35

CHAPTER 3

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF OPEN LOOP COUPLED

INDUCTOR BASED BOOST CONVERTER

This chapter elucidates the construction details, operation and

performance of open loop coupled inductor based boost converter. The
proposed converter recycles the energy stored in the leakage inductor which
makes the coupled inductor efficient.

3.1 Introduction

The wide use of electrical equipment has forced to increase the

demand for electrical energy and hence the developments in the production are
constantly growing. Accordingly, researchers and governments have prepared
for renewable energy applications for explanatory natural energy consumption
and environmental location. Among different renewable energy sources, the
PV cell and fuel cell have been considered as an attractive choice, because
without any additional arrangements, output voltages generated from both the
sources. Thus, a high step-up DC - DC converter may be desired in the power
conversion systems corresponding to these energy sources. In addition to the
above-mentioned applications, a step-up DC - DC converter is also required by
industrial applications, like high-intensity discharge lamp ballasts for
automobile headlamps and battery backup systems for uninterruptible power
supplies.

The conventional boost converter may be advantageous for step-up

applications that do not demand high voltage gain due to low conduction loss
and design simplicity. Theoretically, the boost converter, static gain tends to be
infinite when duty cycle also tends to unity. However, in practical, such gain is
limited by the I2R loss in a boost inductor due to its intrinsic resistance, leads to
 36

accurate and high-cost drive circuitry for an active switch, mainly because of
the variations in a duty cycle will affect the output voltage directly.

3.2 DC- DC Boost Converter for Solar Power Application

The achievement of a high step-up voltage ratio could be changed

by transformer and coupled-inductor based converters. Compared with an
isolation transformer, coupled inductor has simpler winding structure, lower
conduction loss, and continuous conduction current in the primary winding,
which results in smaller primary winding and the lower input filtering
capacitance. The coupled-inductor based converter may relatively attractive
because it presents less current stress and less component count.

However, for the applications with the high output voltage needs a
high turns ratio. Its leakage inductor taps significant energy, which will not
only increase the voltage stress of the switch but also induce significant loss. A
resistor-capacitor diode snubber can increase the voltage stress of switch, but
the energy trapped in the leakage inductor is dissipated. The converters that are
operated in discontinuous conduction mode can reduce the voltage stress.
However, they result in more input current ripple and require relatively high
input and output filters. A passive lossless clamped circuit could recover the
energy trapped in the leakage inductor and reduce voltage spike.

3.2.1 Interleaved Boost Converters

Interleaved buck and boost converters dealt with the goal of

improving the performance of power-converter in terms of size, efficiency,
electromagnetic emission and also transient response. The interleaved coupled
inductor possesses high voltage gain, modularity and better reliability. Since
the inductor has been the largest and weighted component in the boost
converter, the use of coupled inductor as the substitute of multiple discrete
inductors is potentially beneficial. The coupled inductors offer additional
benefits such as reduced core and winding losses, better input and inductor
 37

current ripple. The effects of an inductor coupling on the key converter

performance parameters like inductor ripple current, input ripple current and
the minimum load current requirement for achieving Continuous Inductor
Current Mode (CICM). Specific applications for the coupled inductor
topologies including soft switching, active clamping, and high power
utilization are becoming more prevalent.

3.2.2 Coupled Inductor

Intentional core gaps are the source of leakage flux in an energy storing
inductor. Outside the windings, flux associated with leakage inductor takes a
shorter path, and therefore, it is uncoupled. Flux associated with the mutual
inductance travels through all the windings and a large portion of which
remains at the core. In DC environment, where two windings share the DC
current equally, a flux-canceling inverse coupled configuration is utilized by
implementing windings have opposing polarity.

(1-k) LI0
The resultant flux at the core is
N

Where, I0 - DC current through the winding.

K - Coupling coefficient.

