SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Yamnampet, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad – 501 301.

Department of ECE

COURSE FILE

for

“Electronic Circuit Analysis”

II/IV B.Tech ECE – I Semester

 SYLLABUS

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

UNIT-1: SINGLE STAGE AMPLIFIERS:

Classification of amplifiers – Design of single stage amplifiers,jfet amplifiers(cd,cg,cs),
Bandwidth Product, Specifications of amplifiers.

UNIT-II: MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS:

Cascaded amplifiers, analysis and design (all configurations of BJT and FET to be
considered), BW of multistage of amplifiers.

UNIT-III:HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS:

__________________________________________________
Transistor at high frequencies,hybrid- conductances,var of parameters w.r.t
Ic,Vce,temp.,current gain,ce short circuit current gain,Ilvar wrt to voltage,current,temp.
Design of high freq amplifier.

UNIT-IV: POWER AMPLIFIERS:

ClassA power amplifier, max. value of eff of Class A amp, push pull and complimentary
push pull amplifiers – Design of heat sinks, power output, efficiency, cross-over
distortion and harmonic distortion,transformer coupled amplifiers,class D operation,class
S operation.

UNIT-V: TUNED AMPLIFIERS-I:

Single tuned capacitive coupled amplifier, CE double tuned Amplifier,Application of
tuned amplifiersand stagger tuned voltage amplifiers.

UNIT-VI:TUNED AMPLIFIERS-II:
stagger tuned voltage amplifiers,stability considerations,tuned class b & class c
Amplifiers,Wideband Amplifiers,Tuned Amplifiers.

UNIT-VII:VOLTAGE REGULATORS:
Terminology,Basic regulator circuit,short circuit protection,Current
limiting,Specifications of voltage regulator circuits,voltage Multipliers.

UNIT-VIII:SWITCHING AND IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

Voltage Multipliers,Ic723 voltage regulators, switching regulators, three terminal IC
regulators, Adj. I.C. regulators,dc to dc convertor,UPS,SMPS.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Integrated Electronics – by J.Millman and G.C. Halkias, McGraw-Hill.
2. Electronic Devices and Circuits – by Y.N.Bapat, TMH.
3. Electronic Devices and Circuits – by K.Lal Kishore, BS Publ.
4. Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design – by Donald A. Neaman, McGraw Hill.

REFERENCES:
1. Micro Electronic Circuits – by Serda A.S. and K.C.Smith, Oxford University
Press
2. Micro Electronic Circuits: Analysis and Design – by M.H. Rashid, PWS
Publications.
 LECTURE SCHEDULE
UNITS TOPICS COVERED NO. OF PERIODS
1 Introduction to ECA 1
Single Small signal analysis of junction transistor, 2
stage frequency response of CE,CB,CC amplifier.
Amplifier Frequency response of JFET,CD,CG 2
amplifier
GBW concept 1
2 Multi stage a methods of inter stage coupling, 1
Multi stage n –stage cascaded amplifier.
Amplifier Equivalent circuits, Miller’s theorem, 2
Frequency effects, Amplifier analysis.
High input resistance transistor circuits 1
Cascode – transistor configuration. CE – CC 2
amplifiers.
Two stage RC coupled JFET amplifiers. CS 1
configuration CS , difference amplifier.
3 Transistor at high frequencies, Hybrid -  2
High common emitter trans conductance mode,
frequency Determination of Hybrid -  conductance.
transistor Variation of hybrid parameters with Ic, Vce 2
circuits and temperature.
The parameters I expression for Ib, current 2
gain with resistance Load, CE short circuit
current gain.
Variation of Hybrid parameters with voltage , 1
current and temperature.
4 Class A power Amplifier, Maximum value of 1
Power Efficiency of class A Amplifier
Amplifiers Transformer coupled amplifier. Transformer 1
coupled audio amplifier.
Push pull amplifier,. Complementary 1
symmetry circuits
Phase inverters, Class D and S operation 2
Heat sink 1
 5 Single tuned capacitive coupled amplifier. 1
Tuned Tapped single tuned capacitive coupled 1
amplifiers amplifier.
I Single tuned transformer coupled or 1
inductively coupled amplifier
Double tuned amplifer 2
Application of tuned amplifers 1
6 Stagger tunning, stability considerations. 2
Tuned Tuned class B and Class C amplifers 2
amplifers Wideband amplifiers 1
II Tuned amplifiers 1
7 Terminology 1
Voltage Basic regulator circuit 1
Reglators Short circuit protection 1
Current limiting 1
Specification of Voltage Regulator Circuits 1
Voltage Multipliers 1
8 IC 723 voltage regulators and Three terminal 2
Switching IC regulators.
and IC DC to DC converters 1
Voltage Switching Regulators 1
Regulators Voltage Multipliers 1
UPS, SMPS 1
 Unit – I

