Unit Review Charges

Charge comes in two types, positive and negative
Opposite charges attract Identical charges repel
each other each other
attraction repulsion
repulsion
attraction
1 D'Amato PTHS 2007
Model of charges in materials
According to our model:
All objects contain many negatively charged electrons and positively
charged protons.
In neutral objects (with no net charge) the number of + charges is
equal to the number of – charges and the charges are evenly
distributed.
2 D'Amato PTHS 2007
Model of charges in materials
An object aquires a charge when it gains or loses negative electrons.
Electrons are small and light, and found on the outside of atoms.
The positive charges are carried by protons which normally do not
move. Protons are large and heavy and form the nuclei at the
center of atoms.
Positively charged
Negatively charged
object
object
3 D'Amato PTHS 2007
Nature of materials
A characteristic of different materials is their ability to allow internal
negative charges to move. Materials can be broadly divided into
two categories
Conductor Insulator
Observe the behavior of the charges inside each material
4 D'Amato PTHS 2007
What seems to be the biggest difference between
these two types of material?
1) The balance of charges in
the neutral state
2) The way in which equal
charges interact with each
other
3) The amount of movement
in the material’s charges
4) One material does not 0 0 0 0 0
interact with external
negative charges
.
.
t..
..
.
u.
g.
rib
...
no
eq
ar
ov
sc
ch
s
ch
m
5) None of these describes a
de
do
hi
of
of
e
w
ce
l
nt
es
ia
in
ou
n
difference observered in
th
er
la
ay
at
am
of
ba
e
e
ne
on
the animations
Th
Th
Th
N
5 D'Amato PTHS 2007
What seems to be the biggest difference between
these two types of material?
1) The balance of charges in
the neutral state
2) The way in which equal
charges interact with each
other
3) The amount of movement
in the material’s charges
4) One material does not 0 0 0 0 0
interact with external
negative charges
.
.
t..
..
.
u.
g.
rib
...
no
eq
ar
ov
sc
ch
s
ch
m
5) None of these describes a
de
do
hi
of
of
e
w
ce
l
nt
es
ia
in
ou
n
difference observered in
th
er
la
ay
at
am
of
ba
e
e
ne
on
the animations
Th
Th
Th
N
6 D'Amato PTHS 2007
Nature of materials
Conductor Insulator
• Negative charges (electrons) can • Negative charges (electrons) can only
move freely through the material as redistribute themselves a little as
they are pushed or pulled they are pushed or pulled
Conductor Insulator
7 D'Amato PTHS 2007
Wimshurt Machine
Observe the operation of the Wimshurst machine.
8 D'Amato PTHS 2007
Which item describes something you observe in the
operation of the Wimshurst machine?
1) Charges are being separated into
positive and negative
2) The handle is turned and after a
period of time there is a spark
and a noise between the two
globes
3) A positive charge and a negative
charge are attracted to each
other
4) Charges are being moved from 0 0 0 0 0
one globe to the other
.
d.
..
..
...
...
d.
s.
5) Microscopic charges accumulate
an
se
ge
e
rn
ge
g
g
ar
in
tu
in
ar
ch
in each globe until there are
be
be
is
ch
c
e
le
e
pi
ar
e
ar
nd
co
tiv
enough to cause a spark
s
s
ha
si
s
e
e
ro
rg
rg
po
e
ic
ha
ha
Th
M
C
C
9 D'Amato PTHS 2007
Which item describes something you observe in the
operation of the Wimshurst machine?
1) Charges are being separated into
positive and negative
2) The handle is turned and after a
period of time there is a spark
and a noise between the two
globes
3) A positive charge and a negative
charge are attracted to each
other
4) Charges are being moved from 0 0 0 0 0
one globe to the other
.
d.
..
..
...
...
d.
s.
5) Microscopic charges accumulate
an
se
ge
e
rn
ge
g
g
ar
in
tu
in
ar
ch
in each globe until there are
be
be
is
ch
c
e
le
e
pi
ar
e
ar
nd
co
tiv
enough to cause a spark
s
s
ha
si
s
e
e
ro
rg
rg
po
e
ic
ha
ha
Th
M
C
C
10 D'Amato PTHS 2007
Wimshurst machine
Suggest an explanation for what could be happening in the two
globes of the Wimshurst machine when the crank is turned.
