Architectural

Drafting and Design

Sixth Edition

Alan Jefferis
Principal of Residential Designs
Former architectural drafting instructor at Mt Hood Community College
Faculty Emeritus at Clackamas Community College
Former member of the American Institute of Building Designers.
Former Autodesk Developer Network Member
Coauthor of Residential Design Drafting and Detailing; Commercial Drafting
and Detailing; and AutoCAD® for Architecture.

David A. Madsen
President, Madsen Designs Inc.
Faculty Emeritus
Former Department Chairperson
Drafting Technology, Autodesk Premier Training Center
Clackamas Community College, Oregon City, Oregon
Former Instructor, Drafting Technology
Centennial High School, Gresham, Oregon
Autodesk Developer Network Member

Director Emeritus, American Design Drafting Association

Author of Engineering Drawing and Design, Print Reading for Engineering and
Manufacturing Technology, and Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing.
Coauthor of AutoCAD and its Applications, Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD,
Civil Drafting Technology, Print Reading for Architecture and Construction Technology.

David P. Madsen
Vice President, Madsen Designs Inc.
Computer-Aided Design and Drafting Consultant and Educator
Autodesk Developer Network Member

SolidWorks Research Associate

American Design Drafting Association Member
Author of Inventor and its Applications.
Coauthor of AutoCAD and its Applications, Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD, Civil Drafting Technology,
Engineering Drawing and Design, and Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing.

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may
be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall
learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights
restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and
alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
materials in your areas of interest.
 Architectural Drafting and Design,
Sixth Edition
Alan Jefferis, David A. Madsen,
and David P. Madsen
Vice President, Editorial: Dave Garza
Director of Learning Solutions: Sandy Clark
Senior Acquisitions Editor: James Devoe
Managing Editor: Larry Main
Senior Product Manager: Sharon Chambliss
Editorial Assistant: Christopher Savino
Vice President, Marketing: Jennifer Baker
Executive Marketing Manager:
Deborah S. Yarnell
Marketing Specialist: Mark Pierro
Production Director: Wendy Troeger
Production Manager: Mark Bernard
Content Project Manager: David Plagenza
Art Director: Casey Kirchmayer
Technology Project Manager:
Christopher Catalina
10% total recycled fiber
Printed in Canada
1 2 3 4 X X 12 11 10
© 2011, 2005, 2001, 1996, 1991, and 1986 Delmar, Cengage Learning
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means
graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying,
recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks,
or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under
Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior
written permission of the publisher.
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Professional & Career Group Customer Support, 1-800-648-7450
For permission to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions
Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to
permissionrequest@cengage.com
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009921885
ISBN-13: 978-1-4354-8162-6
ISBN-10: 1-4354-8162-3
Delmar
5 Maxwell Drive
Clifton Park, NY 12065-2919
USA
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.
For your lifelong learning solutions, visit delmar.cengage.com
Visit our corporate website at cengage.com
Notice to the Reader
Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein
or perform any independent analysis in connection with any of the product
information contained herein. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims,
any obligation to obtain and include information other than that provided to it
by the manufacturer. The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all
safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities described herein
and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein,
the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions. The
publisher makes no representations or warranties of any kind, including but
not limited to, the warranties of fitness for particular purpose or merchantability,
nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set forth
herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material.
The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary
damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon,
this material.
 Brief Contents

Preface, xiii
SECTION 5 Supplemental
Acknowledgments, xix Floor Plan Drawings
Prologue, xxiii
19 Electrical Plans, 431
SECTION 1 Introduction to 20 Plumbing Plans, 461
Architectural Design and Drafting
21 Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning, 485
1 Professional Architectural Careers, Office
Practices, and Opportunities, 3
SECTION 6 Roof Plans
2 Introduction to Construction Procedures, 33
22 Roof Plan Components, 527
3 Architectural Drafting Equipment, 44
23 Roof Plan Layout, 547
4 Drafting Media and Reproduction Methods, 58
5 Sketching Applications, 66 SECTION 7 Elevations
6 Architectural Lines and Lettering, 87 24 Introduction to Elevations, 567
7 Computer-Aided Design and Drafting 25 Elevation Layout and Drawing
in Architecture, 104 Techniques, 589

SECTION 2 Residential Design 26 Millwork and Cabinet Technology, Cabinet

8 Construction Specifications, 141
9 Guidelines and Required Codes That
Affect Building Design, 152
10 Room Relationships and Sizes, 177
11 Exterior Design Factors, 209
12 Conservation and Environmental Design
and Construction, 232
SECTION 3 Site Planning
13 Site Orientation, 257
14 Legal Descriptions and Site Plan Requirements, 268
15 Site Plan Layout, 285
Elevations, and Layout, 608
SECTION 8 Framing Methods and Plans
27 Environmentally Friendly Framing
Methods, 631
28 Structural Components of Framed
Construction, 654
29 Design Criteria for Structural Loading, 685
30 Sizing Joists and Rafters Using Span
Tables, 694
31 Determining Beam Sizes, 708
32 Drawing Framing Plans, 727

SECTION 4 The Floor Plan SECTION 9 Foundation Plans

16 Floor Plan Symbols, 311 33 Foundation Systems, 773
17 Floor Plan Dimensions and Notes, 360 34 Floor Systems and Foundation Support, 803
18 Floor Plan Layout, 379 35 Foundation Plan Layout, 828
iii
iv
SECTION 10 Wall Sections and Details
36 Sectioning Basics, 853
37 Section Layout, 862
38 Alternative Layout Techniques, 876
39 Stair Construction and Layout, 901
40 Fireplace Construction and Layout, 914
SECTION 11 Presentation Drawings
and Renderings
41 Presentation Drawings, 935
Brief Contents
SECTION 12 Commercial Drafting
42 Building Codes and Commercial Design, 953
43 Common Commercial Construction Materials, 975
44 Commercial Construction Projects, 1009
45 Structural Drafting, 1062
Glossary, 1095
Index, 1113
 Contents

Preface, xiii Drafting Furniture, 44

Acknowledgments, xix Drafting Pencils and Leads, 44
Prologue, xxiii Technical Pens and Accessories, 45
Erasers and Accessories, 45
SECTION 1 Introduction to Drafting Instruments, 47
Architectural Design and Drafting 1
Drafting Machines, 50
1 Professional Architectural Careers, Drafting Machine Controls and Machine Head Operation, 51
Office Practices, and Opportunities, 3 Scales, 51
Introduction, 3 Protractors, 54
Drafter, 3 Additional Resources, 56
Designer, 6 Architectural Drafting Equipment Test, 56
Interior Decorator, 6
Kitchen and Bath Designer, 6 4 Drafting Media and Reproduction Methods, 58
Interior Designer, 7 Introduction, 58
Architect, 8 Papers and Films, 58
Engineer, 9 Manual Drawing Reproduction, 59
Related Fields, 10 Sheet Sizes, Sheet Format, Title Blocks,
Design Basics, 12 and Borders, 60
Additional Resources, 31 How to Fold Prints, 61
Professional Architectural Careers, Office Practices, Diazo Reproduction, 62
and Opportunities Test, 32 Photocopy Reproduction, 62
Microfilm, 62
2 Introduction to Construction Procedures, 33
Additional Resources, 64
Introduction, 33
Drafting Media and Reproduction Methods Test, 64
Loan Applications, 33
Individual Appraisal Requirements, 34 5 Sketching Applications, 66
Master Appraisal Requirements, 34 Introduction, 66
Change Orders, 34 Sketching Tools and Materials, 66
Building Permits, 34
Sketching Straight Lines, 66
Contracts, 35
Sketching Circular Lines, 67
Completion Notices, 35
Measurement Lines and Proportions, 68
Construction Estimates, 36
Introduction to Multiview Sketches, 71
Construction Inspections, 37
Isometric Sketches, 73
Additional Resources, 40
Orthographic Projection, 75
Introduction to Construction Procedures Test, 40
Multiview Projection, 75
3 Architectural Drafting Equipment 44 Projection of Features from an Inclined Plane, 79
Introduction, 44 Additional Resources, 84
Drafting Supplies, 44 Sketching Applications Test, 84

