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o matter how much physics you know, gravitational field. Since the top and bottom
it’s still amazing to see a 380,000 lb. surfaces of a wing have essentially the same
airplane fly. Whenever I fly vertical coordinate y, it follows that Pl > Pu if and
commercially, I request a window seat. The only if vl < vu. But why should the air move
view of the landscape from on high is more faster over the top surface? Answering this
interesting than any movie. The airplane’s question introduces the closed-path line
wings are fascinating to watch too—not only for integral of velocity, the “circulation” Γ,
what you see with your eyes, but also for what
you see in your mind, thanks to physics.
Γ ≡ ∮ ∙ (2)
When an airplane flies, the pressure Pl on
the lower wing surface exceeds the pressure Pu
on the upper surface. Equivalently, the air where the closed path C is traversed counter-
rushing by the lower surface moves slower than clockwise. [1] Consider an airfoil—a wing’s
air passing over the upper surface. These cross-section—in Fig. 1. The “chord length” L
statements are equivalent thanks to Bernoulli’s denotes the distance between the airfoil’s
equation—the work-energy theorem applied to leading and trailing edges. Assuming
fluids. For any two points 1 and 2 (Fig. 1) in horizontal flow, the circulation evaluated over
non-turbulent, inviscid, incompressible, path ABCD gives Γ = (vl − vu)L < 0. Now three
irrotational flow, Bernoulli says statements— Pl > Pu, vl < vu, and Γ < 0—are
equivalent articulations of the condition
(½ ρv2 + ρgy + P )1 = (½ ρv2 + ρgy + P )2 (1) necessary for lift.