Which is the most plausible explanation of what happens in
the globes, based on our model of charge and materials?
1) The machine is creating
protons and/or electrons
and storing them in the
globes
2) The machine is moving
protons from one globe
and electrons from the
other globe 0 0 0 0
electrons only
..
..
..
.
ti.
i
ov
ov
ov
ea
m
cr
is
is
is
is
e
e
in
in
in
in
h
h
ac
ac
ac
protons only
ac
m
m
e
e
Th
Th
Th
Th
Which is the most plausible explanation of what happens in
the globes, based on our model of charge and materials?
1) The machine is creating
protons and/or electrons
and storing them in the
globes
protons from one globe
and electrons from the
other globe 0 0 0 0
electrons only
..
..
..
.
ti.
i
ov
ov
ov
ea
m
cr
is
is
is
is
e
e
in
in
in
in
h
h
ac
ac
ac
protons only
ac
m
m
e
e
Th
Th
Th
Th
Wimshurst machine
The machine may be moving the negative charges from one globe to
the other
According to our model, only negative charges move because they
are carried by light, movable electrons.
What explanations could you propose for the spark?
Which could best be an explanation for the spark,
according to our model of charge in materials?
1) The spark is protons that
are moving to the
negatively charged globe
2) The spark is charges
moving, causing two
neutral globes to become
oppositely charged
3) The spark is electrons that
are attracted to the 0 0 0 0
..
4) The spark is caused by
...
..
.
..
on
ed
s.
s
on
ge
tr
us
ec
charges jumping from
ar
ot
ca
el
pr
ch
is
is
is
is
k
k
negative globe to positive
k
ar
ar
k
ar
ar
sp
sp
sp
sp
e
e
globe
e
Th
Th
e
Th
Th
Which could best be an explanation for the spark,
according to our model of charge in materials?
1) The spark is protons that
are moving to the
2) The spark is charges
moving, causing two
neutral globes to become
oppositely charged
3) The spark is electrons that
are attracted to the 0 0 0 0
..
4) The spark is caused by
...
..
.
..
on
ed
s.
s
on
ge
tr
us
ec
charges jumping from
ar
ot
ca
el
pr
ch
is
is
is
is
k
k
negative globe to positive
k
ar
ar
k
ar
ar
sp
sp
sp
sp
e
e
globe
e
Th
Th
e
Th
Th
Wimshurst machine
A spark occurs because negative charges pushed off one globe are
attracted to the other globe
If the spark is a movement of charges between the
globes, which should be true after the spark?
1) Both globes will have
opposite charges than they
did before the spark
2) The separation of charges
between the two globes
will be less
3) The overall number of
negative charges in the 0 0 0 0
machine will change
...
..
4) One globe will have a
...
...
a.
ro
av
ch
ve
be
h
of
ha
ill
um
greater net charge than it
n
w
ill
tio
ln
es
w
ra
al
ob
e
pa
ob
er
gl
ov
se
gl
h
ne
ot
e
e
Th
Th
B
O
If the spark is a movement of charges between the
globes, which should be true after the spark?
1) Both globes will have
opposite charges than they
2) The separation of charges
between the two globes
will be less
3) The overall number of
negative charges in the 0 0 0 0
machine will change
...
..
4) One globe will have a
...
...
a.
ro
av
ch
ve
be
h
of
ha
ill
um
greater net charge than it
n
w
ill
tio
ln
es
w
ra
al
ob
e
pa
ob
er
gl
ov
se
gl
h
ne
ot
e
e
Th
Th
B
O
Wimshurst machine
After the spark, there is less separation of charges between the two
globes
Some of the excess negative charges have moved back to the
positively charged globe
Wimshurst machine and interactions
We will use our model of charges in materials to predict observations
in an experiment with the Wimshurst machine
The material of a The aluminum foil covering
styrofoam packing peanut this ball is a conductor
is an insulator
Negative charges in a
Negative charges in an conductor are free to move
insulator can only move a wherever they are pushed or
little pulled
Which is true about the objects that will be used in
this experiment?