v
vi Contents

6 Architectural Lines and Lettering, 87 National Building Codes, 155

Introduction, 87 Basic Design Criteria for Building Planning, 156
Types of Lines, 87 Climatic and Geographic Design Criteria, 163
Line Techniques, 91 International Energy Conservation Code, 169
Lettering, 94 Additional Resources, 174
Hints for Professional Lettering, 97 Conservation and Environmental Design and
Construction Test, 175
Additional Resources, 100
Architectural Lines and Lettering Test, 101
10 Room Relationships and Sizes, 177
7 Computer-Aided Design and Introduction, 177
Drafting in Architecture, 104 The Floor Plan, 177
Introduction, 104 Living Area, 177
Architectural CADD Software Products, 104 Sleeping Area, 185
Productivity with CADD, 107 Service Areas, 190
The CADD Workstation, 107 Traffic Patterns, 203
Using CADD Templates, 107 Additional Resources, 207
Template Drawings on the Student CD, 108 Room Relationships and Sizes Test, 208
U.S. National CAD Standard, 108
Uniform Drawing System, 109 11 Exterior Design Factors, 209
Model and Sheet File-Naming Standards, 110 Introduction, 209
Sheet Identification, 113 Site Considerations, 209
File Management, 113 Elements of Design, 211
Sheet Organization, 113 Principles of Design, 212
Schedules, 116 Floor Plan Styles, 214
Drafting Conventions, 116 Exterior Styles, 216
CADD Graphics, 117 Additional Resources, 230
Drawing on CADD Layers, 120 Exterior Design Factors Test, 230
CADD Plotting Guidelines, 125
Additional Resources, 135 12 Conservation and Environmental
Computer-Aided Design and Drafting in Design and Construction, 232
Architecture Test, 135 Introduction, 232
Energy-Efficient Design, 232
SECTION 2 Residential Design 139 The LEED Program, 233
National Association of Home Builders Model Green
8 Construction Specifications, 141
Home Building, 235
Introduction, 141
Energy Star, 236
Residential Description of Materials, 141
The EnviroHome Initiative, Canadian Home Builders’
General Construction Specifications, 141 Association, 236
Specifications for Residential Design, 146 Energy-Efficient Construction Practices, 237
Specifications for Commercial Construction, 146 Solar Energy Design, 237
Construction Documents, 149 Passive Solar Systems, 239
Additional Resources, 150 Envelope Design, 242
Construction Specifications Test, 150 Active Solar Systems, 242
9 Guidelines and Required Codes That Geothermal Systems, 244
Affect Building Design 152 Wind Energy, 246
Introduction, 152 Hydroelectric Power, 246
Green Building Guidelines, 152 Biopower, 246
Contents vii

Healthy Architectural Design and Construction, 246

SECTION 4 The Floor Plan 309
Additional Resources, 251
Conservation and Environmental Design and 16 Floor Plan Symbols, 311
Construction Test, 251 Introduction, 311
Wall Symbols, 311
SECTION 3 Site Planning 255 Wall Shading and Material Indications, 316
Door Symbol Representations, 318
13 Site Orientation, 257
Window Symbol Representations, 321
Introduction, 257
Schedules, 324
Terrain Orientation, 257
Cabinets, Fixtures, and Appliances on Floor Plans, 332
View Orientation, 257
Common Sizes of Architectural Features, 337
Solar Orientation, 259
Floor Plan Materials, 339
Wind Orientation, 260
Stair Planning and Floor Plan Representation, 341
Sound Orientation, 264
Hallways on Floor Plans, 345
Additional Resources, 266
Fireplaces on Floor Plans, 346
Site Orientation Test, 267
Solid Fuel–Burning Appliances, 350
14 Legal Descriptions and Site Room Titles on Floor Plans, 351
Plan Requirements, 268 Other Floor Plan Symbols, 351
Introduction, 268 Conclusion, 354
Metes and Bounds System, 268 Additional Resources, 357
Rectangular Survey System, 268 Floor Plan Symbols Test, 358
Lot and Block System, 271
Site Plan Requirements, 272 17 Floor Plan Dimensions and Notes, 360
Topography, 272 Introduction, 360
Drawing Site Plans, 274 Aligned Dimensions, 360
Grading Plan Features, 275 Floor Plan Dimensions, 360
Site Analysis Plan, 277 Placing Exterior Dimensions, 360
Subdivision Plans, 280 Placing Interior Dimensions, 364
Planned Unit Development, 281 Standard Feature Dimensions, 364
Metrics in Site Planning, 281 Omitting Dimensions Established by the Foundation, 365
Additional Resources, 284 Dimensioning Arc and Circular Floor Plan Features, 366
Legal Descriptions and Site Plan Common Sizes of Architectural Features, 367
Requirements Test, 284 Masonry Veneer on the Floor Plan, 369
Concrete-Block and Structural Masonry Construction
15 Site Plan Layout, 285 on the Floor Plan, 369
Introduction, 285
Solid Concrete Construction on the Floor Plan, 370
Site Design Considerations, 286
Floor Plan Notes and Specifications, 370
Rural Residential Fire Department Access and Site
Designing Floor Plans Using Standard Construction
Planning, 287
Modules, 372
Laying Out Property Lines, 288
Using Metric Dimensions, 372
Steps in Site Plan Layout, 289
Additional Resources, 377
Site Plan Drawing Checklist, 290
Floor Plan Dimensions and Notes Test, 377
Drawing Contour Lines, 291
Drawing Profiles, 293 18 Floor Plan Layout, 379
Drawing Grading Plans, 294 Introduction, 379
Additional Resources, 303 Steps for Laying Out a Floor Plan, 379
Site Plan Layout Test, 303 Second-Floor Plan Layout, 392
viii Contents

