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D
2013
APPLICATION
OF
ADVANCED
STRUCTURAL
GEOLOGY
SURFACE-‐SUBSURFACE-‐MODELING
MODERN
TECTONICS STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
CREATE
AND
DEFORM
BASIN EXPLORATION DEVELOPMENT
•
PROSPECTS
•
IN-‐SITU
STRESS
MEASUREMENT
•
TRAPS
AND
PLAYS
•
FAULT
STABILITY
•
HYDROCARBON
MIGRATION
•
RESERVOIR
GEOMECHANICS
•
KINEMATICS
•
FAULT
SEAL
INTEGRITY
•
STRUCTURAL
RECONSTRUCTIONS
•
RESERVOIR
COMPARTMENTALIZATION
•
TECTONICS
AND
BASIN
EVOLUTION
•
FRACTURE
RESERVOIR
•
RESOURCES
AND
RESERVE
CALCULATION
•
RISK
ANALYSIS
APPLICATIONS
ADVANCED
STRUCTURAL
GEOLOGY
IN
HYDROCARBON
EXPLORATION
AND
PRODUCTION
Chevron
(2001)
NOTE
ABOUT
FSA
Why
Fault-‐seal
analysis?
•
Faults
act
both
as
seals
and
as
conduits
for
migraFon
•
Faults
effect
migraFon
scenarios
/
volume
esFmates
•
Fault
zone
properFes
influence
reservoir
simulaFon
What
are
the
benefits?
•
Assign
risk
(leaking
or
sealing)
•
EsFmate
potenFal
column
heights
•
Be^er
understanding
of
fault
zone
properFes
•
More
cost-‐effecFve
reservoir
management
•
Increased
recovery
(=
dollar
savings)
(Badley-‐TT5)
EXAMPLE
OF
FSA
CASE
PROBLEM
PRODUCER INJECTOR
•
Poor
Sweep
Efficiency
•
Fault
Stability
Reservoir
Target
FAULTING
AND
SEALING
MECHANISM
Incohesive
cataclasites 1-4 km.
Fa
Cohesive
ul
Cataclastic
t
cataclasites
zo
rocks
Temperature 250º-350º C
Myloniteic Mylonites
fault
rocks
(Sibson, 1977)
FAULTED
ROCKS
FAULT
GOUGE
DEFINITIONS
Geologist/ExploraFonist
►
FaulFng
can
act
as
impermeable
barrier
to
hydrocarbons
and
creates
a
trap
(i.e.
fault
sealing
and
compartmentalizaFon).
►
Sealing
faults
may
also
act
as
barrier
for
hydrocarbon
migraFon.
DEFINITIONS
► Faults
and fault zones are sealing membrane in
which their properties are related to capillary
entry pressure of the membrane.
TWO
VIEWPOINTS
OF
FAULT
SEALING
Fault
Gouge
FAULT
ZONE
–
CARBONATE
ROCKS
Clay
Gouge
0.1 m
1m
•
RESERVOIR
CONNECTIVITY
•
PERMEABILITY
BARRIER
•
MIGRATION
PROBLEMS
•
SEALING
CAPACITY
•
TRAPPING
MECHANISM
FAULTING
AND
SEALING
MECHANISM
•
Fluid
flow
in
fault
zone
zones
results
in
precipitaFon
of
authigenic
mineral
in
dilaFon
zones
and
pore
spaces.
•
Mineral
precipitaFon
decreases φ,
K
and
increase
entry
pressure
of
fault
zone
•
Fluid
moving
through
fault
zones
react
with
primary
wall
rock
composiFon
and
form
secondary
minerals.
This
alteraFon
reacFon
can
cause
dissoluFon
of
detrital
component
and/or
precipitaFon
of
secondary
minerals.