3.2.3 Overview of Structure

The most important factors to be addressed in the coupled inductor

circuit are power and voltage ratings. The coupled inductor is usually one of
the voltage lift technique in the boost converter. The voltage gain achieved in
this converter circuit is 10. It has the same rating of capacitor value, and one
capacitor is parallel with source side, and another one is parallel with load side,
but both of the capacitors are useful for continuous supply to the load.
 38

3.2.4 Operation of the Proposed Converter

The operation of the proposed boost converter has been explained

through four modes as shown in figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 The circuit diagram of proposed converter

3.2.4.1 Mode 1 [t0<t<t1]

The function of the proposed converter in mode 1 is shown in the

figure 3.2, the switch S1 is turned ON at t = 0 seconds and the switch S2 was
already in ON state during the previous interval. The switch S2 is continued its
operation till t = t3 seconds, which leads the inductor L2 and capacitor C1 to
energise fully. The inductor L1 attain 1/3 of the energy at t = t1 seconds. In this
duration the diodes D1 and D2 do not conduct and the capacitor C0 discharge
the energy to the load.

Figure 3.2 Current flow path in mode 1

 39

3.2.4.2 Mode 2 [t1<t<t2]

The function of the proposed converter in mode 2 is shown in the

figure 3.3, the switch S2 is turned OFF at t = t3 seconds and the switch S1 was
already in ON state during the previous interval. The switch S1 is continued its
operation till t = t2 seconds, which leads the capacitor C1 to discharge the energy
through the inductor L2. The inductor L1 attain 2/3 level of energy at t = t2
seconds. In this duration the diodes D1 do not conduct and the capacitor C0 has
got charged.

Figure 3.3 Current flow path in mode 2

3.2.4.3 Mode 3 [t2<t<t3]

The function of the proposed converter in mode 3 is shown in the

figure 3.4, the switch S2 is turned ON at t = 0 seconds and the switch S1 was
already in ON state during the previous interval.

Figure 3.4 Current flow path in mode 3

 40

The switch S2 is continued its operation till t = t3 seconds, which leads

the inductor L1 and capacitor C1 to energize fully. The inductor L2 attain 1/3
level of the energy at t = t1 seconds. In this duration the diodes D1 and D2 do
not conduct and the capacitor C0 discharge the energy to the load.

3.2.4.4 Mode 4 [t3<t<t4]

The function of the proposed converter in mode 4 is shown in the

figure 3.5, the switch S1 is turned OFF at t = t3 seconds and the switch S2 was
already in ON state during the previous interval. The switch S2 is continued its
operation till t = t2 seconds, which leads the capacitor C1 to discharge the energy
through the load. The inductor L2 attain 2/3 level of the energy at t = t2 seconds.
In this duration the diodes D1 conduct, D2 do not conduct and the capacitor C0
has got charged.

Figure 3.5 Current flow path in mode 4

3.2.5 Steady State Analysis of Proposed Converter

The basic formula for boost converter is given as

Vout 1
= (3.1)
Vin 1-D

The mutual inductance is M and the self-inductances are considered to

be equivalent values of L and the coupling factor (k) is defined as M/L. The
 41

coupled inductor acts as a transformer in the converter, voltage and current

relationship of each winding is given below.

di1 di
V1 = L -M 2 (3.2)
dt dt

di 2 di
V2 = L -M 1 (3.3)
dt dt

The above equation have been derived the terms of flux

d LI
V1 = N ; N= (3.4)
dt 

di1 di - di
V1 = (L-M) -M 1 2 (3.5)
dt dt

di2 di - di
V2 = (L-M) -M 2 1 (3.6)
dt dt

Each winding has a DC current and that can be view for finding the steady state
current by using following equation,

V
Idc = (3.7)
R

From the waveform, it was divided into two intervals.

Subinterval: 1
The inductor current formula is given as,

di V di V
V=L ; = ; ΔI = in DTs (3.8)
dt L dt L 2L

Subinterval: 2

Vin -Vout di
= (3.9)
L dt

For coupled inductor, ripple current is given as,

Vin V
2ΔIL = DTS ; ΔIL = in DTS (3.10)
L 2L
 42

Based on the waveforms, we have to derive capacitor current for the mode of
operation of the circuit diagram.
Ts
V V '
 i (t) = (- R )DT + (1- R ) D T
c s s (3.11)
0

Equation 11 equal to zero, so we have to derive the current

V D+1-D V
I= ( )= (3.12)
R D' RD'

From the boost converter, we have to derive current for the mode of operation
of the circuit diagram.