SINGLE STAGE AMPLIFIERS

ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS:

1. Describe the general frequency response of an amplifier and define the low
frequency, mid frequency and high frequency ranges?
2. Draw the small signal high frequency CE model of a transistor (Hybrid-
Model) and mention the parameter values at room temperature.
3. (a). What is the physical origin of two capacitors in the hybrid- model?
(b). What is the order of the magnitude of each capacitance?
4. Derive the necessary expression for the resistive components of the hybrid -
model i.e., gm, rb1e, rbb1, rb1c and gce in terms of CE h-parameters at low
frequencies at a given IC.
5. (a) How does Ce vary with I C and VCE ?
(b) How does CC vary with I C and VCE ?
6. (a) Derive the expression for the CE short circuit current gain A i as a
function of frequency?
(b) From this result derive expression for f and fT.
7. Describe the Miller effect and miller capacitance? What effect does the Miller
Capacitance have on the amplifier Band Width?
8. (a) Consider a CE stage with resistance load R L. Using Miller’s Theorem
what is mid bad input capacitance?
(b). Assuming the output time constant is small compared to input time
constant, what is high 3dB frequency (fH) for the current gain?
9. Explain why the 3dB frequency for current gain is not same as fH for voltage
gain?
10. Draw the small signal equivalent circuit for an Emitter follower stage at high
frequencies.
11. The following low-frequency parameters are known for a given transistor at
IC=10mA, VCE=10V and at room temperature hie=500, hoe=4 X 10-5 A/V,
hfe=100, hre=10-4. At the same operating point, fT=50MHz and C0b=3PF,
compute all values of the hybrid- parameters.
12. Given the following transistor measurement made at IC=5mA, VCE=10V and at
room temperature.
hfe = 100 hie = 600
Aie = 10 at 10MHz CC = 3PF
Find f, fT, Ce, rb1e and rbb 1.
13. Given a germanium p-n-p transistor where bandwidth is 10-4cm. At room
temperature and for a dc emitter current of 2mA, find (a) Emitter Diffusion
Capacitance (b) fT.
14. The hybrid -  parameters of the transistor are given as follows:
gm = 50mA/V rbb1=100, rb1e = 1K, rb1c = 4M, rce = 80 K, CC=3PF Ce=100PF.
For the following circuit using Miller Theorem and the approximate analysis,
compute (a) The upper 3dB frequency of the current gain AI=IL/Ii.
V0
(b). AVS  VS at the frequency of part (a).

VCC

1K
IL
900
V0

+
Ii
vvs s
-

15. For a single stage CE transistor amplifier whose hybrid  parameters have the
values as in above problem (14); what value of Source Resistant R S will have
a 3-dB frequency only fH, which is (a) Half the value for R S=0 (b) Twice the
value for RS = ? Do the values of RS depend upon the magnitude of RL?
Hint: Use Miller Theorem.
16. A transistor’s short-circuit current gain is measured to be 25 at a frequency of
2MHz. If the transistor’s f=200 KHz, determine:
(a) The current – gain Bandwidth product
(b) The transistor’s hfe at low frequencies
(c) The short circuit current gain at 10MHz and 100MHz
17. (a) Sketch the small-signal high frequency circuit of CS amplifier (b) Derive
the expression for the Voltage gain.
18. (a) From the CS amplifier at high frequency derive the input admittance
(b) What is the expression for the input capacitance in the audio range.
19. (a) Sketch the small signal high frequency model of CD amplifier. (b) Derive
the expression for the voltage gain.
20. Repeat the above problem for Source follower circuit.
 Unit - I
Single Stage Amplifiers