Basement Plan Layout, 394 Plumbing Plan Drawing Checklist, 478

Floor Plan Drawing Checklist, 398 Additional Resources,, 483
Additional Resources, 403 Plumbing Plans Test, 483
Floor Plan Layout Test, 403
21 Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning, 485
Introduction, 485
SECTION 5 Supplemental Floor
Central Forced-Air Systems, 485
Plan Drawings 429
Forced-Air Heating Plans, 486
19 Electrical Plans, 431 Hot Water Systems, 490
Introduction, 431 Heat Pump Systems, 490
Electrical Terms and Definitions, 431 Zone Control Systems, 491
Electrical Circuit Design, 432 Radiant Heat, 492
Basic Electrical Design Recommendations, 433 Thermostats, 492
Home Automation, 434 Heat Recovery and Ventilation, 493
Electrical Design Considerations, 435 Exhaust Systems: Code Requirements, 495
Smoke Detectors, 437 Central Vacuum Systems, 495
Carbon Monoxide Alarms, 437 HVAC Symbols, 495
Universal Electrical Installations, 437 Universal HVAC Design, 497
Electrical Symbols, 439 HVAC Code Requirements, 498
Light Fixture Design and Placement, 443 Thermal Calculations for Heating/Cooling, 499
Reflected Ceiling Plans, 446 Steps in Filling Out the Residential Heating Data Sheet, 500
Electrical Schedules, 446 Steps in Filling Out the Residential Cooling Data Sheet, 506
Electrical Wiring Specifications, 447 HVAC Drawings, 511
Metrics in Electrical Installations, 448 HVAC Plan Drawing Checklist, 516
Steps in Drawing the Electrical Plan, 448 Additional Resources, 520
Drawing the Upper-Floor Electrical Plan, 449 Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Test, 520
Electrical Plan Drawing Checklist, 449
Additional Resources, 458
SECTION 6 Roof Plans 525
Electrical Plans Test, 459
22 Roof Plan Components, 527
20 Plumbing Plans, 461 Introduction, 527
Introduction, 461 Types of Roof Plans, 527
Plumbing Terms and Definitions, 462 Common Roof Terms, 527
Sizing of Plumbing Piping, 464 Roof Shapes, 533
Universal Plumbing Installations, 464 Roofing Materials, 539
Plumbing Schedules, 466 Roof Ventilation and Access, 543
Plumbing Drawings, 466 Additional Resources, 545
Water Systems, 466 Roof Plan Components Test, 545
Drainage and Vent Systems, 469
Isometric Plumbing Drawings, 470 23 Roof Plan Layout, 547
Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems, 471 Introduction, 547
Sewage Disposal, 472 Representing Roof Plan Components, 547
Fire Sprinkler Systems, 474 Representing Structural Materials, 553
Metrics in Plumbing, 474 Representing Nonstructural Material, 554
Adding Plumbing Information to the Floor Plan, 475 Dimensions, 557
Commercial Plumbing Drawings, 475 Annotation, 557
Contents
Drawing Gable Roof Plans, 558
Drawing Hip Roof Plans, 559
Drawing Dutch Hip Roof Plans, 560
Roof Plan Checklist, 563
Roof Plan Layout Test, 563
SECTION 7 Elevations
24 Introduction to Elevations, 567
Introduction, 567
Major Considerations of Drawing Elevations, 567
Representing Materials in Elevation, 572
Additional Resources, 587
Introduction to Elevations Test, 588
25 Elevation Layout and Drawing Techniques, 589
Introduction, 589
Layout, 589
Drawing Finished-Quality Lines Manually, 593
Annotation, 595
Drawing Roof Intersections, 596
Drawing Irregular Shapes, 597
Projecting Grades, 600
Elevation Checklist, 606
Elevation Layout and Drawing Techniques Test, 607
26 Millwork and Cabinet Technology,
Cabinet Elevations, and Layout, 608
Introduction, 608
Types of Millwork, 608
Cabinets, 612
Cabinet Elevations and Layout, 617
Bathroom Cabinet Layout, 623
Cabinet Elevations Checklist, 623
Additional Resources, 627
Millwork and Cabinet Technology, Cabinet Elevations,
and Layout Test, 627
SECTION 8 Framing Methods and Plans
27 Environmentally Friendly Framing Methods, 631
Introduction, 631
Wood Framing Methods, 631
Energy-Efficient Framing Methods, 638
Green Construction Goals, 649
Additional Resources, 652
Framing Methods Test, 653
ix
28 Structural Components of Framed
Construction, 654
Introduction, 654
Floor Construction, 654
Framed Wall Construction, 664
Roof Construction, 672
565 Additional Resources, 683
Structural Components Test, 684
29 Design Criteria for Structural Loading, 685
Introduction, 685
Types of Loads, 685
Load Design, 688
Load Distribution, 690
Design Criteria for Structural Loading Test, 692
30 Sizing Joists and Rafters Using Span Tables, 694
Introduction, 694
Determining Wood Characteristics, 694
Determining Size and Span, 694
Working with Engineered Lumber, 699
Additional Resources, 706
Sizing Joists and Rafters Using Span Tables Test, 706
31 Determining Beam Sizes, 708
Introduction, 708
Structural Lumber, 708
Loading Reactions of Wood Members, 710
Methods of Beam Design, 712
Sizing Wood Beams Using Standard Formulas, 714
Wood Adjustment Factors, 718
Review, 719
Sizing Beams Using Span Tables, 720
Sizing Laminated Beams, 720
Working with Engineered Beams, 720
Simple Beam with a Load Concentrated at the Center, 721
Simple Beam with a Load Concentrated at Any Point, 723
Cantilevered Beams with a Uniform Load, 723
629 Additional Resources, 725
Determining Beam Sizes Test, 725
32 Drawing Framing Plans, 727
Introduction, 727
Major Components Represented on a Framing Plan, 727
Resisting Lateral Loads Using the Prescriptive Path of
the Code, 735
Completing a Framing Plan, 751
x Contents

Roof Framing Plans, 753 Types of Sections, 853

Roof Framing Plan Checklist, 759 Drawing Scale, 856
Floor Framing Plans, 759 Representing and Locating Materials, 858
Roof Framing Plan Checklist, 762 Sectioning Basics Test, 861
Framing Plan Checklist, 764
Additional Resources, 770 37 Section Layout, 862
Drawing Framing Plans Test, 770 Introduction, 862
Stage 1: Evaluate Needs, 862
Stage 2: Lay Out the Section, 862
SECTION 9 Foundation Plans 771
Stage 3: Finished-Quality Lines for Structural
Members Only, 864
33 Foundation Systems, 773
Stage 4: Drawing Finishing Materials, 867
Introduction, 773
Stage 5: Dimensioning, 869
Soil Considerations, 773
Stage 6: Lettering Notes, 870
Types of Foundations, 777
Stage 7: Evaluating Your Work, 871
Dimensioning Foundation Components, 798
Section—Trusses Checklist, 871
Additional Resources, 800
Section Layout Test, 874
Foundation Systems Test, 801

38 Alternative Layout Techniques, 876

34 Floor Systems and Foundation Support, 803
Introduction, 876
Introduction, 803
Floor Joist/Foundation, 876
On-Grade Foundations, 803
Post-and-Beam Foundations, 879
Crawl Space Floor Systems, 814
Basement with Concrete Slab, 881
Additional Resources, 826
Conventional (Stick) Roof Framing, 886
Floor Systems and Foundation Support Test, 827
Section—Rafters Checklist, 892
35 Foundation Plan Layout, 828 Garage/Residence—Section, 892
Introduction, 828 Alternative Layout Techniques Test, 895
Concrete Slab Foundation Layout, 828
39 Stair Construction and Layout, 901
Slab Foundation Plan Checklist, 831
Introduction, 901
Foundation Plan with Joist Construction, 831
Stair Terminology, 901
Foundation Plan with Joists Checklist, 835
Determining Rise and Run, 902
Standard Foundation with Post-and-Beam Floor
System, 835 Straight Stair Layout, 903
Foundation Plan with Post-and-Beam Checklist, 840 Open Stairway Layout, 906
Combination Slab and Crawl Space Plans for a Partial U-Shaped Stairs, 909
Basement, 840 L-Shaped Stairs, 910
Checklist for Foundation Plans with Partial Slab and Exterior Stairs, 910
Floor Joists, 844 Section—Stair Checklist, 911
Full Basement, 844 Additional Resources, 913
Foundation Plan Layout Test, 849 Stair Construction and Layout Test, 913

40 Fireplace Construction and Layout, 914

SECTION 10 Wall Sections and Details 851
Introduction, 914
36 Sectioning Basics, 853 Fireplace Alternatives, 914
Introduction, 853 Fireplace Terms, 915
Section Origination, 853 Drawing the Fireplace Section, 921
Section Alignment, 853 Section—Masonry Fireplace Checklist, 926
Contents xi

