comparison and Difference Relations at any level are symmetrical relations. Any of
the two could be the primary phase. For standardization, Ranganathan prescribes that the
Primary Phase is one with lesser ordinal value, i.e., which occurs first in the schedules.
Accordingly, the Phase with higher ordinal value becomes the Secondary Phase. For
example, in “Relation between Chemistry and Physics” c physics forms the Primary Phase,
while E Chemistry forms the secondary Phase. Let us take another example, “Difference
between Drama and Fiction”. Here Drama is the Primary Phase and Fiction forms the
Secondary Phase. BC-2 prescribes the reversal of the phases for entry in a classified
catalogue.
E.2. Asymmetrical relations
But in case of Bias, Influencing and Tool Phases determination of the First Phase is bit
different and not as mechanical as their relation is asymmetrical. In these cases secondary
phase qualifies the first. In case of Bias Phase Relation the Bias Phase, i.e., discriminating or
favoring phase forms the Primary Phase. To put it in other words, we can call it the donor or
the active phase. Accordingly the Favoured phase becomes the Secondary Phase. For
example, in “Mathematics for Engineers”, Mathematics is the Biased Phase, which is
favouring or is the donor, so it is the Primary Phase; and therefore Engineering is the
Secondary Phase. Similarly in “Law for Sociologists”, Law is the Primary Phase. In
“Sociology for Town Planners” and “Epistemology for Librarians”. Sociology and
Epistemology form the Primary Phases respectively. In both the cases primary phase

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constitutes the primary theme whereas the secondary phase gives the phase relation its
distinctive name.
E.3. Influencing relation:
While in case of Influencing Relation, the above rule seems reversed. Here the Influenced
Phase forms the primary phase and the Influencing phase becomes the secondary phase. Here
the receiver is the First Phase.
For example, take the subject “Influence of Bhagavad-Gita on Hindi Literature”. Here Hindi
Literature is the influenced phase, so it will form the First Phase, and the Bhagavad-Gita is
the Second Phase, as it is the influencing Phase. Again in the subject “Influence of Calculus
on Physics”, Physics is the first phase and Calculus the Second Phase. Rationale behind such
a decision is simple. In the above examples Hindi Literature and Physics are respectively the
subject proper and the Bhagavad-Gita and Calculus are simply effecting their exposition.
Hence the rule.
3. Tool phase:
In such a relation the subject which acts as the tool is the secondary phase while the subject
studied is the primary phase. In Mathematical biology, Biology is the first phase, whereas in
Sociology of Town Planning, Town planning is the first phase.
4. Constructing Complex Class Numbers:
Having determined the First and the Second Phases connect the two phases by a zero and the
specified relation indicator digit, which is always a roman small. Put the first phase, then a
zero as a connecting symbol, and a roman small digit taken from Chapter 6 of the schedule
(page 2.28) followed by the notation for the Second Phase. Phase relations digits are so
designed to keep complex classes ahead of the regular facets.
Phase I + 0 + a/y + Phase II
If there are common digits between Phase I and Phase II, these should be removed in
Phase ll.
Let us take examples one by one of every kind of phase relation:
General Phase Relation
Relation between Language and Literature
O0ap
Bias Phase Relation
Mathematics for Engineers
B0bd
Comparison Phase Relation
Geography compared with Geology
H0cu
Difference Phase relation difference between History and Political Science
V0dw
Influence Phase Relation
Influence of Mathematics on Physics (It is not mathematical physics)
C0gb
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Impact of Computers on Research Libraries
236 0y D65,8(B)
4.1. Intra-Facet Relations
Relation between Hinduism and Jainism
Q20j3
Intra-Facet Comparison Relation
Comparison of Racial Psychology with Social Psychology
S7 0m8
A Comparative Study of Shakespeare and George Bernard Shaw
O111,2J640m M5
Intra-Facet Difference Relation
Difference between Gold and Paper currencies
X61;l0n4
Intra-Facet Influencing Relation
Influence of Consumption on Production
X : 20r1
4.2. Intra-Array Relations
Intra-Array General Relation
Relation between University and Research Libraries
2340t6
Chemical Relation between Silver and Gold
E115 0t8
Intra-Array Comparison Relation
Comparison of Male and Female Curricula in Education
T510v5 :2
Comparison of Atomic Weights of Gold and Silver
E1150v8: 14
Intra-Array Difference Relation
Difference between Refraction and Reflection of Light
C5 : 220w3
Difference between Circulation systems of University andcollege Libraries
2330w4 : 6