QUIZ TYPE QUESTIONS:

1. What are the various types of an amplifier?

2. What are  and  cut-off frequencies?
3. Mention the influence of coupling capacitor CC on low frequency response.
4. Which component of RC coupled amplifier is mainly responsible for the fall
of gain in low frequency range?
(a). Transistor (b) Coupling Capacitor (c) Gridlock resistor (d) Stray
Shunt Capacitance
5. What is meant by the term ‘Rise time’? How would you measure an
amplifier’s rise time?
6. How would you expect gm to vary with temperature? Why?
7. Distinguish between fT and f.
8. Mention typical Magnitudes for the elements of hybrid- model at room
temperature and for IC =1.3 mA.
9. Write the expression for Ce in terms of fT and gm.
10. How rbb1 change with I C and temperature?
11. Define the terms Bandwidth and gain bandwidth product.
12. Express hybrid- model elements in terms of h-parameters at low frequencies
for a given IC.
13. Mention the frequency range in which hybrid  model is valid.
14. In terms of what four parameters is the high frequency response of CE stage
obtained?
15. How does Ce vary with I C and VCE ?
16. How does CC vary with I C and VCE ?
17. How does hie vary with I C assuming rbb1 << rb1e.
18. Draw the small signal equivalent circuit for an emitter follower stage at high
frequency.
19. Why common collector configuration finds wide application as a buffer?
20. What is Miller Effect?
 UNIT - II
MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS

ESSAY QUESTIONS:

1) Sketch the step response of a low pass single pole amplifier. (b) Define the
rise time tr (c) Give the relationship between tr and high 3-dB frequency fH.

2) Derive the expression for the high 3-dB frequency fH* of cascade amplifier
having n-identical non inter-acting stages in terms of fH for one stage.

3) A) Is fH* for two stages greater or smaller than fH for a single stage? Explain.
B) Repeat fL* versus fL.

4) A) Given an approximate expression relating fH* and 3-dB frequencies of n

non-identical stages?
B) For two identical stages what is fH* / fH? Repeat for three stages.

5) A) Prove that the response of a two stage (identical) amplifier to a unit step is
V0 = A02 {1 – (1+x)e-x}, where A0 is mid band gain and x = t / R2C2.
B) For t<< R2C2 ; show that output varies quadratically with time.

6) A) Draw the circuit of a two-stage RC coupled CE amplifier.

B) Draw the small signal equivalent circuit for one stage
C) Draw the equivalent circuit valid for middle frequency range and derive the
expression for mid-band current gain AIM and voltage gain AVM.

7) A) Draw the circuit of two-stage RC coupled CS amplifier.

B) Describe its operation.

8) A) For a cascade of n transistor CE stages, how many poles will the voltage
transfer function have? Explain.
B) Repeat for the no. of zeros.

9) A) What are multi stage amplifiers?

B) Derive the equation for the over all voltage gain of a multi stage amplifier
in terms of the individual voltage gains.

10) Three identical cascaded stages have an overall upper – 3dB frequency of 20
KHZ and a lower 3-dB frequency of 20HZ. What are fL and fH of each stage?
Assuming non-interacting stages?

11) If two cascaded single – pole stages have unequal band passes, show that the
combined bandwidth is essentially that of smaller. Assume non-interacting
stages.
12) Discuss briefly the choice of transistor configuration in a cascade amplifier.
13) The following is a two-state amplifier circuit in CE-CC configuration. The
transistor parameter at the corresponding quiescent points are hie = 2k, hfe = 50
hre = 6 x 10-4 hoe = 25A/V; hic = 2k, hfc = -51hrc = 1; hoc = 25A/V. Find the
input and output impedance and individual as well as over all voltage and
current gain.