Vin
I= (3.13)
R L D'
2

We can say that DC current is given as

Vin
Idc = (3.14)
2R L D'
2

(In terms of coupled inductor)

Vin
Idc = (3.15)
2R L (1-D)2

Where Idc – Direct Current flow in the Coupled Inductor

From this, we can say inversely coupled peak to peak inductor ripple current is,
Vin V V
IL = DTS = out D'DTs = out (1-D) D (3.16)
L L Lf

3.2.6 Results and Discussion

Based on the above analysis, the step-up DC - DC converter

obtained more voltage gain for the required voltage rating for the solar power
application. In table 3.1 the input voltage given for the proposed converter is 60
Volts. The output voltage got through the design of the proposed converter is
600 Volts (ten times higher than the input voltage, therefore the voltage gain is
10) whereas the traditional converter may attain less gain. With the help of
 43

modified capacitor, voltage rating has been increased and reduced the ripple
content present on the output side of the converter. Adding of a capacitor in the
converter circuit reduces the ripple as a fraction of the changing currents is
'serviced' by the capacitor. The proposed converter designed with modified
capacitor and inductor has been simulated using the PSIM software tool, which
leads to attaining high voltage gain. Figure 3.6 to 3.8 shows the relationship
between input voltage, output voltage and output current. Here Vin has kept as
60 V, the output voltage got boosted ten times than that of the input voltage and
the steady state in output current achieved at 8 ms. Figure 3.9 shows
relationship between the voltage drop occur across the input and output
capacitors present in the booster circuit. Design parameters considered for the
proposed Converter is shown in the table 3.1.

Figure 3.6 Output voltage, input voltage and output current

waveforms
 44

Figure 3.7 Output current waveform

Table 3.1 Design Considerations of Proposed Converter

S.NO PARAMETER VALUES
1 Input voltage 60 V
2 Capacitor (C1) 30 µF/300 V
3 Capacitor (C2) 30 µF/600 V
4 Diodes 0 .7 V
5 Switching frequency 45 KHz
6 Load resistance 400 Ω
7 Self-inductance 10 µH
8 Mutual inductance 5 µH
9 Turns ratio (n2:n1) 1:1
10 Output voltage 600 V
11 Output power 900 W

Figure 3.8 Output voltage waveform

 45

Figure 3.9 Voltage across input and output capacitor

3.3 High Step Up DC- DC Converter Using Coupled Inductor and

Capacitor

The Conventional Boost Converters do not have the ability to

provide high voltage gain. The proposed high step-up DC - DC boost converter
has been developed by using coupled inductor and capacitor across the switch,
which has achieved high voltage gain and reduced harmonics present on the
output side. The voltage stress occur on the active switch is reduced, and the
conversion efficiency is improved.

3.3.1 Introduction

Recently, the conversion of distributed energy sources like wind

energy, fuel cell and photovoltaic into AC or DC power source is increasing
day by day to meet out the global energy requirement. To reduce the voltage
stress on the primary side, active switches and secondary side output rectifier
diodes. The primary objectives of the voltage-multiplier circuit present in the
converter are 1) To store energy in the output clamping capacitors 2) To share
voltage stress in both active switches and in rectifier diodes to improve the
 46

conversion efficiency and reduce the reverse-recovery problem of rectifier

diodes.

The high step-up DC - DC converters are used in many applications,

such as high-intensity discharge lamp for automotive, DC back-up energy
systems for UPS, renewable energy systems, fuel cell systems and hybrid
electric vehicles. To provide high output voltage, classical boost converter must
operate at the extreme duty cycle and hence rectifier diode must sustain a short
pulse current with high amplitude.

To get higher power density, the switching frequency is to be

usually increased; with a consequent reduction in the size and volume of all the
reactive elements. The soft switching circuits using the resonance phenomenon
have been widely proposed as a possible solution. By using well-known
techniques such as ZVS and ZCS switching, the performance of converters can
be improved.