Fireplace Elevations, 928 45 Structural Drafting, 1062

Additional Resources, 931 Introduction, 1062
Fireplace Construction and Layout Test, 931 Plan the Drawing, 1062
Procedure—From Calculations to Working
SECTION 11 Presentation Drawings Drawing, 1062
and Renderings 933 Order of Precedence, 1065
Structural Drafting Project, 1066
41 Presentation Drawings, 935
Introduction, 935
BOXED FEATURES
Types of Presentation Drawings, 935
Methods of Presentation, 936 Going Green
Rendering Procedure for Drawings, 941 An Introduction to Green Design, 12
Presentation Drawings Test, 948 Sustainable Design Opportunity, 130
GreenFormat, 148

SECTION 12 Commercial Drafting 951 Green Codes, 173

Green Design Considerations, 207
42 Building Codes and Commercial Design, 953 Green Styles, 228
Introduction, 953 An Overview, 233
Exploring Building Codes, 953 The Ultimate Urban Green Home, 248
Determining Design Categories, 955 Environmentally Sound Landscaping Practices, 265
Using the Codes, 971 Designing an Ecosystem, 301
Additional Resources, 973 Windows and Energy Loss, 325
Building Codes and Commercial Design Test, 974 The International Energy Conservation Code, 396
Living Smart, 400
43 Common Commercial Construction Going Green, 404
Materials, 975
Energy Conservation, 434
Introduction, 975
Electricity Generation from Wind Power, 456
Wood, 975
Energy Conservation, 465
Concrete Block, 979
Solar Hot Water, 473
Poured Concrete, 983
Indoor Water Use, 481
Steel Construction, 988
Improving Indoor Air Quality, 509
Common Connection Methods, 995
Green Roofing, 544
Additional Resources, 1005
Green Applications of Exterior Elevations, 587
Common Commercial Construction Materials Test, 1007
Green Framing, 637
44 Commercial Construction Projects, 1009 Environmentally Friendly Design and
Construction, 682
Introduction, 1009
Green Foundations, 800
Office Practice, 1009
Green Floor Systems, 826
Drawing Organization, 1011
Goals of an Energy-Efficient Fireplace, 922
Site Drawings, 1013
Green Design Considerations, 1003
Architectural Drawings, 1017
Structural Drawings, 1038 CADD Applications
Electrical Drawings, 1050 CADD Applications, 56
Fixture Drawings, 1052 Drafting Archives, 60
Mechanical Drawings, 1054 Using CADD for Conceptual Design
Plumbing Drawings, 1055 and Presentation Sketches, 80
Commercial Construction Projects Test, 1061 Drawing Lines, 92
xii Contents

CADD Lettering, 97 CADD Applications, 392

The Future Is Here with CADD, 106 CADD Applications, 392
Architectural CADD Symbols, 119 CADD Applications, 394
This Is What the Future Looks Like: Web-Based Using CADD to Draw Floor Plans, 399
Architectural Collaboration, 129 CADD Applications, 431
Using Surveyor’s Units, 289 Drawing Electrical Symbols with CADD, 454
Using CADD to Draw Site Plans, 296 Drawing Plumbing Symbols with CADD, 479
CADD Applications, 311 CADD in the HVAC Industry, 517
CADD Applications, 316 Drawing Roof Plans with CADD, 561
Drawing Floor Plan Walls Using CADD, 317 CADD Elevations and Symbols, 586
U.S. National CAD Standard for Schedules, 330 CADD Applications, 589
Placing Material Symbols with CADD, 340 CADD Applications, 600
Designing and Drawing Stairs with CADD, 345 Options for Creating Cabinet Elevations, 621
CADD Floor Plan Symbols, 354 Drawing Millwork and Cabinet Elevations with CADD, 625
Placing Architectural Dimensions with CADD, 374 Drawing Framing Plans with CADD, 769
CADD Applications, 381 Using CADD to Draw Foundation Plans, 847
CADD Applications, 383 Drawing Sections and Details with CADD, 872
CADD Applications, 384 Drawing Stairs with CADD, 912
CADD Applications, 385 Drawing Fireplace Sections and Elevations
CADD Applications, 385 with CADD, 930
CADD Applications, 386 Using CADD to Make Presentation Drawings, 948
CADD Applications, 387 The Code and Computers, 973
CADD Applications, 387 Commercial Drawings, 1058
CADD Applications, 388
CADD Applications, 389
CADD Applications, 390 Glossary, 1095
CADD Applications, 390 Index, 1113