Intra-Array Influencing Relation

Influence of Temperature on Atmospheric Pressure
U2820y4
Influence of the opposition party on the party in office with regards to India‟s Home
Policy
V44,410y5 : 11
Some more examples:
Influence of Society on Scientific Research
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A:f0gy
Science for Social Development
A 0b Y : 7 : 7
Difference between the preparation of basic Oxides and Acidic Oxides
E20n3 : 11
Difference between cataloguing of manuscripts in academic and Business Libraries
230n4; 12: 55
Comparison of English and French pronunciation
P1110v5 : 1
A social study of Difference between urban and Rural Ornaments
Y310w3:86
4.3. Multi-Phased Subjects:
In all the above examples the number of phases has been limited to two only. There is no
example in the CC where more than two phases exist. But in the rules for Phase Relations
there is nothing which may prevent us to apply the rules to three or more Phases.
Theoretically Ranganathan and others make unelaborated reference to two or more phases. In
the Descriptive Account of the Colon Classification (Section K03) he mentions that the order
of a complex class is determined by the number of classes brought into phase relation. It is
order 1 if two classes are brought together. It is order 2 if three classes are brought together
into phase relation. Palmer and Wells also state that “When a specific subject brings more
than two such phases into a relationship, it is said to be multi- or poly-phased.” For detailed
discussion on the issue see author‟s article in the Herald of Library Science (1979).
5. Phase Relations in other Systems
5.1. The Library of Congress Classification (Phase relation)
Phase relations within LC Classification are also fairly well handled obviously only by
enumeration. There are examples of the bias phase, the influence phase, and the tool phase
listed in the schedules. All of these are usually covered in LC Classification by the often
ambiguous heading „General Special‟. This refers to special aspects of a general subject. For
example:
Socialism and Art HX519
Socialism and Religion HX536
Socialism and Women HX546
Take another example:
CN Epigraphy
CN 76-85 General Special. Special aspects, relations etc.
CN 77 Relation to archaeology
CN 80 Relation to religion
CN 85 Relation with others
ND 53 Comparison of ancient and modern paintings
The comparison phase is also handled by the entry „General Special‟ which can in some
instances cause cross classification. It is a weakness in LC Classification that specific
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instructions are not given for the choice in a comparison or general phase in regard to phase
relations.

5.2. The Dewey Decimal Classification (Phase relation)

In the fourteenth edition of DDC (1942), provision was made for 00 viewpoint division (such
as the speculative, economic, organization and personal viewpoint divisions) and 0001
relation (to be divided like the main classification). It was a clumsy method which made the
number unwieldy. Soon it was withdrawn. Instead in the 17th edition (1965), it provided
some guidance for placing such subjects. “Class an analytical work dealing with
Shakespeare‟s influence on Keats with Keats”. There is no provision to connect the number
for Keats and Shakespeare or his influence in the class number suggested in this manner.
Being an enumerative system throughout its history it has here and there identified such
complex subjects and given readymade number for them. For example,

However, types of various relations have not been isolated except the bias phase relation
added since the 18th edition (1971) through the standard subdivisions-024.
The standard subdivisions -024 denotes “Works for specific types of users.” Examples:
510.2462 Mathematics for engineers
Another standard subdivision – 015 stands for application of various scientific principles.
Statistical principles of Library Classification
025.42+015 (T1)+195 (from 519.5 Statistics)=025.42015195
Dynamics applied to long jumps
796.432+015T1+3111 (from 531.11 Dynamics) =796.4320153111

5.3. The Universal Decimal Classification (Phase relation)

In this scheme the „:‟ (colon) is used to indicate phase relation. However, UDC does not
distinguish between the different kinds and levels of phase relations. It may be added that the
colon is also used to represent a facet relations.
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Examples:

General relation between physics and chemistry 53:45

Mathematics for Engineers 52:62

Comparison of Fabian and National Socialisms 335.72:335.76
Influence of Hinduism on Buddhism 294.3:294.51
Genetical effects of radioactivity 575:539.16
Influence of geography on history 93:91

5.4. The Bibliographic Classification (BC-2) (Phase relation)

A most advanced treatment of phase relations can now be found in the second edition of the
bibliographic Classification by J. Mills (1918-2010). The digit 9 has been reserved for
synthesis of multiphase subjects. It recognizes seven types of phase relations denoted by
9C/9K, whereas Bias Phase is located at 3C. Important among them are:
9C Comparison relation
9E Tool relation
9H General relation
9J Influencing relation
For example,
Crime and Psychology
QO+9H+I=QO9 HI
It also allows the reversal of the phases:
I9H QO
Influence of Psychology on French Literature
XS9 HI
Comparison between political and philosophical thinking
R9C AA ,or AA9 CR
Influence of Mythology on Christianity
PN9 HPB LM
A separate set of phase relations is given at 6T/6Y which are used when the first phase
contains place or time facets, e.g.
A comparison of British and American Education
J8E A6T J8Y

Summaries of mode of formation of subjects

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The mode of formation of subjects is actually a search for the pattern of relationship among
the ideas forming constituents of subjects. It represents a typology of relation among ideas
subject or subjects.
A subject can be formed by any one of the following modes of formation
• Loose assemblage-1 : Two and more subjects are studied in their mutual relation .It is also
called inter phase relation. Eg. Difference between Physics and Chemistry
• Loose assemblage-2: Two and more isolates from same schedule are brought into mutual
relation, also called intra phase relation. Eg. Relation between farmer and agriculture
• Loose assemblage-3: Two or more isolates taken from same array and same schedule are
brought into mutual relation, which is called intra array phase relation. Eg. Difference
between school and college education
• lamination-1: One or two isolates from same class combined with basic class. •lamination-
2: Lamination of basic subject and an isolate idea give rise to new subject ie compound
subject. Eg drought in Karnataka
•Fission: A basic subject splits into subdivisions.
•Fusion : Two or more subjects are fused together in such a way that each of them lose its
individuality. And give rise to new subject. Eg: Biophysics
• Distillation: A pure discipline is evolved as a primary subject out of its appearance in
action in diverse subjects, going with either different basic subject or same subjects. Eg:
Forestry, Management Science
•Agglomeration: Collect together entities of large population without cohesion among the
components. Eg: Natural Science
• Cluster: Several specialized studies on a particular phenomenon are gathered together into
a field of study. Eg: Ocean Science
1. Loose Assemblage
Loose assemblage is basically concerned with mutual relations. They are available at three
types of Loose Assemblage (three levels of phase relations):
a) Loose Assemblage 1
-simple or compound-are studied in their
mutual relation.”
-subject phase relation” and gives rise to a complex subject.