3.3.2 Basic Topology of Fly Back Converter

The ripple in the DC voltage is generally of low frequency, and the

overall ripple voltage repeats twice than that of AC mains frequency. The input
voltage may be considered to have a constant magnitude during any high-
frequency cycle, in spite of being unregulated. A fast switching device („S'),
like MOSFET, has been used to control the switch duty ratio of the switch to
maintain the desired output voltage. The transformer is used for voltage
isolation as well as to provide better matching between input and output
voltage and current requirements. Primary and secondary windings of the
transformer are wound to have good coupling so that they are linked by the
inductor-transformer. The magnetic circuit design of fly-back transformer has
been done like an inductor.
 47

3.3.3 Operation of the Proposed Converter

The circuit diagram of the proposed converter is shown in figure

3.10. The operation of the boost converter has been explained in the following
five modes.

Figure 3.10 The circuit diagram of proposed converter

3.3.3.1 Mode 1 [t0<t<t1]

This mode of operation can be performed by turn ON the switch S1,

diodes D1, D3 conduct and diodes D2, D4 do not conduct. The current flow path
is shown in figure 3.11. The supply voltage Vin is transferred to the input
inductor Lin through the diode D1. The voltage across the input inductor Lin is
Vin, the input current iin is equal to iD1 and this may be increased up to the
maximum value. The capacitor C1 delivers its energy to a magnetizing inductor
Lm and a primary leakage inductor Lk1.

The voltage present in magnetizing inductor Lm and primary leakage

inductor Lk1 is VC1, and in the magnetizing inductor Lm continues to transfer its
energy through the secondary leakage inductor Lk2 to the charge capacitor C2.
This leads to decrease the currents iLk2 and iLm, until the iLk1 reach to the
maximum value. In the meantime, the current iLk2 decreases to zero at t = t1.
Normally capacitor acts as an open circuit when the capacitor got charged
fully. But in mode 1 the ILK2 (leakage energy) of the coupled inductor is
discharge through capacitor C1, which leads to decrease the leakage current ILK2
 48

decrease through the capacitor C1, during the time period t0 to t1. The energy
stored in the capacitors C1 and C2 are continuously discharged to the load R.

Figure 3.11 Current flow path in mode 1

3.3.3.2 Mode 2 [t1<t<t2]

This mode of operation can be done by turn ON the switch S1. The
diode D1 conducts and other diodes D2, D3 and D4, do not conduct. The current
flow path is shown in the figure 3.12.

Figure 3.12 Current flow path in mode 2

The supply voltage Vin is transferred to the input inductor Lin

through the diode D1. The charged energy present the capacitor C1 has been
 49

delivered to a magnetizing inductor Lm and the primary leakage inductor Lk1.

The voltage present across magnetizing inductor Lm and primary leakage
inductor Lk1 is VC1, which leads to increase the currents iin, iD1, iLm, and iLk1.
The energies stored in capacitors C1 and C2 get discharged to the load R. This
mode of operation continues as long as the switch S1 is turned OFF at t = t2.

3.3.3.3 Mode 3 [t2<t<t3]

In this mode the switch S1 turned OFF, the diode D1 does not
conduct and the diodes D2, D3 and D4 conduct.

Figure 3.13 Current flow path in mode 3

The current flow path is shown in figure 3.13. The DC source Vin
and input inductor L1 are connected serially to the charge capacitor C1 with
their energies. Meanwhile, the primary leakage inductor Lk1 is in series with the
capacitor C1. The magnetizing inductor Lm delivered their energies to the
charge capacitor C1. The magnetizing inductor Lm also transferred the
magnetizing energy through coupled inductor T1 to secondary leakage inductor
Lk2 and to charge capacitor C2. Thus, currents iin, iD2, iD4, iLm, and iLk1 are
decreased, but currents iC1, iLk2 and iD3 are increased. The energies stored in
capacitors C1 and C2 are discharged to the load R. This mode of operation
continues as long as current iC1 dropped to zero at t = t3 seconds.
 50

3.3.3.4 Mode 4 [t3<t<t4]

This mode of operation can be performed by turn OFF the switch S1;
the diode D1 does not conduct and other diodes D2, D3 and D4 conduct. The
current flow path is shown in figure 3.14.