For nearly 25 years, students have relied on Architectural
Drafting and Design for easy-to-read, comprehensive cov-
erage of architectural drafting and design instruction that
complies with and reinforces architectural, engineering,
and construction industry standards and practices.
This sixth edition of Architectural Drafting and Design
is a practical, comprehensive textbook that is easy to use
and understand. The content can be used as presented
by following a logical sequence of learning activities for
residential and light commercial architectural drafting
and design, or the chapters can be rearranged to accom-
modate alternate formats for traditional or individual-
ized instruction.
AMERICAN DESIGN
DRAFTING ASSOCIATION
(ADDA) APPROVED
PUBLICATION
The content of this text is considered a fundamental
component to the design-drafting profession by the
American Design Drafting Association. This publication
covers topics and related material, as stated in the ADDA
Curriculum Certification Standards and the ADDA
Certified Drafter Examination Review Guide. Although
this publication is not conclusive, with respect to ADDA
standards, it should be considered a key reference tool
in pursuit of a professional design-drafting career.
ABOUT THE
INTERNATIONAL CODE
COUNCIL
The International Code Council (ICC)
is a nonprofit membership association
dedicated to protecting the health,
safety, and welfare of people by creating better build-
ings and safer communities. The mission of ICC is to
provide the highest quality codes, standards, products,
and services for all concerned with the safety and perfor-
mance of the building environment. ICC is the publisher
of the family of the International Codes® (I-Codes®), a
single set of comprehensive and coordinated model
Preface
codes. This unified approach to building codes enhances
safety, efficiency, and affordability in the construction of
buildings. The Code Council is also dedicated to innova-
tion, sustainability, and energy efficiency. Code Council
subsidiary, ICC Evaluation Service, issues Evaluation
Reports for innovative products and reports of Sustain-
able Attributes Verification and Evaluation (SAVE).
Headquarters: 500 New Jersey Avenue, NW,
6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001-2070
District Offices: Birmingham, AL; Chicago. IL;
Los Angeles, CA
1-888-422-7233
www.iccsafe.org
APPROACH
Architectural Drafting and Design provides a practical
and realistic approach to solving problems that are
encountered in the architectural design world.
Practical
Architectural Drafting and Design provides a practical
approach to architectural drafting as it relates to current
standard practices. The emphasis on standardization is
an excellent and necessary foundation of drafting train-
ing as well as for implementing a common approach
to drafting nationwide. After students become profes-
sional drafters, this text will serve as a valuable desk
reference.
Realistic
Chapters contain professional examples, illustrations,
step-by-step layout techniques, drafting problems, and
related tests. The examples demonstrate recommended
drafting presentation with actual architectural drawings
used for reinforcement. The correlated text explains
drafting practices and provides useful information for
knowledge building and skill development. Step-by-step
layout methods provide a logical approach to beginning
and finishing complete sets of working drawings.
xiii
xiv
Practical Approach to Problem Solving
The professional architectural drafter’s responsibility is to
convert architects’, engineers’, and designers’ sketches and
ideas into formal drawings. This textbook explains how
to prepare formal drawings from design sketches by
providing the learner with basic guidelines for drafting
layout and minimum design and code requirements in
a knowledge-building format. One concept is learned
before the next is introduced. The concepts and skills
learned from one chapter to the next allow students to
prepare complete sets of working drawings for residen-
tial and light commercial construction projects. Problem
assignments are presented in order of difficulty and in
a manner that provides students with a wide variety of
architectural drafting experiences.
Real-World Architectural Problems
The problems are presented as preliminary designs or
design sketches in a manner that is consistent with
actual architectural office practices. It is not enough for
students to duplicate drawings from given assignments;
they must be able to think through the process of draw-
ing development with a foundation based on how draw-
ing and construction components are put into practice.
The goals and objectives of each problem assignment
are consistent with recommended evaluation criteria
based on the progression of learning activities. The draft-
ing problems and tests recommend that work be done
using drafting skills on actual drafting materials with
either professional manual or computer-aided drafting
equipment. A problem solution or test answer should be
accurate and demonstrate proper drafting practice.
FEATURES OF THE TEXTBOOK
Major features of this textbook that guide you through
the world of architectural design and drafting include
realistic application of the information presented
throughout each chapter, professional illustrations of
each concept to be explored, CADD applications of each
type of working drawing, exploration of the 2009 build-
ing codes and standards produced by the International
Code Council, the National Association of Home Builders
(NAHB), and Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED).
Applications
Special emphasis has been placed on providing realistic
drafting problems. Problems are presented as design
sketches or preliminary drawings in a manner that is con-
sistent with architectural practices. The problems have
Preface
been supplied by architects and architectural designers.
Each problem solution is based on the step-by-step layout
procedures provided in the chapter discussions.
Problems are given in order of complexity to expose
students to a variety of drafting experiences. Problems
require students to go through the same thought and
decision-making processes that a professional drafter
faces daily, including scale and paper size selection,
view layout, dimension placement, section placement,
and many other activities. Problems can be solved using
manual or computer-aided drafting, as determined by
individual course guidelines. Chapter tests provide
complete coverage of each chapter and can be used for
student evaluation or as review.
Illustrations
Drawings and photos are used liberally throughout this
textbook to strengthen the concepts presented. Full-
color treatment enhances the clarity. Abundant step-
by-step illustrations take students through the detailed
stages of the drafting process for each application. The
step-by-step illustrations are created using computer-
aided drafting for the highest accuracy and quality.
Computer-Aided Design and Drafting
(CADD)
CADD is presented as a valuable tool that has revolu-
tionized the architectural design and drafting industry.
The complete discussion of CADD introduces the
workstation environment, terminology, drafting tech-
niques, and sample drawings. Although individual
course guidelines may elect to solve architectural draft-
ing problems using either computer-aided or manual
drafting equipment, the concepts remain the same, with
the only difference being the method of presentation.
Construction Techniques
and Building Codes
Construction techniques differ throughout the country.
This text clearly acknowledges the difference in con-
struction methods and introduces the student to the
format used to make a complete set of working draw-
ings for each method of construction. Students may learn
to prepare drawings from each construction method
or, more commonly, for the specific construction
techniques that are used in their locality. The problem
assignments are designed to provide drawings that
involve a variety of construction alternatives.
To provide oversight of the wide range of construc-
tion methods and materials used throughout the country,
Preface
the 2009 model codes written by the International
Code Council (ICC) are referenced throughout this
textbook. The major ICC codes addressed in this
textbook include the International Residential Code
(IRC) in Chapter 1 through Chapter 41 and the Inter-
national Building Code (IBC) in Chapter 42 through
Chapter 45. Although many municipalities have adopted
their own versions of these codes, the use of these
model codes provides a firm background before explor-
ing local variations.
Additional Resources
At the end of most chapters, an Additional Resources
section provides students with information on
additional resources related to chapter topics. This
section lists Web sites for companies or organiza-
tions that offer materials, services, and standards
related to the chapter content. The following is an
example of how the Additional Resources are pre-
sented in the textbook:
Chapter Tests
Chapter tests are found at the end of each chapter.
Select the Chapter Tests link on the Student CD to access
chapter tests using Microsoft Word. The chapter tests
allow you to review or test your knowledge of the related
chapter content, depending on your course objectives.
Open the related link and answer the questions electroni-
cally, unless otherwise directed by your instructor.
xv
NEW TO THE SIXTH EDITION
