Q.

1 What do you mean by research and explain its type along with its
objectives of research??
Ans - Research definition: A careful consideration of study regarding a
particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the
American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “Research is a systematic inquiry
to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon.
Research involves inductive and deductive methods.”
Inductive research methods are used to analyze an observed event.
Deductive methods are used to verify the observed event. Inductive
approaches are associated with qualitative research and deductive
methods are more commonly associated with quantitative research.
Research is conducted with a purpose to understand:
 What do organizations or businesses really want to find out?
 What are the processes that need to be followed to chase the idea?
 What are the arguments that need to be built around a concept?
 What is the evidence that will be required for people to believe in the idea
or concept?

What are the types of research?

Following are the types of research methods:
Basic research: A basic research definition is data collected to enhance
knowledge. The main motivation is knowledge expansion. It is a non-
commercial research that doesn‟t facilitate in creating or inventing anything.
For example: an experiment to determine a simple fact.
Applied research: Applied research focuses on analyzing and solving
real-life problems. This type refers to the study that helps solve practical
problems using scientific methods. Studies play an important role in solving
issues that impact the overall well-being of humans. For example: finding a
specific cure for a disease.
Problem oriented research: As the name suggests, problem-oriented
research is conducted to understand the exact nature of a problem to find
out relevant solutions. The term “problem” refers to multiple choices or
issues when analyzing a situation.
For example, revenue of a car company has decreased by 12% in the last
year. The following could be the probable causes: there is no optimum
production, poor quality of a product, no advertising, or economic
conditions.
Problem solving research: This type of research is conducted by
companies to understand and resolve their own problems. The problem-

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solving method uses applied research to find solutions to the existing
problems.
Qualitative research: Qualitative research is a process that is about
inquiry. It helps create in-depth understanding of problems or issues in their
natural settings. This is a non-statistical method.
Qualitative research is heavily dependent on the experience of the
researchers and the questions used to probe the sample. The sample
size is usually restricted to 6-10 people. Open-ended questions are asked
in a manner that encourages answers that lead to another question or
group of questions. The purpose of asking open-ended questions is to
gather as much information as possible from the sample.
Objectives of Research-
1. To find out the real facts-
As we know, every type of research has its own object but the basic aim of
the research is always to find out or obtained the information from the
markets and societies and their number of respondents. A researcher
evaluates or finds the real or exact information for our problem-related
questions
2. To achieve the new thoughts-
In this objective of the research, anybody can find new thoughts from the
research. Research is the process of finding the exact information through
proper observation, optimization, and experiments.
These are the scientific methods to find out or evaluate the information
which is very necessary for evaluating the problem task

3. To evaluate the information-

The first aim of the research is to find out the information and then evaluate
them in an appropriate or efficient manner so that they can easily design
the research problem and solve them also.
A researcher evaluates the information through various scientific
approaches and methods, statistical analysis and procedures, and another
type of tables and graphs.
4. To test a hypothesis-
In this objective of the research, the researcher does the causal
relationship between the variables (it can also be said that
the hypothesis testing research studies). The hypothesis testing study
represents the number of actions like these terms:
(a) Making a formal statement,
(b) Selecting a significance level,

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(c) Deciding the distribution use
5. To design or implement the research-
After the collection of all information, the researcher prepares the structure
of a research design for the company so that they can easily describe or
identify the structure of a particular research theme. The research designs
can be broadcasted into two forms such as experimental designs and non-
experimental designs.
After the structure of the research design, the researcher implements them
in a problem and find out the optimum factor to solve them.
6. To improve the understanding-
In this objectives of the research, the researcher helps to improve the
understanding of a particular topic by asking what else needs to be
evidenced before the research is purposeful, or what knowledge could be
assembled from a more focused investigation, or scrutiny of the
existing findings.

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 Q.2 Define research design and state different types of research
design along with relevant examples?