+ VCC
RC1
5K

1K

Q1
VO

VS 5K
Re2

-VEE

14) Determine the overall voltage gain of the cascade amplifier shown in the
following figure with RB1 = 7.5K, RB2 = 6.8K, RB3 = 3.3K, RE = 1.3K
and RC = 2.2K. For the two transistors 1 = 2 = 120 and supply voltage VCC
= 18V.
15) The parameters of the transistors in the circuit shown are hfe = 50, hie = 1.1K,
hre = hoe =0. Find (a) the midband gain, (b) the value of Cb necessary to give
a lower 3-dB frequency of 20Hz. Assume that Cz represents a short circuit at
this frequency. (c) Find the value of Cb necessary to ensure less than 10
percent for a 100-Hz square-wave input.

16) A two-stage FET RC-coupled amplifier has the following parameters; gm = 10

mA/v, rd = 5.5K,Rd = 10K and Ro = 0.5M for each stage. Assume C8 in the
figure to be arbitrarily large.
(a) What must be the value of Cb in order that the frequency
characteristic of each stage be flat within 1dB down to 10Hz?
(b) Repeat the part a if the overall gain of both stages is to be down
1dB at 10Hz.
(c) What is the overall midband voltage gain

17) A three-stage RC-coupled amplifier uses field-effect transistors in the above

figure, with the following parameters; gm = 2.6mA/V, rd = 7.7K, Rd = 10 K,
Ro = 0.1M, Cb = 0.005A, and C8 = . Evaluate (a) the overall midband
voltage gain in decibels, (b) fL of each individual stage, (c) the over all lower
3-dB frequency.
18) Describe a transformer coupled Amplifier.
19) The R.C. coupled Amplifier has mid-frequency gain (AV)m = 100. The value
of lower and upper cut-off frequencies are f1 = 20HZ and f2 = 50KHZ. Find
the frequencies at which gain is reduced to 80.
20) A two stage CE RC coupled amplifier uses transistors of the type BC149B of
which h parameters are hie – 4.5K and hfe = 330. If the load resistance RL =
5.5K, find the required value of coupling capacitor C so that the lower cut-
off frequency is 60HZ.
 UNIT – II

MULTI STAGE AMPLIFIERS

QUIZ TYPE QUESTIONS:

1) Amplifiers are coupled to __________.

2) R.C. coupling is used for __________ amplification

3) Transformer coupling is mostly used for _________ amplification

4) R-C coupled amplifier has a very ______ frequency response curve.

5) Direct coupling is used for amplifying _______________________.

6) In an amplifier, the coupling capacitors are used

a) To match the impedances
b) To control the output
c) To limit the band width
d) To prevent d.c., mixing with input or output

7) Multi stage amplifiers are used in order to achieve greater.

a) Voltage amplification
b) Frequency response
c) Power gain
d) All of the above.

8) The main component responsible for the full of gain of an R-C coupled
amplifier in low frequency range in
a) Coupling capacitor
b) Resistor Re
c) Biasing system
d) The device (transistor)

9) A two stage amplifier with negative feed back

a) Can become unstable for larger values of 
b) Becomes unstable at very high and very low frequencies it A is very large
c) Becomes unstable when the pole frequency becomes coupling
d) Is always stable

10) In transformer coupled multi stage CE Amplifier, on what factors do the low
frequency and high frequency response depends.

11) If four cascaded stages must provide an over all band width, fw, of 1MHZ,
what must be the minimum Band width of each, assuming all stages have the
same f2.
 UNIT – III
HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS

ESSAY TYPE:

1. Explain hybrid- model of bjt?

2. derive relation hybrid- conductance and h-parameters of transistor?