(iii) Comparison; (iv) Difference; (v) Influence and (vi) Tool (one subject may be used as a
tool for studying
Examples: (i) The relation of mathematics to biology. The general relation between political
science and history.
(ii) Physics biased to biology. Psychology for doctors.
(iii) Physics compared with chemistry. Anthropology compared with sociology.
(iv) The difference between physics and chemistry. The difference between physics and
chemistry.
(v) The influence of physics on biology. The influence of sociology on law.
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(vi) The application of statistics to the study of library science. The application of statistics
to the study of economics. The application of physics to chemistry.
b) Loose Assemblage 2
he same schedule are brought into mutual relation”.
-schedule phase relation.

Comparison; (iv) Difference; (v) Influence and (vi) Tool.

Examples:
(i) The relation between Jainism and Hinduism. The relation between human physiology and
disease.
(ii) Commonwealth preference in India‟s commerce. Bias of Bernard shaw to shakespeare.
(iii) The comparison between Hinduism and Buddhism. The comparison between
Shakespare and Bernard Shaw.
(iv) The difference between Hinduism and Buddhism. The difference between human
Physiology and disease.
(v) Sikhism influenced by Hinduism. The influence of human physiology on disease.

c) Loose Assemblage 3

the same schedule are brought into mutual relation”.

-array phase relation”.
lex isolate of kind 2.

types of mode of formation (relation): (i) General relation; (ii) Bias; (iii) Comparison; (iv)
Difference; (v) Influence and (vi) Tool.
Examples:
(i) The relation between city residents and rural residents. The relation between UDC and
DDC.
(ii) The bias of rural residents towards city residents. The bias of UDC towards DDC.
(iii) City residents compared with rural residents. CC compared with DDC.
(iv) The difference between rural folk and city folk. The difference between CC and DDC.
(v) The influence of city folk on rural folk. The influence of CC on DDC.
Growth of knowledge
Relations: Phase, intra facet and Intra array relations
1. Phase relation
A. General Phase Relation
 Relation between Language and Literature = O0ap
B. Bias Phase Relation
 Mathematics for Engineers = B0bD

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 Psychology for Doctor = S0bL ( psychology=S, Medicine =L, connection digit= 0,
phase bias relation =b )
 Mathematics for engineers = BobD ( Mathematics=B, Engineers=D, bias=0b)
 Law for medicine = Z0bL
 Science for Social Development =A 0b Y : 7 : 7
 Weather forecasting for agriculture = U28910bJ (weather=U2891, Agriculture=J,
connecting symbol =0, bias symbol=b)
 Calculus for physical chemistry = B320bE (calculus=B32, Chemistry)

C. Difference Phase relation

 Difference between History and Political Science = V0dW

D. Comparison Phase Relation

 Geography compared with Geology = H0cU
 Physics compare to chemistry = C0cE
 Zoology compare to Botany = I0cK write according to order (K0cI do not write)
 Biochemistry compared with physiology = E9G0gG:3 (physiology is [E])
 Influence of Society on Scientific Research =A:f0gY
 Influence of geography on political science = W0gV (Geo V, Pol.Sc. W)
 Influence of Botany on Zoology = K0gI (Botany I, Zoology K)

E. Influence Phase Relation

 Influence of Mathematics on Physics. It is not mathematical physics) = C0gB
 Impact of Computers on Research Libraries = 236 0y D65,8(B)

2. Intra-Facet Relations
A. General
 Relation between Hinduism and Jainism =Q20j3
 Relation between academic libraries and business library reference book catalogue =
230j4;47:55 (academic library P 23, business library P 24, catalogue E: 55, reference
book M 47 )
B. Intra - Facet Bias Relation
 Buddhism for Christianity = Q60k4
 Book for Thesis = 2430k94
C. Intra-Facet Comparison Relation
 Comparison of Racial Psychology with Social Psychology =S7 0m8
 A Comparative Study of Shakespeare and George Bernard Shaw =O111,2J640m M5
 Hinduism compared with Buddhism = Q20m4 (Hinduism Q2, BuddismQ4)

D. Intra-Facet Difference Relation

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 Difference between Gold and Paper currencies =X61;l0n4
 Difference between gold and paper = X61;10n4 (Gold P=x61, gold M=1, Paper M=4)
 Difference between Hindu and Muslim worship = Q20n7:454 (Hindu P =Q2, Muslim
P=Q7, Worship E: 454)
 Difference between the preparation of basic Oxides and Acidic Oxides = E20n3 : 11
 Difference between cataloguing of manuscripts in academic and Business Libraries =
230n4; 12: 55
E. Intra-Facet Influencing Relation
 Influence of Consumption on Production =X : 20r1
 Influence of curriculum on Teaching techniques = T: 30r2 (curriculum T,E:2, Teaching
T,E:3 Common from T)
 Influence of Buddhism on Christianity = Q60r4
Note in General, Comparison, and different relation subject are to be write in order but other
is as it is.