•
Common
mineral
precipitaFon
in
fault
zones:
•
Carbonates:
Calicite,
Dolomite,
Siderite
•
Fe-‐Oxides/Hydroxides:
Gothite
•
Fe-‐Sulphides:
Pyrite
•
Clay
Minerals:
Illite,
SmecFte,
Chlorite,
Kaolinite
•
Quartz
Fossen (2010)
JuxtaposiFon
Resistance
of
Cross
Fault
and/or
Along
Fault
Migra6on
Caused
by
Structural
Apposi6on
of
Rela6vely
Permeable
and
impermeable
Forma6ons
STRATIGRAPHIC
JUXTAPOSITION
JUXTAPOSITION
CONCEPT
IN
FSA
BS-FSA-2004
Fault-‐zones
in
nature
(Badley-TT5)
Fault
Slip
&
Shale
Gouge
RaFo
(SGR)
A
A:
No
lateral
straFgraphic
A C variaFon
(layer-‐cake
or
tabular):
SGR
computed
along
A-‐B
(dip-‐slip)
B
equals
SGR
computed
along
A-‐C
(oblique
slip)
B
B:
StraFgraphy
with
lateral
A C variaFon
(channelised):
Looking
West
S
N
Upthrown
Sandstone
Shaly sandstone
Shale
Upthrown
Downthrow
n
VE
:
3.50
ALLAN
MAP/DIAGRAM
Fault
Seal
Capacity
SGR
(%)
FAULT
SEAL
SAND
ON
SAND
Looking
West
S N
2000
1800
1600
1400
Frequency
1200
(n)
1000
800
600
400
200
0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Gouge Ratio
Gouge ratio
Upthrown
0 100 m
Downthrown
VE : 3.50
FAULT
ZONE
PERMEABILITY
Looking
West
S N
Upthrown
Downthrown
VE
:
3.50
0 100 m
Fault-‐Seal
CalibraFon
Brent
Province:
threshold
for
‘onset’
of
fault
seal
100
90
Shale Gouge Ratio (%)
Seal
80
Leak
70
Range of SGR values at
sand-sand juxtapositions
60
50
40
30
20
15-20% SGR
10
0
'A'
Eider(P)
Oseberg S(F97)
Hutton(P)
Gullfaks S(Y97)
Oseberg S(F97)
Oseberg S(F97)
Oseberg S(F97)
NW Hutton(P)
Don(P)
Corm IV(P)
NW Hutton(P)
Penguin(P)
Brage(P)
Penguin(P)
'A'
'A'
Gullfaks(Y99)
Gullfaks(Y99)
Strathspey(H00)
Osprey(P)
Oseberg S(F97)
Brent S(P)
NW Hutton(P)
Gullfaks(Y99)
Oseberg S(F97)
'A'
'A'
Osprey(P)
•
Where
SGR
is
low
(<15-‐20%),
cataclasFc
gouge
can
support
only
minimal
pressure
differences
(e.g.
up
to
c.1
bar,
or
a
few
tens
of
meters
of
hydrocarbon
column).
Clay
smears
are
disconFnuous.
•
As
SGR
increases
from
20
to
50%,
phyllosilicate-‐framework
fault
rock
can
support
increasingly
large
pressures
(e.g.
1-‐40
bars)
•
The
SGR
scale
appears
to
saturate
around
50%
when
clay
smears
are
well-‐developed.
These
can
support
geological
pressure
differences
of
many
tens
of
bars,
equivalent
to
columns
of
hundreds
of
meters.
•
At
depths
<
3km,
fault-‐zone
composiFon
(as
predicted
by
SGR)
is
the
dominant
control
on
seal
capacity.
At
depths
>
3km,
burial
depth
has
a
second-‐order
effect
especially
at
the
cataclasFc
end
(low
SGRs)
of
the
fault-‐rock
spectrum.
CataclasFc
rocks
buried
to
depths
>
4km
are
capable
of
supporFng
large
across-‐fault
pressure
differences.
Badley-‐TT5
FAULT
SEAL
–
THE
THEORETICAL
APPROACH
k1
k2
t
=
Fault-‐zone
thickness
Kfz
=
Fault-‐zone
permeability
A K1
K2
=
Cell
permeability
L
=
Distance
between
cell
centers
L
A
=
Area
of
connecFon
between
cells
FAULT
ZONE
PERMEABILITY
Permeability
(Sperrevick)
Kf
=
10-‐5SGR
MANZOCCHI
(1999)
Transmissibility
mulFpliers
based
on
predicted
fault-‐rock
distribuFons
SGR,
Geohistory
Fault-‐zone
thickness
Fault-‐zone
permeability
Transmissibility
mulFpliers
Gullfaks
Eclipse
model
courtesy
of
PL050/PL050B
licencees
and
Norwegian
Petroleum
Directorate
FSA
–
RESERVOIR
SIMULATION
SUMMARY
FSA
-‐
UNCERTAINTIES
PARAMETERS