Ans
Research design is defined as a framework of methods and techniques
chosen by a researcher to combine various components of research in a
reasonably logical manner so that the research problem is efficiently
handled. It provides insights about “how” to conduct research using a
particular methodology. Every researcher has a list of research questions
which need to be assessed – this can be done with research design.

An impactful research design usually creates minimum bias in data and

increases trust on the collected and analyzed research information.
Research design which produces the least margin of error in experimental
research can be touted as the best. The essential elements of research
design are:

1. Accurate purpose statement of research design

2. Techniques to be implemented for collecting details for research
3. Method applied for analyzing collected details
4. Type of research methodology
5. Probable objections for research
6. Settings for research study
7. Timeline
8. Measurement of analysis

Types of Research Design

A researcher must have a clear understanding of the various types of
research design to select which type of research design to implement for a
study. Research design can be broadly classified into quantitative and
qualitative research design.

Qualitative Research Design: Qualitative research is implemented in

cases where a relationship between collected data and observation is
established on the basis of mathematical calculations. Theories related to a
naturally existing phenomenon can be proved or disproved using
mathematical calculations. Researchers rely on qualitative research design

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where they are expected to conclude “why” a particular theory exists along
with “what” respondents have to say about it.

Quantitative Research Design: Quantitative research is implemented in

cases where it is important for a researcher to have statistical conclusions
to collect actionable insights. Numbers provide a better perspective to
make important business decisions. Quantitative research design is
important for the growth of any organization because any conclusion drawn
on the basis of numbers and analysis will only prove to be effective for the
business.

Further, research design can be divided into five types

Descriptive Research Design

Experimental Research Design
Correlational Research Design
Diagnostic Research Design
Explanatory Research Design

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Q.3 What do you mean by inductive and deductive method?
Distinguish between them.

Ans- The main difference between inductive and deductive approaches to

research is that whilst a deductive approach is aimed and testing theory, an
inductive approach is concerned with the generation of new theory
emerging from the data.

A deductive approach usually begins with a hypothesis, whilst an inductive

approach will usually use research questions to narrow the scope of the
study.

For deductive approaches the emphasis is generally on causality, whilst for

inductive approaches the aim is usually focused on exploring new
phenomena or looking at previously researched phenomena from a
different perspective.

Inductive approaches are generally associated with qualitative research,

whilst deductive approaches are more commonly associated with
quantitative research. However, there are no set rules and some qualitative
studies may have a deductive orientation.

One specific inductive approach that is frequently referred to in research

literature is grounded theory, pioneered by Glaser and Strauss.

This approach necessitates the researcher beginning with a completely

open mind without any preconceived ideas of what will be found. The aim is
to generate a new theory based on the data.

Once the data analysis has been completed the researcher must examine
existing theories in order to position their new theory within the discipline.

Grounded theory is not an approach to be used lightly. It requires extensive

and repeated sifting through the data and analysing and re-analysing
multiple times in order to identify new theory. It is an approach best suited
to research projects where there the phenomena to be investigated has not
been previously explored.

The most important point to bear in mind when considering whether to use
an inductive or deductive approach is firstly the purpose of your research;
and secondly the methods that are best suited to either test a hypothesis,
explore a new or emerging area within the discipline, or to answer specific
research questions.

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Q.4 Define Hypothesis? What is importance of hypothesis in
research ? Justify your answer with example.

Ans -
A hypothesis is an assumption, an idea that is proposed for the sake of argument so that it
can be tested to see if it might be true. In the scientific method, the hypothesis is
constructed before any applicable research has been done, apart from a basic background
review.

In science, a hypothesis is an idea or explanation that you then test through study and
experimentation. Outside science, a theory or guess can also be called ahypothesis.
A hypothesis is something more than a wild guess but less than a well-established theory.