3. Intra-Array Relations
A. Intra-Array General Relation
 Relation between University and Research Libraries = 2340t6
 Chemical Relation between Silver and Gold = E115 0t8

B. Bias Intra - Arrays Relations

 Research library for University = 2360u4
 University library for research library = 2340u6
C. Intra-Array Comparison Relation with 0v
 Comparison of Male and Female Curricula in Education =T510v5 :2
 Comparison of Atomic Weights of Gold and Silver =E1150v8: 14
 Comparison of atomic weights of gold and silver = E115v8:14 (if intra array in
division of a subject, should be take common which are same like as atomic weights
E:14, gold E118, Solver E115. so E11 common from gold and silver = E1150v8)
 Comparison of college and university =230v4 ( college 33, university 34 here
3common from 33 and 34)
 Comparison of English and French pronunciation = P1110v5 : 1

D. Intra-Array Difference Relation

 Difference between Refraction and Reflection of Light =C5 : 220w3
 Difference between Circulation systems of University and college Libraries=2330w4 : 6
 Different between direct current and alternative current.=C6230w4 (direct current C623
and alternative current c624 here c62 common from same)
 Difference between circulation system of university and college libraries =2330w4:6 (
University library 233, College library 234, Circulation system E: 6)
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 Difference between cataloguing and classification =2:50w1
 A social study of Difference between urban and Rural Ornaments = Y310w3:86

E. Intra-Array Influencing Relation

 Influence of Temperature on Atmospheric Pressure = U2820y4
 Influence of the opposition party on the party in office with regards to India‟s Home
Policy = V44,410y5 : 11

A. COLON CLASSIFICATION (CC)

By S.R. Ranganathan
Analytico synthetic classification means that analysis of subject and generates different
aspect of facets with notation
Main classes are more than 30
Fundamentals categories
Categories connecting Symbols
1. Personalities -[P] ,
2. Matter -[M] ;
3. Energy - [E] :
4. Space - [S] .
5. Time - [T] '
Notation
A-Z = 26
a-z = 23 excluding (i,l,o)
1-9 = 9
 and = 2
( ) Bracket= 2
',;:.-=6
0 (zero) = 1
  (Aero) = 2
Methods of using CC
CC has three parts 1st part is Rules, 2nd parts is Schedule and 3rd part is schedules of classics
and sacred books with special names.
If given in book pages 2.25, 1.25, 3.275 here a number denoting before decimal that is part
and after decimal number is page number of this part. Index also given end of the everty part.

 Library Science= 2 BS (Basic Class) Formula is given 2[P];[M]:[E][2P]

Here, answer is 2

 University Library
2[P];[M]:[E][2P]
Library science=2, University (P) = 34
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Answer is 234
 Classification or library classification
2[P];[M]:[E][2P]
Classification (E) = 51
Ans is 2:51

 Cataloguing or library cataloguing

2[P];[M]:[E][2P]
Cataloguing (E) =55
Ans is 2:55

 Academic library =23

 Public Library = 22
 Children Library = 261
 Local library = 22
 National library = 213
 Private library =297
 Special library = 24(Q) (according to instruction for special Device SD device keep in
()
 University library classification = 234:51
 Research library = 236
 Insurance library =24(X81)
 Medical library = 24(L)
 Law library = 24(Z)
 Classification of books in university library
Here, 2[P];[M]:[E][2P]
P=34, M=14, E=51
= 234;14:51
 Lending of periodicals in university libraries = 234;46:62
 Printed books in newspaper office library = 244;14(Matter taken from generalia class)
 Maps in libraries = 2;17
 Government department having maps = 248;17
 Cataloguing of books in agriculture library = 24(J);43:55
 Thesis in university library in India = 234;494.44