1) The charges in the
styrofoam peanut cannot
move at all
2) The foil is a conductor so it
always has a net charge
3) The negative charges in
both objects can move due
to the influence of external 0 0 0 0
charges
...
..
4) Charges in the insulator
..
...
a.
to
s
st
ge
ul
uc
e
s
ar
nd
th
in
separate into regions of
ch
e
co
in
th
e
s
tiv
a
ge
in
is
ga
positive and negative if left
s
ar
il
e
ne
ch
fo
rg
ha
e
e
e
Th
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alone
C
Which is true about the objects that will be used in
this experiment?
1) The charges in the
styrofoam peanut cannot
move at all
2) The foil is a conductor so it
always has a net charge
3) The negative charges in
both objects can move due
to the influence of external 0 0 0 0
charges
...
..
4) Charges in the insulator
..
...
a.
to
s
st
ge
ul
uc
e
s
ar
nd
th
in
separate into regions of
ch
e
co
in
th
e
s
tiv
a
ge
in
is
ga
positive and negative if left
s
ar
il
e
ne
ch
fo
rg
ha
e
e
e
Th
Th
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alone
C
Induced separation of charge
Draw the charges in a styrofoam peanut suspended between the two
globes. Remember, styrofoam is an insulator material.
What will happen to the peanut? Draw the charges inside the peanut
What can you tell about the styrofoam peanut from
drawing the charges inside it?
1) The peanut will be
attracted to both globes
attracted to one globe and
repelled from the other
3) The peanut will be repelled
from both globes
4) The peanut will experience 0 0 0 0
no net force from the two
globes
.
...
t..
t..
r..
re
at
at
pe
be
be
be
ex
ill
ill
ill
ill
w
w
w
ut
ut
ut
ut
an
an
an
an
pe
pe
pe
pe
e
e
e
Th
Th
Th
Th
What can you tell about the styrofoam peanut from
drawing the charges inside it?
attracted to both globes
attracted to one globe and
repelled from the other
3) The peanut will be repelled
from both globes
4) The peanut will experience 0 0 0 0
no net force from the two
globes
.
...
t..
t..
r..
re
at
at
pe
be
be
be
ex
ill
ill
ill
ill
w
w
w
ut
ut
ut
ut
an
an
an
an
pe
pe
pe
pe
e
e
e
Th
Th
Th
Th
Induced separation of charge
The charges inside the peanut rearrange a little. The peanut is
attracted to both globes and ends up moving toward one of them.
What happens when it hits the globe?
attraction attraction
Induced separation of charge in an insulator
Since charges cannot move much inside the peanut, it remains
attracted to the globe
Induced separation of charge in a conductor
Draw the charges in an aluminum ball suspended between the two
globes.
What will happen to the ball?
Aluminum ball
What can you tell about the foil ball from drawing
the charges inside it?
1) The ball will be attracted to
both globes
one globe and repelled
from the other
3) The ball will be repelled
from both globes
4) The ball will experience no 0 0 0 0
net force from the two
t..
t..
l..
..
globes
n
l
c
pe
rie
tra
tra
re
pe
at
at
be
ex
be
be
ill
ill
ill
ill
w
w
ll
ll
ll
ll
ba
ba
ba
ba
e
e
Th
Th
Th
Th
What can you tell about the foil ball from drawing
the charges inside it?
both globes
one globe and repelled
from the other
3) The ball will be repelled
from both globes
4) The ball will experience no 0 0 0 0
net force from the two
t..
t..
l..
..
globes
n
l
c
pe
rie
tra
tra
re
pe
at
at
be
ex
be
be
ill
ill
ill
ill
w
w
ll
ll
ll
ll
ba
ba
ba
ba
e
e
Th
Th
Th
Th
Charges in the ball will move, the ball will be attracted to both
globes, and will move toward one of them.
What happens when it hits one of the globes?
attrac
on t ion
attracti
Aluminum ball
Charges in the aluminum ball are free to move, so they can move
between the ball and the globe due to the forces exerted upon
them.