The simpler meaning of hypothesis is an educated guess that is developed

for a study. If I am asked to define hypotheses in an easy manner then I find it
as a tentative supposition that is used to explain facts. Most often, scientific
methods like observation, investigation and experimentation are adopted to
test such propositions. However, it is also a fact that hypothesis might be
correct as well as wrong when proven through investigation and can be
accepted, rejected or verified after its

Importance of a Hypothesis in Research

In various qualitative as well as quantitative studies, hypothesis is
developed to talk about the research problem or to address any
phenomenon. It aims to encourage critical approach. It enables the
researcher to develop a specific direction as well as better understanding
about the subject matter of the study. It further assists in the careful and
focused analysis of data collected. There are different types of hypotheses.
The two that are more basic involve those used in scientific researches and
the other one in sociological studies. In scientific researches, hypotheses
are developed keeping in view the experimentation and observation drawn
from the past. Such hypotheses are tested according to the current
theories. Science fair projects involve these forms of hypotheses. For
example, if water temperature rises then sugar/ salt will be dissolved at
higher rate.
On the other hand, working hypotheses are based on the widely accepted
suppositions in order to carry out further research. For example, if I start
the consumption of more vegetables and fruits then I will prone to faster
weight loss or if I start adding pesticides to the growth of my plants then
these will grow safer.

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 Example

 If a pregnant woman goes for iron intake daily then there will be a healthy
baby and less possibility of a birth with anemia
 If a person decreases sugar intake in diet then he/ she will not develop
tooth cavities.

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 Q.5 Elaborate scaling technique in research methodology. Explain
various types of scaling technique?
Definition: Scaling is the process of generating the continuum, a
continuous sequence of values, upon which the measured objects
are placed.

Scaling is the procedure of measuring and assigning the objects to the

numbers according to the specified rules. In other words, the process of
locating the measured objects on the continuum, a continuous sequence of
numbers to which the objects are assigned is called as scaling.

The comparative scales can further be divided intothe following four types
of scaling techniques: (a) Paired Comparison Scale, (b) Rank
Order Scale, (c) Constant Sum Scale, and (d) Q-sort Scale.
... Theresultant data in rank order is ordinal data.

Types of Scaling techniques in Research Methodology

This type of scaling techniques has several limitations. The respondents

may check at almost any position along the line which fact may increase
the difficulty of analysis. The meanings of the terms like “very much” and
“some what” may depend upon respondent‟s frame of reference so much
so that the statement might be challenged in terms of its equivalency.
Several other rating scale variants (e.g., boxes replacing line) may also be
used.

The itemized rating scale (also known as numerical scale) presents a

series of statements from which a respondent selects one as best reflecting
his evaluation. These statements are ordered progressively in terms of
more or less of some property. An example of itemized scale can be given
to illustrate it.

Suppose we wish to inquire as to how well does a worker get along with his
fellow workers? In such a situation we may ask the respondent to select
one, to express his opinion, from the following:
 He is almost always involved in some friction with a fellow worker.

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  He is often at odds with one or more of his fellow workers.
 He sometimes gets involved in friction.
 He infrequently becomes involved in friction with others.
 He almost never gets involved in friction with fellow workers

In Marketing Research, several scaling techniques are employed to study

the relationship between the objects. The most commonly used techniques
can be classified as:

1. Comparative Scales: In comparative scaling there is a direct comparison

of stimulus object. For example, the respondent might be asked directly
about his preference between the ink pen and gel pen. The comparative
data can only be interpreted in relative terms and hence possess the
ordinal or rank-order properties. This is the reason why the comparative
scaling is also called as nonmetric scaling. The Comparative Scaling
includes the following techniques:

 Paired Comparison Scaling

 Rank Order Scaling
 Constant Sum Scaling
 Q-Sort Scaling

2. Noncomparative Scales: The noncomparative scale, also called

as monadic or metric scale is a scale in which each object is scaled
independently of the other objects in the stimulus set under study.
Generally, the resulting data are assumed to be an interval and ratio
scaled. For example, a respondent may be asked to rate their preference
for the gel pen on a preference scale (1 = not at all preferred, 6 = greatly
preferred). The noncomparative scale includes the following techniques:

 Continuous Rating Scale

 Itemized Rating Scale
Thus, the researcher can apply any of the scaling techniques to determine
the characteristic of an individual and then locating him on the scale that
best fits the defined.