Time isolates
1901 AD = N01 here fix date
1850AD= M50 here also fix date
1880s = M8 here decads ( Dasak)
1920s = N2 ( Dasak)
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1055AD= E55 Fix date
 Reference service in University library of Nepal in 2015
2[P];[M]:[E][2P].[S]'[T] here P= 34, M= 0, S= 4497, T= P15
Ans = 234:7:44974'P15
 Maintenance work in libraries for blind
Blind P=68, Maintenance work E= 88
Ans=268:88
 Book selection in college libraries
College libraries P = 33, Book Selection E= 8,
Ans = 233:81
 Classification in 20 century
Library science =2, Classification E 51, 20 century = N
Ans = 2:51'N
 Cataloguing of manuscript in National libraries
National libraries P = 213. Cataloguing E = 55, Manuscripts M= 12
Ans = 213; 12:55
 Curriculum of secondary education
T[P]:[E],[2P],[2P]
Education T Main Class, Secondary P=2, curriculum E=2
Ans = T2:2
 History of India
History V main class, India= 44, here do not write in v.44 it is not correct.
See V44 do write. ( In history class geographical space is personality)
Ans = V44
 Marketing = x:51
 Horse feeding =Kz442:1 ( Kz Main class, Horse P=442, Breeding E:6
 Fish breeding =Kz332:6 ( Kz main class, fish =332, breeding E=6)
 Disease of Horse = Kz442:4
Kz horse P=442, disease E= 4
 Disease of Rice
J main class P rice =381, Disease E = 4 here answer is J381:4
 Heart disease L Main class, Heart P = 32, disease E = 4 here answer = L32:4
 Life insurance X Main class, Insurance P =813 here answer = X813
 Treatment of skin disease of children by unani system of medicine.= LD,9c,87:4:6 (
Medicine L, Disease E:4, treatment E: 4(2E):6, children P L9c, Unani system P LD,
Skin disease P 87
 Classification of patents in commerce library by cc
BS is library science =2, commerce library =45, patents M= 48, classification E:51, by
CC=N3
Ans = 245;48:51N3
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 Classification Practical Note
 Classification of Physic by UDC
Basic class library science 2, personality physics (C) , Classification=51, by UDC = M96
Here if Ans = 2(C):51M96 (it is wrong answer)
Correct answer is = 2:51M96(C)
 Classification of patient in commerce library by CC
BS =2, Commerce library = 45, Patents M= 48, Classification E=51, CC= N3
= 245;48:5N3 it will be wrong
Ans = 245;48:51N3
 Colon classification of library science 2:51N3, (2)
 Dewey Decimal Classification= 2:51M
 Expansive classification=2:51M9
 Universal classification=2:51M96
 Library of congress classification: 2:51N
 Colon classification= 2:51N3
 Bibliographical classification =2:51N34
 Child psychology = S1 ( Main class psychology is S and Child P=1)
 Buddhism = Q4 Here (MC=Religion Q, Buddhism (P)=4)
 Analytical chemistry = E:3 ( BS= Chemistry E, Energy E=3)
 Worship in Hindu = Q1:414 (MC Religion Q, Hindu P= 1, worship E=414)
 Female education= T55
 History of china =V41
 Reference in medical library= 24(L):7
 Corn feeding to horse= KZ442:1(J385)
 Regvedic mythology= Q11:1
 English poetry = O111,1
 Public libraries in India =22.44
 Treatment of heart disease = L32:4:6
 City library =222
 Ayurvedic treatment of lungs disease in children = LB,9C,45:4:6 (ayurvedic P=LB,
Treatment E: 6, Disease E: 4, Children P= L9C, Lungs L P 45=
LB+L9C+45=P=LB,9C,45

B. DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (DDC)

Descriptive , hierarchal general to specific

DDC 10 Main classes
1st summaries equal 10 main class
000 Generalities
100 Philosophy
200 Religion
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 Classification Practical Note
300 Social Science
400 Languages
500 Pure Science
600 Applied Science
700 Arts
800 Literatures
900 History and Geography
2nd summaries equal each main class multiply by ten for eg 300
300 Social science
310
320
330 Economics
340
350
360
370
380
390
3rd Summaries equal each of 2nd summaries multiply by 10 for eg
330 Economics
331
332 Finance
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
Notation fixed symbol, ordinal value
Indo Arabic numerical (0-9)
Each number is decimal fraction and decimal point is not written at the beginning of notation.
Almost enumerated schemes
Practical
1) Classification of books on mathematical analysis = 025.46515 ( classification 025.42 ,
see 025.46 for specific subject)
2) Library classification of Indian philosophy =025.461814 ( Indian philosophy 181.4,
Library classification 025.46) for specific subject
3) Science libraries = 026.500=026.5(for specific subject 026, and science 500 )
4) Libraries on inorganic chemistry = 026.546 (inorganic chemistry 546, Libraries 026 for
specific subject)
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 Classification Practical Note
5) Job opportunities in the military science = 331.1241355 (Job base number 331.124,
Military science 355 but for specific subject base number is 33101241)
6) Anatomy of human lungs = 611.24
7) Mathematical analysis = 515
8) Indian philosophy =181.4
9) Inorganic chemistry = 546
10) Job opportunity = 331.124
11) Aptitude test = 153.94
12) Buddhism = 294.3
13) Wages = 331.2
14) Special education = 371.9
15) Students for disabilities = 371.91
16) Deaf student 371.912
17) Child labour 331.31
18) Military training =355.5
19) Public library = 027.4
20) Brail book - 011.63
21) Potassium = 546.383
22) Child library = 027.625
23) Reading interest = 372.4/028.9
24) Law of public health = 344.04
25) Review = 028.1
26) Grapes growing 634.8
27) Acquisition and collection development = 025.2
28) Microforms = 011.36
29) Genetics and evolution = 576
30) Applied linguistics = 418
31) Buddhist philosophy = 181.04-09 (add to base no 181) philosophy 100 , Buddhist
294.3 here following 29 in 294-299,181.0 +43 = 181.043
32) Working conditions of agricultural labour = 231.2041001-2041999 here 330.563 (
331.20430+330.563)=331.2041330563
33) Working conditions for miners here working condition = 331.2041 and miners =
622(331.20422)
34) Physiology of Mammals. Here Mammals 599 and physiology 571.11-19 and add to
base 571.1-571.9 and 9 from 599 (571.1+9 )= 571.19
35) Physiology of Primates (physiology 571.11-19 and Primates 599.8 (571.1+599.8)
=571.198
36) Cotton harvesting 5 from 631.51-631.55 ( 633.51+5)= 633.515
37) Cotton seeds 633.51+631.521(add base number 633.51+21)= 633.511
38) Soil preparation for cotton 633.51 +631.51=633.511
39) Cotton storing = 633.5+631.568=633.568
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 Classification Practical Note
40) Jute seed 633.54+631.521= 633.5421
41) Fungal disease of rice 633.18+632.4 according to instruction add to 9 the number
following 632 in 632.4 633.18+9+4=633.1894
42) Use of organic fertilizer in wheat forming (wheat 633.11+add 89+6 from organic
fertilizer 631.8 in 631.86 according to instructions)=633.11896
43) fungal disease in rice 633.18+9 from 632.1-632.9=633.18+9+4=631894
44) Review of documents of in microforms 028.136(028.13+6 from 011.3 in 011.31-
011.39)
45) Sleepwalking (616.8498) 154.64
46) Jute harvesting 633.545 (In base number of jute add harvesting 5 from 631.5 in 631.51-
631.56 according to instructions)
47) Classification of books on mathematical analysis 025.46 from 025.46001-46009 and
add mathematic 510 =025.4651
48) Classification 025.42
49) Soil preparation for corn 633.15+1 from 631.51= 633.151
50) Fertilizer for apple tree 634.11+3631.8=634.1189
51) Rib fractures 617.15+611.712=617.152
52) Acquisition of reading materials in chemistry 025.27+540=025.2754
53) Libraries of library and information science 026.02 (base number 026 for specific
subject in 026.001-009 and add specific subject library and information science 020
54) Libraries in inorganic chemistry 026.546 ( base number for specific subject in 026 in
026.001-009 and inorganic chemistry 546
Use of Table -1
55) Philosophy of mathematics 510+-01=510.1
56) Encyclopaedia of paediatrics 618.92+-03(instruction618.92001-618.92007)=
618.920003
57) Journal of aptitude test 153.94+-05 =15394001-94009+ -05=153.94005
58) Journal of pottery 666.3 but base 666.301-309+-05=666.35
59) Periodical on history of Botany -05+-09+580=580.9 here according to preference of
standard number we can choose the first one.
60) Work book of algebra 512+-076=512.001-009 so 512.0076
61) History and teaching in engineering. Here history -09+teaching 071 +engineering
620.001-009 = 620.0071
62) Philosophy of social work 361.3 here no instruction so 361.3+01=361.301
63) Teaching basketball. Teaching -071+basketball 796.323 and standard subdivision
796.32301-32309 so 796.32+-076=796.32071
64) Exercise in DDC. 025431+-076=025.431076
65) Directory of special library -025+026= here, 026.0001-0005 so 026.00025
66) Pony weekly 636.16+-05 = 636.1605
Use of Table -2