Architectural Drafting and Design, Sixth Edition, provides
the following improvements over the fifth edition.
Codes and Standards Compliance
Each chapter is based on information provided by the
following major industry leaders:
● 2009 editions of the International Residential Code
and the International Building Code published by the
International Code Council.
● National CAD Standards Version 4.
● MasterFormat and UniFormat published by The
Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) and
Construction Specifications Canada (CSC).
● LEED rating system published by the U.S. Green
Building Council (USGBC).
● Model Green Home Building Guidelines (MGHBG)
developed by the National Association of Home
Builders (NAHB) and the International Code Council
(ICC), which publishes the International Residential
Code (IRC).
Going Green
Protecting the environment is one of the most important
worldwide issues today. A new flagship feature called
Going Green is found throughout this textbook, provid-
ing current, practical, and experimental energy-efficient
xvi
architectural design and construction techniques that
result in a significant reduction in energy consumption.
As the building industry grows to meet the demands
of our increasing population, we must take care of
the environment and allow for current and future
development.
As a student, it is very important for you to learn what
is available today and to find ways to improve energy
efficiency in architectural design and construction into
the future in an effort to protect the earth. National and
local programs have been established to meet this need. A
leading program is often referred to as green building. The
U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is a key organiza-
tion developed to promote building design and construc-
tion that is environmentally responsible and healthy,
while allowing construction to remain profitable. Modern
advances in building construction are available to design-
ers, builders, and owners who want to “build green” and
make the most of environmental protection in the archi-
tectural and construction industries. The following is part
of one of the Going Green features found in this edition:
Supplemental Chapter Readings
Students are directed to supplemental chapter readings
that are found on the Student CD and are identified
Preface
by a CD icon in appropriate locations throughout this
textbook. The supplemental reference material pro-
vides optional learning opportunities. The supplemental
material ranges from commonly known topics available
for students desiring a review, to advanced information
that is beyond the scope of this textbook for students
interested in further exploration. The supplemental
chapter readings are identified within chapter content
in this manner:
CADD Applications
CADD Applications is a special boxed feature that pro-
vides a variety of real-world examples, professional
presentations, software applications, tips, standards,
and procedures used with computer-aided design and
drafting. CADD Applications were first introduced in
the fourth edition but have been revised, improved, and
expanded due to the rapidly changing CADD indus-
try. CADD Applications in the sixth edition range from
one-sentence statements to multipage content. The
following is an example of part of one of the CADD
Applications found in the sixth edition:
Note
The Note feature is provided throughout this textbook
to provide brief information related to the specific
content where the note is found. The following is an
example of a sixth edition note:
Preface
NOTE: Although both groups have produced “guidelines,”
many municipalities are starting to move beyond the
recommendation stage and are incorporating portions
of these guidelines into their design and building require-
ments. It is expected that with the 2012 edition of the ICC
codes, the NGBS-ICC 700 will move from guidelines to law.
Verify with the municipality that will govern each specific
building project to determine if specific aspects of a green
guideline are required. The ICC is also planning to develop
a green building code for buildings that are not covered
by the NGBS-ICC 700. This code will most likely be the
International Green Construction Code (IGCC).
THE STUDENT CD
Although not new to the sixth edition, the Student CD
has new and improved content.
A student CD icon found throughout this textbook
guides students to features found on the CD. Refer to
the Prologue for a complete description of each compo-
nent and how to use the Student CD.
The following features are found on the Student CD:
● Supplemental Chapter Readings
● Step-by-Step Layout Drawings
● Chapter Tests
● Drawing Checklists
● Drawing Problems
● Drawing Templates
● Architectural Blocks and Symbols
● Related Web Links
● Workbook
● Video Clips of Major Concepts
● Review Questions
ORGANIZING YOUR COURSE
Architectural drafting is the primary emphasis of many
technical drafting curricula; however, many other pro-
grams offer only an exploratory course in this field. This
textbook is appropriate for either application, as its con-
tent reflects the common elements in any architectural
drafting curriculum.
Prerequisites
An interest in architectural drafting, plus basic arith-
metic, written communication, and reading skills are
xvii
the only prerequisites required. Basic drafting skills
and layout techniques are presented as appropriate.
Students with an interest in architectural drafting who
begin using this text will end with the knowledge and
skills required to prepare complete sets of working
drawings for residential and light commercial architec-
tural construction projects.
Fundamental through Advanced
Coverage
This textbook can be used in an architectural drafting
curriculum that covers the basics of residential architec-
ture in a one-, two-, or three-semester sequence. In this
application, students use the chapters directly associ-
ated with the preparation of a complete set of working
drawings for a residence, where the emphasis is on the
use of fundamental skills and techniques. The rest of the
textbook can remain as a reference for future study or as
a valuable desk reference.
This textbook can also be used in the comprehen-
sive architectural drafting program where a four- to
six-semester sequence of residential and light com-
mercial architectural drafting and design is required.
In this application, students can expand on the pri-
mary objective of preparing a complete set of working
drawings for the design of residential and light com-
mercial projects with the coverage of any one or all
of the following areas: energy-efficient construction
techniques, solar and site orientation design applica-
tions, heating and cooling thermal performance calcu-
lations, structural load calculations, and presentation
drawings.
Section Length
Chapters are presented in individual learning segments
that begin with elementary concepts and build until
each chapter provides complete coverage of every topic.
Instructors can choose to present lectures in short,
15-minute discussions or divide each chapter into 40- to
50-minute lectures.
Drafting Equipment and Materials
Identification and use of manual and computer-aided
drafting equipment is outlined. Students need an inven-
tory of equipment available for use as listed in the
chapters. Professional drafting materials are explained,
and it is recommended that students prepare problem
solutions using actual drafting materials.
xviii
SUPPLEMENTS
Instructor Resources
Spend Less Time Planning and More Time
Teaching
With Delmar, Cengage Learning’s Instructor Resources
to accompany Architectural Drafting and Design, 6th
Edition, preparing for class and evaluating students has
never been easier!
This invaluable instructor CD-ROM, titled e.resource,
allows you anywhere, anytime access to all of your
resources. (ISBN: 1–4354–8163–1)
Features contained in e.resource include:
● Syllabus: Lesson plans created by chapter. You have
the option of using these lesson plans with your own
course information. (http://www.worldclasslearning
.com)
● Chapter Hints: Objectives and teaching hints that
provide the basis for a lecture outline that helps you
to present concepts and material. Key points and
concepts can be graphically highlighted for student
retention.
● PowerPoint Presentation: Slides for each chapter of
the text provide the basis for a lecture outline that
helps you to present concepts and material. Key
points and concepts can be graphically highlighted
for student retention.
Preface
● Exam View Computerized Test Bank: More than 800
questions of varying levels of difficulty are provided
in true/false and multiple-choice formats so you can
assess student comprehension.
● Video and Animation Resources: These AVI files graph-
ically depict the execution of key concepts and com-
mands in drafting, design, and AutoCAD and let you
bring multimedia presentations into the classroom.
Solutions Manual
A solutions manual is available with answers to end-
of-chapter review questions and solutions to end-of-
chapter problems. Solutions are also provided for the
Workbook problems. (ISBN: 1–4354–8165–8)
Videos
Two video sets, containing four 20-minute tapes each,
are available. The videos correspond to the topics
addressed in the text:
● Set #1: ISBN 0–7668–3094–2
● Set #2: ISBN 0–7668–3095–0
Video sets are also available on interactive video
CD-ROM.
● Set #1: ISBN 0–7668–3116–7
● Set #2: ISBN 0–7668–3117–5