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 Q.6 Write a note on research report writing and relevance of legal
education and research?

ANS - A research report is a result of a scientific investigation, a brief

explanation of the research conducted. A research report is used to tell
your instructor or fellow scientists about the process of investigation, your
findings and the importance of your research work. If you need to write a
high school research report or a college one, you may find useful the
following information.

Research report is a written document containing key aspects

of research project.Research report is a medium to communicate research work
with relevant people. It is also a good source of preservation of research work for
the future reference.

Research report is a condensed form or a brief description of the research

work done by the researcher. It involves several steps to present the report
in form of thesis or dissertation.

How to write a report on research? Let’s take a closer look at what each
part of research report contains.

The body is the most important part of research report structure that
consists of 4 main sections:

 Introduction
 Findings
 Conclusions
 Recommendations

When you think of research report steps, the first one you should start your
writing with is the body. Write these 4 parts first before the rest of
the paper.

Relevance of legal education and research:-

Globalization has called upon the law to execute numerous responsibilities

in society and lawyers are expected to act as change agents and social
engineers in governance and development. If law is a tool for social
engineering and social control, it should be studied in the social content.
This means integrating law subjects with social and behavioral sciences.

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This would enable the lawyer to solve problems in socially acceptable ways
and assist in developing public. The following objects of legal education
can be cited for consideration:

1. The legal education should be able to meet ever-growing

demands of the society and should be thoroughly equipped to
cater to the complexities of the different situations.
2. Legal education has an important role in directing and
moderating social change. In this regard it has to operate as
conscience-keeper of society.

3. Legal communication shall manifest higher moral values; shall

maintain
high degree of competence discipline and ensure that no
section of society
is denied of access to its services because of poverty or social
status.

4. Legal education seeks to impart appropriate training, which

should be made available through professionals.

5. Legal education is expected to inculcate law students with the

operative legal rules both substantive and procedural.

6. The prime object of the legal education is to produce efficient

lawyers.

7. 7. Legal education must equip the student with the necessary

theoretical and practical skills to deal with the diverse and
expanding world of legal practice.

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Q.7 How a research problem is identified? Write a note on
identification and formulation of legal research problem?

Ans - A research problem is a definite or clear expression [statement] about

an area of concern, a condition to be improved upon, a difficulty to be
eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in
theory, or within existing practice that points to a need for meaningful
understanding and deliberate investigation. A research problem does not
state how to do something, offer a vague or broad proposition, or present a
value question.

Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the

stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society,
and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications." It is
used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work,
solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop
new theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in
the field.

Identification and formulation of legal research problem:-

This includes following steps -

STEP 1. SPECIFY THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

A clear statement defining your objectives will help you develop effective
research.It will help the decision makers evaluate the research questions
your project should answer as well as the research methods your project
will use to answer those questions. It‟s critical that you have manageable
objectives. (Two or three clear goals will help to keep your research project
focused and relevant.)

STEP 2. REVIEW THE ENVIRONMENT OR CONTEXT OF THE

RESEARCH PROBLEM
As a marketing researcher, you must work closely with your team of
researchers in defining and testing environmental variables. This will help
you determine whether the findings of your project will produce enough
information to be worth the cost.

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In order to do this, you have to identify the environmental variables that will
affect the research project and begin formulating different methods to
control these variables.
STEP 3. EXPLORE THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM

Research problems range from simple to complex, depending on the

number of variables and the nature of their relationship. Sometimes the
relationship between two variables is directly related to a problem or
questions, and other times the relationship is entirely unimportant.
If you understand the nature of the research problem as a researcher, you
will be able to better develop a solution to the problem.
To help you understand all dimensions, you might want to consider focus
groups of consumers, salespeople, managers, or professionals to provide
what is sometimes much-needed insight into a particular set of questions or
problems.
STEP 4. DEFINE THE VARIABLE RELATIONSHIPS

Marketing plans often focus on creating a sequence of behaviors that occur

over time, as in the adoption of a new package design, or the introduction
of a new product.
Such programs create a commitment to follow some behavioral pattern or
method in the future.
Studying such a process involves:

 Determining which variables affect the solution to the research

problem.
 Determining the degree to which each variable can be controlled and
used for the purposes of the company.
 Determining the functional relationships between the variables and
which variables are critical to the solution of the research problem.