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 Classification Practical Note
67) Public library in India. 027.4+-54= 027.43 add to base number 027.4 notation 3-9 from
table 2 = 027.4+54=027.454
68) Political condition in USA. 320.9+-73=320.973
69) Foreign policy of Nepal.327.1+-5496=327.5496
70) Political condition of Nepal. 320.9+-5496=320.95496
71) School libraries of Nepal. 027.8 but 027.809+5496= 027.8095496
72) Libraries of Nepal. 027.09+-5496 but here 027.5496
73) Cancer of lungs.(616.994 +24 taken from 611.24) 616.994+24=616.99424
74) Harvesting of grapes. 634.8+8+5from 631.55= 634.885
75) Periodical on cultivation and harvesting 631.5+-05=631.505
76) Child labour in Nepal. 331.31+-5496=331.31+09+5496
77) Women workers in India. 331.4+09+-54=331.40954
78) Library in Saudi Arabia. 027+009+-538= 027.009538
79) Foreign relation between Nepal and China. Here, 327.3-09+549+51 = 327.5496051 (if
there is no any instruction, in this case which is first that should be chosen.
Use of Table -3 (Note if * in literature schedule we can use or add table 3 otherwise the
number is only according to listed which is in schedule)
80) Nepali literature 891.495
81) Nepali poetry 891.4951
82) Newari poetry 895.49
83) Sanskrit literature 891.2
84) Chinese literature drama 895.1+2-895.12
85) Hindi poetry (891.431-438)891.43+1
86) Newari Drama 895.49
87) Nepali one act play 891.495+2041
88) Hindi epic poetry 891.43+1032=891.431032
89) English narrative poetry base 82from 820-828=82+103=821.03
90) Spanish melodrama base 86 from 860-862=86+20527=862.0527
91) Nepali short stories 891.95+301=891.95301
92) Hindi literature 891.43
Literature collection number and Period number may be different according to
schedule and table 3
93) Collection of Hindi literature 891.4308
94) Collection of Hindi literature 891.43+08=891.4308( for literature add to base number
891.430 from 891.4301-4309) here 8 of without 0 from 08 is collection
95) See for period under 891.4 such as Hindi literature of 19th century
96) Collection of Hindi Poetry of 20th Century =891.43100871 (891.43 literature +1008
collection+71 time20th century)
97) English literature =820
98) English collection of literature =820.8 (820+8)
99) 891.43+08+4=891.43084 here 08 collections and 4 is 19th century.
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 Classification Practical Note
100) English literature of 19th century =820.88 (820+8+8)
101) Hindi poetry 891.431
102) Collection Hindi poetry =891.431008
103) Collection of Hindi Poetry of 20th Century =
104) Sonnets in Hindi Literature = 891.43+04208(Special literature)
105) Collection of sonnets in Hindi literature about love 891.43+04208+3543
=891.43042083543 (Sonnets means 4 line poet)
106) Collection of Hindi Poetry for Children = Hindi literature 891.43, Hindi poetry
891.431 , Hindi Poetry Collection 891.431008 but for specific people
891.43+1008(10080 base for specific people)+9282 (Children from T3C)
=891.4310080+9282 = 891.43100809282
107) Collection of Nepali Haiku of 19th Century = 891.495104108 (891.495 Nepali
literature, Nepali Haiku-1041, Collection for Haiku 08 according to instruction * here
do not allowed to add Period /century number for Nepali , Newari and Hindi literature)
108) History of 20th century English literature =820.90091(English literature 820, History
means historical period for 9 from -01-09, and 91 period From English literature
Schedules instruction of Twenty century)
109) Nepali language 491.495
110) Nepali Grammar 491.4955 (-5 from Table 4 according to language schedules *
instruction)
111) Phonology of English
112) Chinese alphabets = 495.11 (Chinese language 495.1+Alphabet -11 from Table 4)
113) A study of words of Sanskrit language 491.2+-81= 491.281
114) English Reader 420+-86 =428.6 ( Here base number 42 according to instruction 421-
428)
Use of Table 4
115) Grammar of English language 420+5=425 Or Base 42+5 =425
116) Hindi readers for new literates 491.431-438 base number 491.43+862 =491.43862
117) Use of English words in Hindi 491.3 Hindi+24 words+-21 English(T6) =491.43+24+-
21=491.432421
118) French words in English. Here base number is English language 42 from 420 and
words 24, French language 41(T6) =422.441
119) Use of Sanskrit words in Telugu Language( Telugu language 494.827, words -24
(T4)+Sanskrit language 91.2 (T 6) =494.827+24+912 =494.82724912
120) Nepali language 491.495 (-91495) according to instruction of 420-490)
Base number of individual language number and add to see from T4 grammar
121) Nepali Grammar 491.495+-5 Grammar (T4) =491.495+5=491.4955
122) Phonology of English
123) Chinese alphabets 495.1+ alphabets -11=495.111
124) A study word of Sanskrit language 491.2+-81 word =491.281

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 Classification Practical Note
125) English Reader 420+-86 here English base number 42 according to instruction =42+-
86=428.6
Use Table 5
126) Psychology of Indians base number (155.84 from 155.841-849 and add 91411 from T5
Indians) =155.84+-91411=155.8491411
127) Psychology of Nepali base number 155.84+ Nepali or Nepalese -91495from T5=
155.8491495
Use of Table -6
128) French Germany Dictionary (French language 440, Germany language 431 and
dictionary -3 ) 44 (440)base number French language +-3+-31=443.31
129) Spanish encyclopaedia base number of encyclopaedia 036+ Spanish -1(6 in 61-69)
=036+1=036.1
130) General encyclopaedia in Japanese language (here general encyclopaedia is
039+Japanese Language-956=039.956
131) Spanish Proverbs 398.9+Spanish-61=398.9+61=398.961
132) English Proverbs 398.9+ English Language -21
Bilingual base number language +3(T4) +2nd Language of T6 olb b'j} dxTjk"0f{ 5 eg] cuf8L
cfpg]nfO{ k5f8L / k5f8L cfpg]nfO cuf8L /fv]/ ldnfpg].
133) Sanskrit Germany (language) dictionary (Sanskrit 491.2+3(T4+-31(T6) =491.231
134) English French dictionary 42+3(T4)+41(T6)=423.41
135) Russian Punjabi dictionary 491.7+3(T)4+-9142(T6)=491.739142
136) Hindi Vishwokosh 039+(-9143) from T4 =039.9143
137) French phrases in English language 42+24+41=422.441(42 base number +24 for
specific language in T4+ 41 French language)
138) English readers for French speaking people =428.6441 (base 42 English language+
readers for specific people -864+ French language 41)
139) Collection of Hindi Poetry =891.431008(Hindi literature 891.43+poetry collection
1008)
140) Philosophy of Invertebrate =592.01(Invertebrate 592+ philosophy-01)
141) Encyclopaedia of organizations on applied psychology
=158.06(psychology158+encyclopaedia-03+organizatio -06 but here two standards
number among of two according to first preference of standard table 1 use-06)

C. UNIVERSAL DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (UDC)

UDC divided in two parts; Part -I is common auxiliary tables and part -II is Main Table
In Part -I, auxiliary Table with punctuation mark are as following:
Auxiliary Type Symbl Page
1a Coordination. Extension +/ 19
1b Relation : 20
1c Language = ... 20
1d Form (0/09) 25
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 Classification Practical Note
1e Place (1/9) 28
1f Race, ethnic grouping, nationality (= ..) 40
1g Time ''...'' 42
1h Notation from non -UDC A/Z 45
1k General characteristics (-02properties , -03materials, -05persons) 46
Part -II Main Tables
0 Generaliaties. science and knowledge 57
1 Philosophy. Psychology 67
2 Religion. Theology 72
3 Social Science 78
4 Vacant
5 Mathematics and natural Sciences 94
6 Applied Science. Medicine. Technology 116
7 The Arts. Recration. Entertainment. Sport. 141
8 Language. Linguistics. Literature 152
9 Geography. Biography. History 155
Index 159-265
Symbols 4
Common auxiliary and summary also are given in top of every auxiliary table and Summary
and rules are given top of each main Class

