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Two Dimensional Problems in Polar Coordinate System

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Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

Two Dimensional Problems in Polar Coordinate

System

GENERAL EQUATION IN POLAR COORDINATE

In any elasticity problem the proper choice of the co-ordinate system is
extremely important since this choice establishes the complexity of the
mathematical expressions employed to satisfy the field equations and the
boundary conditions. In order to solve two dimensional elasticity
problems by employing a polar co-ordinate reference frame, the equations
of equilibrium, the definition of Airy’s Stress function, and one of the
stress equations of compatibility must be established in terms of Polar
Co-ordinates.
The polar coordinate system (r, θ) and the Cartesian system (x, y) are
related by the following expressions:

Prove it

With reference to the two-dimensional equations or stress transformation

the relationship between the polar stress components σr, σθ and τrθ and
the Cartesian stress components σx, σy and τxy can be obtained as below.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

and

Any derivatives with respect to x and y in the Cartesian system may be

transformed into derivatives with respect to r and θ by applying the chain
rule:

EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
The r and θ – directed body forces are denoted by Fr and Fθ . equilibrium
radial forces requires that:

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTION IN POLAR COORDINATE

In the absence of body forces, the equations of equilibrium are satisfied
by a stress function Φ(r,θ) for which the stress components in the radial
and tangential directions are given by:

Now to find the stress equation of compatibility in terms of Airy’s stress

function referred in polar co-ordinate system:
Let

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

The above equation is the stress equation of compatibility in terms of

Airy’s stress function referred in polar co-ordinate system.

STRAIN-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
Consider the deformation of the
infinitesimal element ABCD, denoting
r and θ displacements by u and
v respectively. The general deformation
regarded as composed of
(1) a change in the length of the sides, and
(2) rotation of the sides as shown in the Figure.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

Referring to the Figure, it is observed that a displacement "u" of side AB

results in both radial and tangential strain.
Therefore, Radial strain =
and tangential strain due to displacement u per unit length of AB is

Tangential strain due to displacement v is given by

Similarly, the shearing strains can be calculated due to displacements u

and v as below. Component of shearing strain due to u is

Component of shearing strain due to v is

COMPATIBILITY EQUATION
We have from the strain displacement relations:
Radial strain,

Tangential strain,

and total shearing strain,

Differentiating εr with respect to θ and εθ with respect to r, we

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

get

Now, Differentiating γrθ with respect to r

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
Plane Stress Case Plane Strain Case

STRESS DISTRIBUTION SYMMETRICAL ABOUT AN AXIS

assume that  =  (r), then we have:
d 2 1 d
 r   r  0   2 , r  ,
dr r dr

The compatibility Equation reduces to

2
 d2 1 d 
 2     0
 dr r dr 

The general solution of this ordinary differential equation is

 = A log r + B r2 log r + C r2 + D
where A, B,C, D are arbitrary constants, the stress then becomes
A
r   B (1  2 log r )  2C
r2
A
    2  B(3  2 log r )  2C
r
 r   r  0

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

HOLLOW CYLINDER SUBJECTED TO UNIFORM PRESSURE

Taking B as zero for instance, the arbitrary constants A, C are determined
by boundary conditions:


 r r a  0;  r r b  0;
   r   pi ,  r   po
r a r b
already satisfied

 

Pi Pi

r r
Po Po
a
b

(a) (b) (c)

Prove it.

 r   r  0........ r ,   are principal stress.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

PROBLEM 1

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

PROBLEM 2

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

PROBLEM 3

DISPLACEMENT FOR SYMMETRIC LOADED CASES

By using physical equations, we obtain strain of axisymmetrical
problems as follow:
A
r   B(1  2 log r )  2C
r2
A
    2  B(3  2 log r )  2C
r
 r   r  0

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

u r 1 
  r  1    2  1  3 B  21   B log r  21   C 
A
r E r 
u r 1 v 1 
     1    2  3   B  21   B log r  21   C 
A

r r  E r 
1 u r v v
    r  0
r  r r
By integration, we obtain displacements: (using above 3 equations)
1 
 1     21   Br log r  1  1  3 Br  21   Cr   f  ,
A
ur  
E r 
4 Br
v   f  d  f1 r 
E
df1 r  df  
 r  0  f1 r   r    f  d  0
dr d
where f() and f1(r) are respectively arbitrary functions of  and r

 f1 r   Fr

 f    H cos   K sin 
F, H, K are a constants

Finally, we have the displacement solutions for the axisymmetric

problems:

1 
ur    1    A
 21   Br log r  1  1  3 Br  21   Cr   K cos   H sin 
E r 

4 Br
v  Fr  K sin   H cos 
E
The arbitrary constants A, B, C, H, F, K can be determined by known
(boundary) conditions. It is noted that the displacements are usually not
symmetrical about the z axis.