What happens to the ball now?
What happens when the foil ball touches one of the
globes?
1) The net charge on the ball
does not change
2) Charges can move through
the ball
3) There is no net force on the
charges in the ball
4) Charges in the ball can
realign themselves but 0 0 0 0
cannot move much
.
...
..
c.
.
t..
th
ce
ll
e
ba
or
on
ov
tf
e
m
e
ne
th
rg
n
ha
in
ca
no
tc
s
s
is
e
e
rg
ne
rg
ha
er
ha
e
Th
Th
C
C
What happens when the foil ball touches one of the
globes?
1) The net charge on the ball
does not change
2) Charges can move through
the ball
3) There is no net force on the
charges in the ball
4) Charges in the ball can
realign themselves but 0 0 0 0
cannot move much
.
...
..
c.
.
t..
th
ce
ll
e
ba
or
on
ov
tf
e
m
e
ne
th
rg
n
ha
in
ca
no
tc
s
s
is
e
e
rg
ne
rg
ha
er
ha
e
Th
Th
C
C
Now the ball has the same charge as the globe, so it is repelled from
the globe.
What happens to the ball now?
e l
rep
The ball is attracted to the other globe, which now has the opposite
charge.
What happens when it hits the other globe?
What’s the difference between the styrofoam
peanut and the foil ball in this experiment?
1) The way both objects, in
their neutral state, are
attracted to the globes
2) One object does not
experience an induced
separation of charges
3) The net charge on one of
the objects does not 0 0 0 0
change in this experiment
...
4) One object does not
...
t..
..
s,
t.
on
no
ct
no
je
on
es
ob
es
experience an attraction
do
do
rg
th
ct
ha
bo
ct
je
tc
je
ob
ay
ob
ne
w
ne
ne
e
e
O
Th
Th
O
Charges are free to move in the conductor, so they move into the ball
due to the forces acting on them
Now the ball has the same charge as the globe, so it is repelled from
the globe.
The charged ball is now attracted to the opposite globe and the cycle
continues.
When will the ball stop bouncing back and forth
between the two globes?
1) It will not stop, it will keep
moving back and forth
indefinitely
2) It will keep moving until all
the extra charge on one
globe is transferred back to
the other
3) It will stop when all the 0 0 0 0
charges in the ball are gone
t..
...
..
...
4) It will stop when the total
un
h.
to
ill
lt
g
e
tw
al
th
in
ov
,i
n
number of positive charges
n
he
he
p
m
to
w
ep
ts
op
op
ke
no
balances the total number
st
st
ill
ill
ill
ill
w
w
w
It
It
of negative charges It
It
Observe and explain
A soda can is mounted horizontally. At one end is a Wimshurst
machine, at the other end a disk covered in foil hangs from a string,
resting against the end of the can
Part 1: Describe what
you observe in this
experiment
Observe and explain
Sample observation:
"A foil disk hangs from a string, resting against a soda can. A
Wimshurst machine is cranked, and one globe of the machine is
touched to the soda can. The hanging disk is repelled away from the
can."
Part 2: Explain what
happened using your
knowledge of charges and
materials
Observe and explain
Sample observation:
"A foil disk hangs from a string, resting against a soda can. A
Wimshurst machine is cranked, and one globe of the machine is
touched to the soda can. The hanging disk is repelled away from the
can."
Part 2: Explain what
happened using your
knowledge of charges and
materials
Observe and explain
Sample explanation:
Charges are balanced and
evenly distributed in the
neutral can and disk
The charged globe creates a
net charge on the can.
Charges move through the
conductor and create the
same net charge on the disk
The disk is repelled from the
can because they have the
D'Amato PTHS 2007
same net charge
45
Represent and reason
A different type of electroscope has a metal disk on top, connected
to a metal bar with a central indicator that can swivel as shown.
Show how this electroscope would react if a negatively charged
object was brought near without touching
Represent and reason
Negative charges in the electroscope are repelled by the negative
charges in the other object. The lower parts of the scope have a net
negative charge and the indicator is repelled away from the bar

Unit Review Charges

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Charge comes in two types, positive and negative

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