During the problem formulation stage, you will want to generate and
consider as many courses of action and variable relationships as possible.
STEP 5. THE CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION

There are always consequences to any course of action used in one or

more projects. Anticipating and communicating the possible outcomes of
various courses of action is a primary responsibility in the research
process.

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Q.8 Explain various techniques used in collection of data. After the
data is collected how it is analyzed? Is analysis of data is relevant in
research work?
Ans - Different methods are used in qualitative research. The most
common are interviews, focus group discussions, observational methods
and document analysis. Combining two or more data collections methods,
for instance interviews as well as focus groups („data triangulation‟)
enhances the credibility of the study. Irrespective of the data collection
method applied, it is important to keep a diary during the study, with
reflections on the process (e.g. regarding method and participant selection)
and the role and influence of the researcher („reflexivity‟).

Interviews
Interviews are useful to explore experiences, views, opinions, or beliefs on
specific matters. Accounts can be explored and compared to others, to
develop an understanding of the underlying structures of beliefs (See
chapter 4 in Green & Thorogood, 2010). There are different grades of
structuring the interview: structured, semi-structured or open/in-depth,
dependent on the characteristics of structuring the interview by the
researcher. Often the researcher develops a topic list before the start of the
interview, which can be used in a flexible manner. As the interview is a
product of interaction between the researcher and the interviewee, the
setting and skills of the researcher are of importance (e.g. the ability to
build a sense of trust (developing rapport), the way of phrasing questions,
give the interviewee room to tell a story, body language). Furthermore, it is
important to think about the type of transcription of audio tables.

Focus group discussion: - Focus group discussions are useful to

examine how social knowledge is produced. The researcher stimulates
discussion in order to examine how knowledge and ideas develop and
operate in a given group. Most of the times, a facilitator guides a discussion
about a particular topic in a group of usually 6-12 people. Some sensitive
issues might be more easy discussed within a group, although other
(personal) information might be withheld, for instance when persons are
acquainted with each other or because of hierarchical relations within the
group. The role of the facilitator is to create an open atmosphere, involve
participants in the discussion and manage this discussion. The organization

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of a focus group requires careful attention. This includes the sampling and
recruitment of participants, the composition of the topic list and how the
data will be collected.

Observational methods
Observational methods are used to understand phenomena by studying
people‟s accounts and actions in an everyday context. There are different
types of observations, with various degrees of research participation, like
non-participating observation (e.g. by using video recordings), and
participant observation or ethnography. Ethnography „usually involves the
researcher participating, overtly or covertly, in people‟s daily lives for an
extended period of time, watching what happens, listening to what is said,
and/or asking questions through informal and formal interviews, collecting
documents and artefacts‟ (Hammersley & Atkinson).

Document analysis
Document analysis is based on existing sources, like government reports,
personal documents, articles in newspapers, books or medical records.

After the data is collected how it is analyzed?

Data Analysis is a process of collecting, transforming, cleaning, and

modeling data with the goal of discovering the required information. The
results so obtained are communicated, suggesting conclusions, and
supporting decision-making. Data visualization is at times used to portray
the data for the ease of discovering the useful patterns in the data. The
terms Data Modeling and Data Analysis mean the same.
Data Analysis Process consists of the following phases that are iterative in
nature −

 Data Requirements Specification

 Data Collection
 Data Processing
 Data Cleaning
 Data Analysis
 Communication

Is analysis of data is relevant in research work

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For any research, data analysis is very important as it provides an
explanation of various concepts, theories, frameworks and methods used.
It eventually helps in arriving at conclusions and proving the hypothesis. ...
For example, quantitative analysis can help prove qualitative conclusions.
Data analysis and findings. Data analysis is the most crucial part of
any research.Data analysis summarizes collected data. It involves the
interpretation of datagathered through the use of analytical and logical
reasoning to determine patterns, relationships or trends.