For plane strain problem, the solution is obtained by simply replace

E 
E

1  2

, 
1    .

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

PURE BENDING OF CURVED BAR

Consider a curved bar with a constant
narrow rectangular cross section and a
circular axis in the plane of curvature by
couples M applied at the ends, as shown in
Figure.
ϕ = A log r + Br2 log r + Cr2 + D

A
r   B(1  2 log r )  2C
r2
A
    2  B(3  2 log r )  2C
r
The B.C. are:

To have the bending couple equal to M, the condition

Substituting in ϕ expression

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

The displacement solutions for the axisymmetric problems:

1 
ur    1    A
 21   Br log r  1  1  3 Br  21   Cr   K cos   H sin 
E r 
4 Br
v  Fr  K sin   H cos 
E
In the case of pure bending, the conditions of constraint are:

( )
( ) ( ) ( )

The arbitrary constants A, B, C can be determined by known (boundary)

conditions from stress equations.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

Note: 1. v displacement equation consists of two parts:

 Translator displacement –Ksinθ "same for all points in the same
sections"
 Rotation of cross-section by the angle 4Bθ/E
2. Plane cross sections remain plane in pure bending, i.e.
⁄

3. The final displacements are not axisymmetric, while we started

assuming everything is axisymmetric.
The constant B in the case of symmetrical stress distribution in full ring
was taken as zero. If apportion of the ring between two adjacent cross-
sections is cut out and joined again by welding or other means, a ring
with initial stresses is obtained. If α is the small angle measuring the
portion of the ring that was cut out, the tangential displacement necessary
to bring the end of ring together is:

The bending moment necessary to bring the ends of ring together is:

The initial stresses in the ring can easily be calculated from this by using

The solution for pure bending moment.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN ROTATING CIRCULAR DISK

The stress distribution in rotating circular disks is of great practical

importance. If the thickness of the disk is small in comparison with its
radius, the variation of radial and tangential stresses over the thickness
can be neglected and the problem can be easily solved. If the thickness of
the disk is constant Eq.

Fr=ρω2r Fθ= 0
Where ρ is the mass per unit volume of the material of the disk and ω the
angular velocity of the disk. The equations above can then be written in
the form

This equation is satisfied if we derive the stress components from a stress

function F in the following manner:

The strain components in the case of symmetry are,

Substituting for the strain components their expressions in terms of

the stress components,

we find that the stress function F should satisfy the following equation:

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

It can be verified by substitution that the general solution of this equation

is

The integration constants C and C1 are determined from the boundary

conditions.
 For the case of a solid disk we must take C1 = 0 since otherwise the
stresses become infinite at the center. The constant C is determined
from the condition at the periphery (r = b) of the disk. If there are
no forces applied there, we have

These stresses are greatest at the center of the disk, where

 In the case of existing of small hole of diameter a in the center of

disk. If there are no forces acting on these boundaries, we have

from which we find that:

We find the maximum radial stress at r = √ab, where

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

The maximum tangential stress is at the inner boundary, where

It will be seen that this stress is larger than (σr) max.

When the radius a of the hole approaches zero, the maximum tangential
stress approaches a value twice as great as that for a solid disk; i.e., by
making a small circular hole at the center of a solid rotating disk we
double the maximum stress.

Problem 1: Drive an expression for bending

of curved bar by forces at end.

Problem 2: A thin plate with small hole relative to the plate dimension is
subjected to a normal stress σx = σ as shown in Figure below. The stresses
in the neighborhood of the hole are to be determined. Assume area
outside circle of radius R to be unaffected by hole existence i.e.
sufficiently far from the hole we may assume that the stresses are as for a
plate without the hole.
1. Determine an expression for σθ, σr and τrθ
2. Determine stress at hole face

If the stress function for this case is: ( )

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

 Theory of Elasticity 2D Problems in Polar Coordinate

Problem 3: Consider a semi – finite medium under a normal line load p

(per unit width). Determine an expression for σθ, σr and τrθ inside the
media using the following stress function:

Note: check if the stress function satisfy

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama

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