Figure 3.14 Current flow path in mode 4

The DC source Vin and input inductor Lin are connected serially to
the charge capacitor C1 with their energies. Almost the operation of the
converter in Mode 4 is similar to mode 3 except the condition of primary
leakage inductor Lk1 is in series with capacitor C1 as a voltage source VC1
through magnetizing inductor Lm then discharged or released their energies to
load. Thus, current flow iin, iD2, iD4, iLm and iLk1 are persistently decreased, and
iC2, iLk2, and iD3 increased. The energies stored in capacitors C1 and C2 are
discharged to the load R. This mode of operation continues as long as current
iLk1 dropped to zero at t = t4 seconds.

3.3.3.5 Mode 5 [t4<t<t5]

This mode of operation can be performed by turn OFF the switch S1;
the diode D1 and D4 do not conduct and other diodes D2, D3 conduct. The
 51

current flow path is shown in figure 3.15. The DC source Vin and input inductor
Lin are connected serially to the charge capacitor C1 with their energies. The
magnetizing inductor Lm continuously transferred its magnetizing energy
through coupled inductor L1 and diode D3 to the secondary leakage inductor
Lk2 and the charge capacitor C2.

Figure 3.15 Current flow path in mode 5

Thus the current iin, iD2, iD3, iLk2, and im were decreased. The energy
stored in capacitors C2 and C3 are discharged to the load. This mode of
operation continues when switch S1 is turned ON at the beginning of the next
switching period.

3.3.4 Steady-State Analysis of the Proposed Converter

During the time duration of Mode 2, the main switch S1 is

conducted, and the coupling coefficient of the coupled inductor K is considered
Lm
as .
(Lm +Lk )
1

VL = Vin
in
(3.17)

Lm
VL = V = kVc (3.18)
m
(Lm - Lk ) c
1
1 1
 52

VL = Vc - VL = (1- k)Vc
k1 1 m 1
(3.19)

VL = n.VL k2 m
(3.20)

During the period of Modes 3 and 5 that main switch S1 is turned OFF, then the
corresponding equations can be given as
VL = Vin - Vcin 1
(3.21)

VL = Vc - VL m 1 k1
(3.22)

VL = n.VL - Vc
k2 m 2
(3.23)

Where, the turn ratio of the coupled-inductor n is equal to N2/N1. The

voltage across inductor Lin as per the volt-second balance equation is shown as
DTs Ts

 Vin dt +  (Vin -Vc )dt = 0 1

(3.24)
0 DTs

Vin
Vc = (3.25)
1
(1-D)

The voltage across the magnetising inductor Lm is

DTs Ts

 kVc dt +  (Vc - Vc - VL ) dt = 0
1 1 2 k1
(3.26)
0 DTs

V0 V -V
I0 = = c c 1 2
(3.27)
R R

Substitute (3.25) into (3.26) and (3.27), and assume that Lk2 is equal to nLk1;
thus VC1 and VC2 can be obtained from the following equations:
1- D+kD
Vc = V -V (3.28)
1
(1-D)2 in L k1

nkD
Vc = V - nVL (3.29)
2
(1-D) in k1

The output voltage V0 can be expressed as

V0 = Vc - Vc 1 2
(3.30)
 53

The output current Io can be derived as

V0 V -V
I0 = = c c
1 2
(3.31)
R R

Figure 3.16 The simulation diagram of R load

3.3.5 Simulation Circuit of Proposed Converter

The simulation diagram to design a proposed converter with R load

is shown in the figure 3.16.

3.3.6 Results and Discussion

The proposed DC - DC boost converter with modified capacitor

increased the voltage gain and reduced the harmonics present in the output side
of the converter. The simulation diagram to design DC - DC boost converter
with R load using the MATLAB/Simulink is shown in the figure 3.16.
 54

The input voltage to the converter circuit is 24 V DC supply and this

input voltage is showing in figure 3.17. The output voltage and current
responses are showing in figure 3.18 and 3.19 with very short duration,
between 0.4 second to 0.5 second and this both output voltage and current
responses are achieved at 0.085 second, from the rise time of responses. The
Gate pulse of MOSFET waveform is showing in figure 3.20.