Symbol ( ) used in for place, = used in for language, '' '' used in for time or period,
Form type
1. Dictionary of Buddhism. Dictionary (038)+Buddhism 24 Ans (038)24
2. Thesis of engineering. (043)+62 Ans (043)62
3. Periodicals of Gynaecology. Ans (-05)618
4. Annual''5501'' periodicals (-05) of Gynaecology 618. Ans (-05)''5501''618
5. Guide book (036) of agriculture 631. Ans631(036)
6. Agriculture in Nepal. Ans 631(541.35)
7. Cricket in England. 796.358(410.1)
8. Cricket in England and wales. 796358+(410.1) (410.3) Ans is 796.358(410.1+410.3)
9. India and Pakistan. (540+549.1)
10. History of India and Pakistan. 94(540+549.1)
11. English Language. =111
12. English speaking people. (=111)
13. Arts of 20th Century. 7''19''
14. Peoples of Stone Age. (=11/=8)''631/634''
15. Politics in Pakistan. 32(549.1)
16. Political organization in Pakistan. 321(549.1)
17. Meta Physics 11 in relation to religion 2 Answer is 11:2 (here connection of relation
symbol: is used.)
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 Classification Practical Note
18. Foreign policy of India in relation to Nepal. 327 (540) (541.35) ans is
327(540+541.35)
19. History of China. 94(510)
20. Economics of 21st Century. 330''20''
21. Geology and Zoology. 55+59
22. Magazine in French language. (-051)=133.1
23. Physics and Chemistry. 53+54
24. Manual (035) to applied microbiology (035)579
25. Ornament of Afro-Asiatic races 391.7(=41)
26. Black people in the USA (=414)(73)
27. North Amerindian folklore (=81/=82)398 but best answer 398(=81/=82)
28. National uniform of Nepal 391(541.35)
29. Global Society 316.32
30. History as science 930.1
31. Encyclopaedia(031) of organic chemistry 547 here answer (031)547
32. International (100)conference 005.745 answer is (100)005.745
33. International (100)organization 061.2 answer (100)061.2 (be careful different for
governmental non-governmental like as 061.1, 061.2
34. Cataloguing techniques 025.3 in USA(73) answer is 025.3(73)
35. Design and manufacture of library furniture. 684.4:022 (Taken from furniture design
and manufacture 684.4 and library furniture 022)
36. Drawing 741/744 (here not in general all cover)
37. Mineralogical sciences, crystallography, mineralogy. answer 548/549 (matter common
of 548 to 549)
38. Mineralogy 549 (This is separate)
39. Furniture design and manufacture 684.4
40. Library furniture 022
41. Foreign policy of France in relation to Bahrain 327(44:536.5)
42. Labour disputes in Great Britain 331.109(410)
43. Cartographic images on Buddhism (084.3)24
44. Literature of 20th century 82''19''
45. Literature in English of Nepal 82.111(41.35)
46. Multi lingual handbook of Zoology 59(035)=00
47. Nuclear engineering documents translated from German into English
621.039=11=030.111
48. Medical works translated from Japanese into English 61=030.521=111
49. International Federation of Library Association 061.25(100):[061:027]
50. Handbook of Physics in English , French and German 53(035)=111=112.2=113.1
51. Victims of disasters -58.66
52. Earthquakes victims 550.34-058.66
53. Bachelors -058.832-055.1
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 Classification Practical Note
54. Spinsters -058.832-055.2
55. Male / Boy -055.1
56. Female / Girl -055.2
57. Nurse 616.083
58. Male nurse 616.083-055.1
59. Female nurse 616.083-0552
60. Oil made by sunflower 582.998-035.83
61. Straight roads 625.7-023.211
62. Rectangular table cloth 642.7-023.44
63. Nepali fiction 821=214.43-3 Here (Base number for Individual literature 821, Nepali
language =214.43, Fiction 3 from Same table of 82-3 of Individual Literature) Answer
is 821=214.43-3
64. Encyclopaedia of agriculture 631(031)
65. Unmarried girl in India 058.832-055.2(540)
66. National Uniform in China 391(510)
67. Black People in Africa(=414)(6)
68. International conference 005.745(100)
69. Medical works translated from French into Chinese. Here medical works 61 and
translation =030 so answer is 61=030.133.1=581
70. Medical works translated from Russian to French 61=133.1=030.161.1(listed near
other medical works in French)
71. Medical works translated from Russian into French (listed near other medical works in
French) answer is 61=030.161.1=133.1
72. Multilingual hand book of chemistry (035)=00 and 54here, 54(035)=00
73. Handbook in Physics in English, French, and German 53(035)=111=112.2=133.1
74. Cataloguing Techniques in USA 025.3 and (73) here, 025.3(73)
75. Annual publications Answer is (-05)''5501''
76.

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