The authors would like to thank and acknowledge the
many professionals who reviewed the sixth edition of
Architectural Drafting and Design. A special acknowledg-
ment is due the instructors who reviewed the chapters
in detail.
Reviewers
Sharon Bagby
Texas State Technical College, Sweetwater, Texas
Amanda Boyle
Texas State Technical College, Marshall, Texas
Rebecca R. Brining
Virginia College, Mobile, Alabama
Clark Cory
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
Tom Felton
Western Technical College, La Crosse, Wisconsin
Andy Jacobs
West-Oak High School, Westminster, South Carolina
David K. Landry
Louisiana Technical College, Lafayette, Louisiana
Edward J. Rother
Cerritos College, Norwalk, California
Contributing Companies
The quality of this textbook is also improved by the sup-
port and contributions from architects, designers, engi-
neers, and vendors. The list of contributors is extensive
and acknowledgment is given at each illustration. The
following individuals and companies gave an extraordi-
nary amount of support with technical information and
art for this edition.
International Code Council (ICC)
Special thanks goes to Hamid Naderi, Vice President of
Product Development of the International Code Council
(ICC), for reviewing the content of this text related to
the ICC codes and for allowing us to use text from the
Acknowledgments
Preface
2009 International Residential Code and the International
Building Code.
Portions of this publication reproduce text from the
2009 International Residential Code, Copyright 2009,
with the permission of the publisher, the International
Conference of Building Officials, under license from the
International Code Council Inc., Falls Church, Virginia.
The 2009 International Residential Code is a copyrighted
work of the International Code Council. Reproduced
with permission. All rights reserved.
Alan Mascord Design Associates, Inc.
(www.mascord.com)
For more than 20 years, a deep-rooted commitment
to architectural excellence has made Alan Mascord a
trusted name among builders, consumers, and com-
petitors. To date, well over 50,000 Mascord homes have
been built across the United States, Canada, and in most
developed countries around the world.
Alan Mascord Design Associates provides more than
600 stock home plans in a wide range of architectural
styles, from single-family homes to multifamily dwell-
ings, including detached garage plans. An active custom
design business serves clients with specific and unique
requirements, and Efficient Living Services provides
builders with tools and resources for building green.
Mascord Efficient Living (ISBN-10 0–9788–1131–3) is a
guide to the philosophies and practicalities of green build-
ing for builders and consumers. Presenting more than 50
home plans detailed to meet nationally recognized green
building standards, this book explains the elements to
consider before, during, and after construction.
Special thanks are given to Jon Epley and Gary
Higginbotham for their professional support for this
edition in providing content, photographs, and illustra-
tions for several Going Green features found throughout
this textbook. Mascord Design Associates also provided
several sets of working drawings used for problems in
Chapter 18.
3D.DZYN
Special thanks to Ron Palma, 3D.DZYN, for provid-
ing loyal feedback related to professional architectural
xix
xx
CADD applications. Palma has more than 20 years of
experience in the architectural industry as a drafter,
designer, lead project designer, and, most recently, as
a CAD manager implementing Architectural Desktop
for a residential design firm. He is an Autodesk
Certified Instructor, trainer, and support technician for
an Autodesk reseller. Palma has professional experience
as an educator at two community colleges and is a U.S.
Army certified instructor. In addition, He taught the
Instructor Trainer’s Course for the U.S. Army and has
taught courses at Autodesk University. Palma is the co-
author of architectural drafting and AutoCAD books.
Res Communis (www.rescommunis.org)
A design collective started by Garrett and Dustin Moon,
Res Communis is dedicated to the creation and dissemi-
nation of “good” design for all, not just for those who can
afford it. Their goal is to contribute to the solving of prob-
lems, not the concentration and collection of intellectual
property. To that end, every idea and design created is
released to the public to use and refine for the good of
all. Garrett and Dustin Moon provided the content and
illustrations for the Going Green content in Chapter 12.
The Going Green feature titled The Ultimate Urban Green
Home is the flagship of the Going Green features found in
this textbook, demonstrating perfect, sustainable, and self-
sufficient design using super-energy-efficient, environ-
mentally safe materials, and clean energy technologies.
Construction Specifications Institute
(www.csinet.org)
Information used in this text is from MasterFormat
and UniFormat and is published by The Construction
Specifications Institute (CSI) and Construction
Specifications Canada (CSC), and is used with permis-
sion from CSI, 2008.
The Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)
99 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 300
Alexandria, VA 22314
800-689-2900; 703-684-0300
Bryan Higgins
Architect Bryan Higgins, AIA, LEED AP, from Portland,
Oregon, provided a set of working drawings and
photographs of his design of one of the winning homes
in the Living Smart program, in Portland, Oregon. The
Living Smart program design competition created a
catalog of affordable home plans designed for narrow
lots, called small-footprint houses. His Living Smart
small-footprint design is used in Problem 18–1. Higgins
also provided the content for the Going Green feature in
Chapter 18 of this textbook.
Acknowledgments
Leann Collins and Laura Numbers
Leann Collins and Laura Numbers contributed a com-
plete set of working drawings and related photographs
for a small-footprint residential architectural design.
This small footprint is one of the winning homes in the
Living Smart program, in Portland, Oregon, and the
design is used in Problem 18–3.
TKP Architects, PC, Golden, Colorado
(www.keating-partnership.com)
Thanks to Erin Elston with TKP Architects for the con-
tribution of residential architectural plans and impres-
sive photographs.
DeSantis Landscapes
Dean DeSantis, CLP, President of DeSantis Landscapes,
provided the content and photographs used in a Going
Green feature found in Chapter 12.
Southwest Windpower
(www.windenergy.com)
Michael French, Graphics Coordinator for Southwest
Windpower, provided the content, photographs, and
illustrations for the Going Green feature in Chapter 19.
Autodesk, Inc. (www.autodesk.com)
Catherine Palmer, Marketing Manager, AEC Initiatives
provided the Going Green feature content in Chapter 7.
As a world leader in design innovation technologies,
Autodesk helps to empower architecture, engineering,
and construction professionals with cost-effective designs
and delivers high-performing, resource-efficient build-
ings and infrastructure.
Solatube International, Inc.
(www.solatube.com)
Bridget Palitz, Vice President of The McRae Agency,
Public Relations for Solatube International, Inc., pro-
vided the content, photographs, and illustrations for a
Going Green feature in Chapter 16.
National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)
(www.nfrc.org)
The NFRC provided content and illustrations for a
Going Green feature in Chapter 16.
Engineering Drawing and Design
Approximately 180 illustrations are reproduced from
Engineering Drawing and Design, by David A. Madsen,
David P. Madsen, and J. Lee Turpin from Delmar
Publishers.
Acknowledgments
Step-by-Step Model Home Plan Drawings
The authors greatly appreciate the efforts of David P.
Madsen, Tereasa Jefferis, and Connie Wilmon for their
work with the step-by-step drawings found in layout
chapters. In addition, we would like to thank:
Janice Jefferis for her photo contributions
Ken Smith, Kenneth D. Smith Architects and
Associates, Inc.
Richard Wallace, Southern Forest Products
Association
APA—The Engineered Wood Association
Richard Branham, National Concrete Masonry
Association
Pamela Allsebrook, California Redwood Association
Eric Brown, Eric S. Brown Design Group, Inc.
Kathleen M. Arnelt, Louisiana-Pacific Corporation
Richard R. Chapman and Robert C. Guzikowski,
Simpson Strong-Tie Company, Inc.
Stephen Fuller, Incorporated
Steven Merrill, Mechanical Designer
Havlin Kemp, VLMK Consulting Engineers
Western Wood Products Association
Rajni Pisharody and the staff at Glyph Internaional
for their excellent work on the production of this text.
Julie Searls for her excellent mastery of the English
language and skill as a copy editor.
To the Student
Architectural Drafting and Design is designed for you, the
student. The development and format of the presenta-
tion have been tested in conventional and individual-
ized classroom instruction. The information presented
is based on the National CAD Standards, drafting room
practice, and trends in the architectural design industry.
This textbook is the only architectural drafting refer-
ence that you need. Use the textbook as a learning tool
while in school, and take it along as a desk reference
when you enter the profession. The amount of written
text is complete but kept to a minimum. Examples and
illustrations are used extensively. Drafting is a graphic
language, and most drafting students learn best by
observation of examples. Here are a few helpful hints
for using this textbook:
1. Read the text. The text content is intentionally
designed for easy reading. Content is given in as few,
easy-to-understand words as possible. You should
xxi
do the reading because the content can help you to
understand the drawings clearly.
2. Look carefully at the examples. The figure examples
are presented in a manner that is consistent with
architectural drafting standards and the U.S. National
CAD Standard. Look at the examples carefully in an
attempt to understand specific applications. If you
are able to understand why something is done a
certain way, it will be easier for you to apply the con-
cepts to the drawing problems in this textbook and to
the similar issues when working as an architectural
drafter. Drafting is a precise technology based on
standards and guidelines. The goal of a drafter is to
prepare drawings that are easy to read and under-
stand. There are times when rules need to be altered
to handle a unique situation. Rely on judgment based
on your knowledge of accepted standards in these
situations. Drafting is often like a puzzle—there is
often more than one way to solve a problem.
3. Use the text as a reference. Few drafters know every-
thing about drafting standards, techniques, and con-
cepts. Always be ready to use this textbook as the
reference if you need to verify how a specific applica-
tion is handled. Become familiar with the definitions
and use of technical terms. It is difficult to memorize
everything in this text, but architectural drafting
applications should become second nature as you
gain experience.
4. Learn each concept and skill before you continue to
the next. The text is presented in a logical learning
sequence. Each chapter is designed for learning
development, and chapters are sequenced so draft-
ing knowledge grows from one chapter to the next.
Problem assignments are presented in the same
learning sequence as the chapter content and also
reflect progressive levels of difficulty.
5. Practice. Development of good manual and comput-
er-aided drafting skills depend to a large extent on
practice. Some individuals have an inherent talent for
manual drafting, and some people are readily com-
patible with computers. If you fit into either group,
great! If you have difficulty, then practice is all you
may need. Practice manual drafting skills to help
improve the quality of your drafting presentation,
and practice computer skills to improve your skills
and efficiency with communication and drafting.
6. Use sketches or preliminary drawings. When you are
drawing manually or with a computer, the proper use
of a sketch or preliminary drawing can save a lot of
time in the long run. Prepare a layout sketch or pre-
liminary layout for each problem. This preliminary
xxii
step gives you a chance to organize thoughts about
drawing scale, view selection, dimension and note
placement, and sheet size. After you become an expe-
rienced drafter, you may be able to design a sheet
layout in your head, but until then, you should use
sketches.
7. Use professional equipment and materials. For the best
possible learning results and skill development, use
the professional drafting equipment, supplies, and
materials that are recommended.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Alan Jefferis
Alan Jefferis is Faculty Emeritus of Drafting Technology
at the Autodesk Premier Training Center at Clackamas
Community College in Oregon City, Oregon. He was an
architectural drafting and CAD instructor at Clackamas
Community College for over 30 years. He also taught
at Mt. Hood Community College in Gresham, Oregon,
for four years. In addition to community college experi-
ence, Jefferis had eight years of experience drawing for
architects, engineers, and residential designers prior to
working for 26 years as a professional building designer
as the principal of Residential Designs, a design firm
specializing in custom, energy-efficient homes. He is
also a former member of the American Institute of
Building Designers. In addition to his design work, he
is a coauthor of several standard reference works from
Cengage Delmar Learning including Residential Design
Drafting and Detailing; Print Reading for Architectural
Construction Technology; Commercial Drafting and
Detailing; and AutoCAD® for Architecture.
David A. Madsen
David A. Madsen is the President of Madsen Designs Inc.
(www.madsendesigns.com). Madsen is Faculty Emeritus
of Drafting Technology and the Autodesk Premier
Acknowledgments
Training Center at Clackamas Community College in
Oregon City, Oregon. He was an instructor and depart-
ment chairperson at Clackamas Community College for
nearly 30 years. In addition to community college expe-
rience, Madsen was a drafting technology instructor at
Centennial High School in Gresham, Oregon. He is a
former member of the American Design and Drafting
Association (ADDA) Board of Directors, and was hon-
ored by the ADDA with Director Emeritus status at the
annual conference in 2005. He has extensive experience
in mechanical drafting, architectural design and draft-
ing, and building construction. Madsen holds a Master
of Education degree in Vocational Administration and
a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Education.
He is the author of Engineering Drawing and Design;
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing; Print Reading
for Engineering and Manufacturing Technology; and
coauthor of Architectural Drafting and Design, and Print
Reading for Architecture and Construction Technology, as
well as many other drafting and CAD titles.
David P. Madsen
David P. Madsen is the Vice President of Madsen Designs
Inc. (www.madsendesigns.com), and operates the Madsen
Designs Inc. consulting service. He has been a profes-
sional design drafter since 1996, and has extensive
experience in a variety of drafting, design, and engi-
neering disciplines. Madsen has provided drafting and
computer-aided design and drafting instruction to
secondary and postsecondary learners since 1999, and
has considerable curriculum, and program coordination
and development experience. He holds a Master of
Science degree in Educational Policy, Foundations, and
Administrative Studies with a specialization in Post-
secondary, Adult, and Continuing Education; a Bachelor
of Science degree in Technology Education; and an
Associate of Science degree in General Studies and
Drafting Technology. Madsen is also the coauthor of
Engineer Drawing and Design and has authored and
coauthored other drafting and CAD titles.