Table 3.2 Design Considerations of Proposed Converter

S.NO PARAMETER VALUES
1 Input voltage 24 V
2 Capacitor (C1) 1000 µF/100 V
3 Capacitors (C2 & C3 ) 220 µF/300 V
4 Diodes 0 .7 V
5 Switching frequency 25 KHz
6 Load resistance 570 Ω
7 Source inductance 20 µH
8 Self-inductance 15 µH
9 Mutual inductance 10 µH
10 Turns ratio (n2:n1) 1:1
11 Output voltage 255 V
12 Output power 115 W

Figure 3.17 The input voltage waveforms

 55

Figure 3.18 The output voltage waveform

Figure 3.19 The output current waveform

Figure 3.20 Gate pulse for MOSFET

 56

3.4 Performance and Analysis of Boost Converter with Capacitor

Multiplier and Coupled Inductor for DC Applications

In many industrial applications, the PV energy conversion systems

and fuel cell systems usually need high voltage gain. DC - DC converters can
boost the low voltage (18 - 56 V) to high voltage (200 - 400 V) for the grid-
connected inverters. High-intensity discharge lamp ballasts for automobile
headlamps need high voltage gain DC - DC converters to increase the battery
voltage. The proposed coupled-inductor scheme solves the unbalancing
problem of voltage and current in the converter circuits.

3.4.1 Introduction

The cost of fuel required for the power generation is more in India,
which leads to going for the renewable energy sources like solar energy, fuel
cells, and wind power. These renewable energy sources like fuel cells can
generate clean energy to customers and don't have CO2 emissions. It is suitable
for stable operation with high-efficiency and sustainable fuel supply. Fuel cells
have the ability to the replacement of diesel in vehicles and emergency power
sources.

The PWM boost converters are commonly a useful method of DC to

DC conversion and power factor correction method. In present years, the
Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) is the most popular boost converter
operating topology in high-power applications. In general DC - DC converters
should have less weight, small size and reliable when working with a high
switching frequency; this will increase switching losses and reduce efficiency.
A soft-switching technology has been utilized here to decrease switching
losses, to increase the efficiency and reliability.
 57

3.4.2 Circuit Diagram of Proposed Converter

The battery or PV panel has been used as a voltage source in DC - DC

Converter. The proposed coupled-inductor based boost converter utilizes
floating switchS1, which will activate both the inductors. The number of turns
used for constructing primary winding is same as that of the secondary
winding. The recycling of energy occurs at both primary and secondary
winding of the DC - DC converter circuit, which leads to reducing the power
loss and in turn improve its efficiency. The proposed DC - DC converter
consists of one switch; one coupled inductor, three diodes, two capacitors and
one inductor. The coupled inductor is part of magnetizing inductor LM, primary
leakage inductor Lk1, secondary leakage inductor Lk2 and the circuit diagram of
the proposed converter is shown in figure 3.21.

Figure 3.21 The circuit diagram of proposed converter

The following assumptions have been made while analyzing the

function of a proposed converter. All components to be utilized here should be
ideal, the on-state resistance RDS(ON) of the active switches should be
minimum to reduce the conduction losses and neglect diode forward voltage
drop, the Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) of a coupled-inductor and output
capacitors. The turns ratio of coupled inductor is equal to N2/N1. The function
 58

of the proposed coupled inductor has been explained through five modes of
operation, which is shown in figure 3.27.

3.4.3 Operation of the Proposed Converter

The operation of the proposed boost converter has been explained

through the following five modes.
3.4.3.1 Mode 1 [to<t< t1]

This part of the operation of the converter can be done by turn ON the
switch S1, the diode D2 conduct and diodes D1 & D3 are not conduct. The
secondary leakage inductor Lk2 is continuously supplying its energy to the
capacitor C1.The input voltage Vin is flowing in magnetizing inductor LM and
primary leakage inductor LK1, and the current iLM is decreased.

The mutual inductance LM gradually releases its energy to the

secondary winding, as well as charge the capacitor C1, the charging current
iD2 and iC1 also decreases. The current flow path is shows in the figure 3.22.
The secondary leakage inductor current iLk2 is decreased according to iLM / turns
ratio. This mode of operation continues as long as iLk1 equals to iLM at t = t1
second.