3. Describe high freq model of bjt?

4. What are  and  cut-off frequencies?

5. what is importance of “fT”

6. give the expanded hybrid- model taking early effect into account?

7. what are the limitations of hybrid - model?

8. Discuss the effect of early-effect on hybrid- model?

9. write a short notes on T-model of BJT?

10. Sketch and discuss High freq response of BJT?

 UNIT – III
HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS

QUIZ TYPE QUESTIONS:

1. What are  and  cut-off frequencies?

2. which component of rc coupled amplifier is mainly responsible for fall of gain in

high freq range?

3. What is “rise time”?

4. How do you measure an amplifiers rise time?

5. Distinguish between “fT” and “f ”?

6. Mention typical magnitudes for elements of hybrid- model at room temp and for
Ic=1.3ma.

7. Write expression for Ce in terms of ‘fT’ and ‘gm’?

8. Express hybrid- model elements in terms of h-parameters at low freq for a given
Ic?

9. Mention the freq range in which hybrid  model is valid?

10. An npn silicon Transistor has f =1Mhz and ce low freq o of 200 determine its
unity gain freq fT,f?

11. what is voltage gain of amplifier at fT?

 UNIT – IV
POWER AMPLIFIERS

Essay Type:

1. What is an audio power amplifier? Explain the difference between voltage

and power amplifier.
2. Explain briefly what is meant by each of the following:
i). Class-A amplifier
ii). Class-B amplifier
iii).Class-AB amplifier
iv). Class-c amplifier and
v). Class-D amplifier
vi). Efficiency of a power amplifier
3. What is the condition for thermal stability in power amplifier?
4. The complementary symmetry class-B power amplifier shown in the figure
has sinusoidal input. Calculate
i). Maximum a.c. power out put
ii). Power dissipation in each transistor
+25V

C
+

Vi +
VO 5
-
-

5. Define and explain the following term as applied to power amplifier.

i) Collector efficiency
ii) Power dissipation capability and
iii) Over all gain.

6. Show that maximum collector efficiency of a class `A’ transformer coupled

amplified in 50%.

7. An audio power amplifier operates in class-B mode and delivers 16 Volts

peak signal into a 16 ohms speaker when the DC supply to the amplifier is
30V. Calculate the efficiency of the amplifier. If the output signal across the
speaker is 20 Volts peak to peak. Calculate the actual power delivered by the
amplifier.
8. A class-A power amplifier is designed to deliver power to a 100 ohm through
a 10:1 transformer. Find the maximum power output, if the zero signal
collector current as 100mA.

9. A transistors has a junction to case thermal resistance of 1K/W when its

VCE=20V and IC=1A. The room temperature is 250c. Calculate the thermal
resistance of the heat sink to keep the junction temperature from exceeding
850c.

10. What is total harmonic distortion? In which class of amplifiers is this

distortion (THD) less? How?

11. Describe a transistor class `A’ power amplifier with resistance load. How
power is distributed in it.

12. Calculate the expression for collector efficiency and over all efficiency of
class A, CE amplifier with resistive load.

13. Describe a transistor class `A’ power amplifier unit output transformed as
load. Describe its working and find an expression for its efficiency.

14. Calculate over all efficiency of class B power amplifier.

15. Draw the circuit diagram of a push-pull amplifier. Explain its operation.
Discuss advantages and disadvantages.

16. Explain the difference between a voltage and a power amplifier. Show that
the maximum collector efficiency of class `A’ push pull amplifier is 50%.

17. Draw the circuit diagram of a class `B’ push pull amplifier and explain its
operation. Derive an expression for its maximum conversion efficiency.

18. Explain:
a) Why does collector efficiency play important part in power
amplifier?
b) Why does the output stage employ push-pull arrangement?

19. A 16 speaker is, driven by a transformer-coupled class `A’ amplifier

through a 15: 1 transformer. The circuit delivers 2 watts to load V CC = 36A.
Calculate.
a) AC power across transformer primary
b) R.M.S. value of load voltage.
c) R.M.S. value of primary voltage.
d) R.M.S. value of load and primary current
 UNIT – IV
POWER AMPLIFIERS
Quiz Type:

1. A power amplifier operated in class – A mode provides ______________

conversion efficiency and ________________ distortion.