HOW TO USE THE STUDENT CD
Pick one of the following links to open. The
content of each link is described below.
● Supplemental Chapter Readings
● Step-by-Step Layout Drawings
● Chapter Tests
● Drawing Checklists
● Drawing Problems
● Drawing Templates
● Architectural Blocks and Symbols
● Related Web Links
● Workbook
● Video Clips of Major Concepts
● Review Questions
Supplemental Chapter Readings
Throughout this textbook, a Student CD icon guides
you to chapter-related content provided for additional
reading and research. The Supplemental Chapter
Reading features found on the Student CD include
chapter-related content, basic information, advanced
content that is beyond the scope of the main text-
book, and commonly used abbreviations.
Step-by-Step Layout Drawings
Several chapters throughout this textbook use the same
model home to describe step-by-step techniques for
laying out drawings required in a set of residential work-
ing drawings. Click the Step-by-Step Drawings link to
view Acrobat Portable Document Format (PDF) files of
many of the textbook figures related to the step-by-step
layout process. Use the files to display the figures on
your computer screen, and to look more closely at the
layout steps and details.
Prologue
Preface
Chapter Tests
Chapter tests are found at the end of each chapter. Pick
the Chapter Tests link to access chapter tests using
Microsoft Word. The chapter tests allow you to review
or test your knowledge of the related chapter content,
depending on your course objectives. Open the related
link and answer the questions electronically, unless
otherwise directed by your instructor.
Drawing Checklists
Drawing checklists are provided for the model home
layout chapters throughout this textbook. The check-
lists allow you to check your work to be sure everything
is included in the drawing that you are completing.
Drawing Problems
The Chapter 18 drawing problems are found on the
Student CD. These problems are identified in the text-
book with a Student CD icon. The Chapter 18 drawing
problems can be used for creating the floor plans of the
selected or assigned house that continue throughout
this textbook to create a set of working drawings.
Drawing Templates
Select the Drawing Templates link to access a page con-
taining a link to architectural and civil AutoCAD draw-
ing template (.dwt) files. Use the Drawing Templates
link and the available drawing template files to create
new drawings, as a resource for drawing content, or
for inspiration when developing your own templates.
The architectural drafting templates are set up to allow
you to prepare architectural drawings, whereas the civil
drafting templates include preset civil drawing content
for site plans and other civil drafting projects. Use the
(U.S.) templates to draw using U.S. customary, or feet
and inch, units. Use the (metric) templates to draw
using metric units. Each template includes a variety
xxiii
xxiv
of appropriate drawing settings and content, such as
layers, layouts, and object styles. You can also use a
utility such as DesignCenter, to add content from the
drawing templates to your own drawings and templates.
Consult with your instructor to determine which tem-
plate drawing and drawing content to use.
Architectural Blocks and Symbols
The Architectural Symbols link provides access to an
AutoCAD drawing (.dwg) file that contains several
common architectural drafting symbols. These sym-
bols are stored in folders named for the drawings in
which they are most typically used. Many of the sym-
bols are in AutoCAD block form and are drawn on
the 0 layer; others are common symbols that should
be made into blocks before inserting into the draw-
ing. Use a utility such as DesignCenter, or copy and
paste, to add the blocks to your own drawings. Use
the blocks as desired or as directed by your instructor.
Additional symbols are available through a variety of
resources. Some software programs, such as AutoCAD,
include and allow you to access many architectural
symbols. Many other symbols are available through
the Internet for free download or purchase. The U.S.
National CAD Standard (NCS) include separate .dwg
files of the symbols presented in the standard.
Related Web Links
Internet research is an excellent way to gain addi-
tional knowledge about architectural drafting and
the professional organizations related to architectural
drafting and design. The Related Web Links section
contains a variety of related Web site links for you to
explore as preferred or as directed by your instructor.
The Web site links are provided in alphabetical order
covering the entire textbook content, and chapter-
by-chapter. Click a link to go automatically to the
designated Web site.
Workbook
Additional problems have been provided to reinforce
the knowledge and skills introduced throughout the
Prologue
textbook. These problems are divided into these Sections
and Chapters:
Section I: Basic Residential Projects
Chapter 1 Basic Architectural Drafting Practices
Chapter 2 Site Plans
Chapter 3 Floor Plan Fundamentals
Chapter 4 Basic Floor Plan Problems
Chapter 5 Floor Plan Dimensions
Chapter 6 Electrical Plans
Chapter 7 Plumbing and HVAC Plans
Chapter 8 Roof Plans
Chapter 9 Elevations
Chapter 10 Cabinet Elevations
Chapter 11 Foundation Plans
Chapter 12 Details
Chapter 13 Sections
Chapter 14 Stair Sections
Chapter 15 Fireplace Sections
Chapter 16 Design Criteria for Structural Loading
Chapter 17 Construction Specifications, Permits,
and Contracts
Chapter 18 Presentation Drawings
Section II: Advanced Residential Projects
Section III: Additional Advanced Residential Projects
Section IV: Advanced Research Projects
Video Clips of Major Concepts
This feature provides a variety of video clips covering
major concepts presented throughout the textbook.
These video clips provide you with an alternate learning
and study option covering a variety of topics.
Review Questions
This feature provides you with review questions that
are in addition to the chapter-by-chapter test questions
provided throughout the textbook. Use the review ques-
tions for additional opportunities to test your knowl-
edge and review textbook content.