Figure 3.22 Current flow path in mode 1

 59

The equations for mode 1 are given below,

Iin (t) = IDS (t) = IL (t)
k1
(3.32)

di L (t) V
m
= L m
(3.33)
dt Lm

ILm (t) - IL (t)

k1
IL (t) = (3.34)
k2
n

3.4.3.2 Mode 2 [t1<t<t2]

During this mode switch S1 and D3 is conducting, D1 and D2 are

turned off. Input voltage Vin is connected in series with inductor L1, capacitor
C1, secondary winding N2 and Lk2 to charge output capacitor C0 and load. LM is
receiving energy from Vin. The current flow path is shown in the figure 3.23.
The Vi is crossing LK1, LM and primary winding N1 so the current through LK1,
LM and D3 is getting increased. The N2 of coupled inductor T1 is in series with
Vin so that capacitors L1 and C1 release their energy to capacitor C0 and load R;
this tends to increase in ILM, iLK1, iDS and iD3. When switch S1 is turned off, this
mode ends at t = t2 seconds.

Figure 3.23 Current flow path in mode 2

 60

The equations for Mode 2 is given below,

IL (t) = IL - nIL (t)
m k1 k2
(3.35)

di L (t) Vin
m
= (3.36)
dt Lm

Iin (t) = IDS (t) = IL (t) + (1+n) IL (t)

m k2
(3.37)

3.4.3.3 Mode 3 [t2<t< t3]

During this mode, switch S1 is turned off, the diodes D1 and D3 are
conduct, the diode D2 is not conduct. In this time period the capacitor C0
getting charged through leakage inductor LK2 and the current flow path is
shown in figure 3.24. The energy stored leakage inductor LK1 discharges the
energy through diode D1 to enable the inductor L1 to get charge. However, the
same current direction of LK2 in the previous mode and in series with C1. This
charges are provides energy to the output capacitor C0 and load R. The
Currents iLK1 and iLK2 are decreasing rapidly, at the same time iLM increases
because LK2 is delivering its energy to LM. This mode of operation continues
till the current iLK2 drops to zero.

Figure 3.24 Current flow path in mode 3

 61

The equations are given below

Iin (t) = 0 (3.38)

Lm (t) = IL (t) - n IL (t)

k1 k2
(3.39)

di L (t) - VL - VL
k1
= 1 m
(3.40)
dt Lk 1

di L (t) di D (t) nVL + Vc - V0

k2
= 2
= m 1
(3.41)
dt dt Lk 2

3.4.3.4 Mode 4 [t3<t<t4]

During this mode, switch S1 remains off and only diodes D1 and D2
are conducting. The magnetizing inductor LM is releasing its stored energy
simultaneously to L1 and C1. The current flow path is shown in figure 3.25. The
leakage energy is still flowing through diode D1 and charging inductor and due
to this, current flow through iLK1 and iD1is is decreasing. The diode D2 is
charging by inductor L1 and energy stored in C0 is released to the load R. The
voltage across switch remains the same as in the previous mode. The current
flow through iD2 is increased and this mode ends at t = t4, iLK1 decays to zero.

Figure 3.25 Current flow path in mode 4

 62

The equation for mode 4 is given below

Lm (t) = IL (t) - nIL (t)

k1 k2
(3.42)

di L (t) -Vc - VL
k1
= 1 m
(3.43)
dt Lk 1

di L (t) di D (t) nVL + Vc -V0

k2
= 2
= m 1
(3.44)
dt dt Lk 2

3.4.3.5 Mode 5 [t4<t< t5]

During this mode of operation, only diode D2 is conducting, S1

remains off, D1 and D3 do not conduct. The magnetizing inductor LM has
transferred its energy to the capacitor C1. Due to the continuous flow of
magnetizing inductor energy through the coupled inductor to the secondary
winding N2 and D2 for charging the capacitor C1, iLM is decreasing. The energy
stored in capacitor C0 is discharged to the load R. The current flow path is
indicated in the figure 3.26. The voltage across S1 is equal to the summation of
Vin and VLM. The next cycle begins and this mode ends when the switch S1 is
turned on.