2. A class – B power amplifier gives rise to _____________ distortion, which is

absent in other classes of amplifiers.

3. The equation “VCQICQ=Constant” is plotted on the collector characteristics.

The path of the curve appears in the form of a
a) circle b) parabola c) ellipse d)hyperbola

4. If the input power to a push-pull class `B’ amplifier is 10 Watts, what is the
maximum output power from it?

5. What is meant by Complementary symmetry in push-pull amplifiers?

6. What is the best feature of class – C amplifiers?

7. In which of the following the out put current flows throughout the input cycle
time?
a) Class – A b) Class – B c) Class – C d) Class – AB

8. What is meant by Heat sink?

9. What is the system international unit of thermal conductivity? Thermal

resistance.

10. The peak-to-peak sinusoidal voltage across a loud speaker having 15 ohms
impedance is found to be 30 volts. What is the power from the speaker?

11. What happens to the Q-point as the input signal to a power amplifier is
increased? Assume Class-A operation.

12. What is the main difference between the DC coupled and the transformer
coupled Class – A power amplifiers?

13. What is the function of the bypass capacitor and the blocking capacitor in
power amplifier?

14. What is meant by reflected impedance in the case of transformer coupled

power amplifier?

15. What is a tank circuit used as a load impedance in Class – C amplifiers?

16. Name two important differences between a small signal transistor and a power
transistor?

17. The AC power output of a Transformer coupled class – A power amplifier at

its highest possible efficiency is 0.5 watts. What is the power dissipated in the
transistor?

18. The type of transformer used in power amplifier to couple the output signal to
the load impedance is:
a) Step-up b) 1:1 isolation c) Step-down d) Auto

19. A class B push-pull amplifier has the main advantage of being free from
a) Unwanted noise (b) Circuit imbalance
c) Even-odder harmonic distortion (d) Amplitude modulation.

20. The main purpose of using transformer coupling in a class A amplifier is to

make it more
a) Efficient (b) less costly (c) less bulky (d) distortion free
 UNIT - V

TUNED AMPLIFIERS-I

ESSAY:

1) What do you mean by a tuned amplifier? Explain a single tuned inductively

coupled transistor amplifier.

2) What are various types of tuned amplifier? Describe a double tuned amplifier.

3) Distinguish between single tuned, double tuned and stages tuned amplifier.
Discuss the effect of “Q” on Bandwidth of a tuned amplifier.

4) Derive the equivalent circuit of capacitance coupled single tuned amplifier

and derive the equation of voltage gain.

5) Derive the equation for the 3dB Bandwidth of double tuned amplifier

6) Discuss the effect of cascading tuned amplifier on Bandwidth.

 UNIT – V

TUNED AMPLIFIERS-I

QUIZ:

1) Write down the relationship between Bandwidth and effective Q of a tuned

amplifier.
2) Point out different methods of coupling the load to a tuned amplifier.
3) What is meant by neutralization?
4) Why tuned amplifier cannot be used at low frequency?
5) Define quality factor.
6) Define gain bandwidth product of a tuned amplifier?
7) What factors govern the selectivity of a single tuned amplifier?
8) Mention the draw back of a single tuned amplifier.
9) Mention the bandwidth of a double tuned amplifier.

10) A parallel tuned circuit offers _________ impedance at resonance.

11) Tuned voltage amplifiers are not used __________.
a) Public-address system
b) Radio receiver
c) In television receiver.
 UNIT - VI

TUNED AMPLIFIERS-II

ESSAY TYPE:

1. What is a stagger-tuned amplifier? Explain its working.

2. With a neat diagram show how to cascade tuned amplifiers and determine gain
and band width.

3. Discuss the unilaterisation and mismatch technique of stabilization in tuned

amplifiers.