Figure 3.26 Current flow path in mode 5

 63

The equation for mode 5 is given below

di L (t) V
m
= L m
(3.45)
dt Lm

IL (t) = 0 (3.46)
k1

di L (t) nVL +Vc

k2
= m 2
(3.47)
dt Lk 2

Figure 3.27 The all modes of operation

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3.4.4 Steady State Analysis of Proposed Converter

The steady state analysis has been carried out by influencing the modes
2 and 4.
VL = Vin (3.48)
m

VN = nVin (3.49)
2

The equation given below is derived from mode 2

VL = Vin (3.50)
m

-VN = Vc (3.51)
2 1

The equation for VL1 and VC1 has been derived by applying a voltage second
balance equation
DTs Ts

 (Vin ) dt +  (-VL ) dt = 0 1
(3.52)
0 DTs

DTs Ts

 (nVin ) dt +  (-Vc ) dt = 0 1
(3.53)
0 DTs

D
VL = V (3.54)
1
1-D in

nD
Vc = V (3.55)
1
1-D in

From equation (3.54) and (3.55) the voltage across L1 and C1 are calculated.
The DC voltage gain MCCM can be found as follows:
V0 Iin 1+n
MCCM = = = (3.56)
Vin I0 1-D

The nominal voltage gain is 8.9. The turns ratio has to be raised from 3
to 4 and duty ratio is chosen as 37.5%.
The voltage rating of diodes can be
V0
VDS = VD = (3.57)
1 1+n
 65

nV0
VD = (3.58)
2
1+n

VD = V0
3
(3.59)

The values of duty ratio and turns ratio are substituted in below equation.

LMB = f s D -2D +D
3 2
(3.60)
R q 2n 2 +4n+2

3.4.5 Simulation Circuit of Proposed Converter

The simulation diagram to design a proposed converter with R load

is shown in the figure 3.28.

Figure 3.28 The simulation diagram of R-load

3.4.6 Results and Discussion

The boost converter developed with capacitor multiplier and coupled

inductor recycled the wastage energy so that the coupled inductor plays the
major role in obtaining more voltage gain. The simulation diagram to design a
 66

proposed converter with R load is shown in the figure 3.28 and its output
current waveforms are shown in the figure 3.31. The output voltage waveform
is shown in figure 3.30. The input current waveform is shown in the figure
3.29.
Table 3.3 Comparison of design parameters

Parameters Existing system Proposed system

Turns ratio 3 4
Duty ratio 50 % 37.5 %
Magnetizing inductor 50.78 μH 38.08 μH
Voltage across diode Vd1 = 50 V Vd1 = 40 V
Vd2 = 150 V Vd2 = 160 V
Vd3 = 200 V Vd3 = 200 V
Inductor & capacitor

Iinrms 7.07 A 6.12 A

Conduction losses 0.5 W 0.375 W
Idsp 32 A 36.13 A
Switching losses 1.625 W 1.603 W
Diode conduction losses 3.7 W 3.7 W
Capacitor current IC1-RMS = 7.07 A IC1-RMS = 6.12 A
IC2-RMS = 2.36 A IC0-RMS = 0.76 A
IC3-RMS = 0.88 A
Total capacitor losses 4.03 W 2.708 W
Total converter efficiency 95.8 % 96.18 %

Figure 3.29 Input current waveform

 67

Figure 3.30 Output voltage waveform

Figure 3.31 Output current waveform

3.5 Summary

In this chapter, the high voltage gain DC - DC converters with

coupled inductor for the solar power application was proposed. This converter
achieved high voltage gain by adjusting the turns ratio of the coupled inductor
and by altering the rating of capacitors. The leakage energy of the coupled
inductor is recycled through the same path of the coupled inductor; this
converter circuit provided high voltage gain as per the medium power level of
DC load application.
 68

Moreover, the voltage across the switch is clamped at the low

voltage, which enables the converter to use the low rating switch to improve
the efficiency. This high-efficiency converter topology has been applied for
various renewable energy related applications and also can be extended to other
power conversion systems to satisfy high-voltage demands.

During the conduction period every switching devices have its own
internal resistance, which will create conduction losses in the circuit. The
selection of low ON-state resistance RDS(ON) (resistance between drain and
source) improves the efficiency of the proposed converter, due to less
conduction losses. The efficiency of the converter can also be improved by
utilizing the energy stored in the coupled inductor and two capacitors. The
utilization of capacitors may improve the output voltage, which has to be
applied for DC applications.