4. A) Explain in brief the function of tank circuit in tuned voltage amplifier.

B) Explain the effect of changing Q of coil used in tank circuit, on its
Bandwidth.

5. Draw the circuit diagram of class B tuned power amplifier and explain its
working.

6. Repeat the above for class C.

 UNIT – VI

TUNED AMPLIFIERS-II

QUIZ:

1. What is synchronously tuned amplifier?

2. What is stagger-tuned amplifier?
3. Mention the application of tuned amplifier?
4. Differentiate between single tuned and staggered tuned amplifier.
5. What are the characteristics of ideal tuned amplifier?
6. List the performance measures of a tuned amplifier.
7. How stagger tuning is achieved in tuned amplifier?
8. What is effective of `Q’ stability?
9. Distinguish between neutralization and unilateralization.
10. Why impedance matching is needed for the tuned amplifiers?
11. A parallel tuned circuit offers _________ impedance at resonance.
12. Tuned voltage amplifiers are not used __________.
a. Public-address system
b. Radio receiver
c. In television receiver.
 UNIT – VII

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS:

1) Draw the circuit diagram of a half wave voltage doubler and explain its
operation.

2) Repeat question No.1 for a full – wave voltage doubler.

3) Draw the circuit of a voltage Tripler and quadrupler and explain its operation.

4) A) Define the terms (i) Voltage regulation (ii) Line regulation.

B) A 50V power supply has line regulation 0.2% / V. How large would the
75V input voltage to the supply have to become in order for the output
voltage to rise to 52V?

5) Explain the operation of BJT series voltage regulator and also derive an
expression for its stability factor.

6) Briefly explain the operation and stability factor of zener voltage regulator.

7) Draw the schematic diagram of a series voltage regulator that employs one
transistor and one zener diode and that can be operated from an unregulated
negative voltage to produce a regulated negative voltage.

8) Describe the operation of BJT shunt voltage regulator and also derive the
necessary relation of its stability factor.

9) When the regulated output voltage in following figure is 18V, Vin supplies a
total current of 0.5A. If RL = 100, VZ = 6V, R1 = 200 and the collector
current in Q2 is negligible, find the power dissipated by Q1.
VO
Vin
RS
RL
Q1

Q2

R1
 UNIT – VII

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

QUIZ TYPE QUESTIONS:

1) What is the function of a voltage regulator?

2) Give the important parts of series regulated power supply using discrete
components.

3) What is voltage reference? Why it is needed?

4) What is the function of series pass transistor?

5) Give two advantages of series voltage regulator.

6) Draw the circuit of shunt regulator.

7) What are advantages of adjustable IC regulators against fixed IC regulators?

UNIT – VIII

SWITCHING AND IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS

ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS:

1) With a neat sketch explain the principle of operation of switched mode power
supply.

2) In the following figure, Vin = 20V, R = 200 and VZ = 12V. If VBE = 0.65V,
find (a) V0 (b) VCE of the pass transistor and (c) current in the 200 resistor.

IL
+ R VBE

Vin RL
VO
+ Vt
-

3) Explain the operation of IC voltage regulator units neat sketch.

4) List and explain the characteristics of three terminal IC regulators.

5) What is the principle of switch mode power supplier? Discuss its advantages
and disadvantages.

6) Using 7805, design a current source to deliver 0.2A current to a 22, 10W
load.

7) Design an adjustable regulator from 7810, regulator to get an output voltage

of 15V.
 UNIT – VIII

SWITCHING AND IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS

QUIZ TYPE QUESTIONS:

1) Show the standard representation of IC voltage regulator.

2) What are the limitations of three terminal regulators?

3) What voltage options are available in 78XX and 79XX voltage regulators?

4) What is main advantage of SMPS?

5) How do you classify IC regulators?

6) What are advantages of IC regulator?

7) What is difference between 78XX and 79XX?

8) What is positive IC regulator? Explain with one example.

9) What are advantages of adjustable IC regulators against fixed IC regulators?