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Q.9 (A) What do you mean by doctrinal and non doctrinal research?

Ans - Legal research can be divided into doctrinal and non-doctrinal

research. Non-doctrinal research is also known as social-legal research.

In non-doctrinal research, researchers make efforts to collect knowledge

and information from first hand study or primary data related to his
particular matter or topic.

It aims to organizing society in systematic and peaceful manner. It is a type

of research that employs methods taken from other discipline to generate
empirical data that answers research questions. It can be problem, policy
or modification of the existing law.

A non-doctrinal research can be qualitative or quantitative and dogmatic. It

can be part of a large-scale project in the law.

Non-doctrinal research approach permits the researchers to conduct

research that analysis the law from the prospective of other science
disciplines and to employ those discipline in drafting of the law.

It is also valuable in the settling disputes and in the core areas of

international law such as property, contracts, criminal law, law enforcement
and litigation.

Meaning of Doctrinal Research: A doctrinal research means a research

that has been carried out on a legal proposition or propositions by way of
analysing the existing statutory provisions and cases by applying the
reasoning power. According to S.N. Jain, doctrinal research involves
analysis of case law, arranging, ordering and systematising legal
propositions and study of legal institutions through legal reasoning or
rational deduction. This type of research is also known as pure theoretical
research. It mainly focuses on the nature of law and legal authority; the
theories behind particular substantive areas of law, such as torts or
contracts; and the nature of rights, justice and political authority. Thus, it
involves: (a) Systematic analysis of statutory provisions and of legal
principles involves therein, or derived there from, and (b) Logical and
rational ordering of the legal propositions and principles.

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(B) Define sampling methods and its type.
Ans- Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a
predetermined number of observations are taken from a larger population.
The methodology used to sample from a larger population depends on the
type of analysis being performed, but it may include simple random
sampling or systematic sampling.

There are five types of sampling: Random, Systematic, Convenience,

Cluster, and Stratified.

Random sampling is analogous to putting everyone's name into a hat

and drawing out several names. Each element in the population has an
equal chance of occuring. While this is the preferred way of sampling, it
is often difficult to do. It requires that a complete list of every element in
the population be obtained. Computer generated lists are often used
with random sampling. You can generate random numbers using the
TI82 calculator.

Systematic sampling is easier to do than random sampling. In

systematic sampling, the list of elements is "counted off". That is,
every kth element is taken. This is similar to lining everyone up and
numbering off "1,2,3,4; 1,2,3,4; etc". When done numbering, all people
numbered 4 would be used.

Convenience sampling is very easy to do, but it's probably the worst
technique to use. In convenience sampling, readily available data is
used. That is, the first people the surveyor runs into.

Cluster sampling is accomplished by dividing the population into groups

-- usually geographically. These groups are called clusters or blocks.
The clusters are randomly selected, and each element in the selected
clusters are used.

Stratified sampling also divides the population into groups called strata.
However, this time it is by some characteristic, not geographically. For
instance, the population might be separated into males and females. A
sample is taken from each of these strata using either random,
systematic, or convenience sampling.

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Q.10 Short notes on following

1 Case study method

In the social sciences and life sciences, a case study is a research method
involving an up-close, in-depth, and detailed examination of a subject of
study (the case), as well as its related contextual conditions.
Case studies can be produced by following a formal research method.
These case studies are likely to appear in formal research venues, as
journals and professional conferences, rather than popular works. The
resulting body of 'case study research' has long had a prominent place in
many disciplines and professions, ranging from psychology, anthropology,
sociology, and political science to education, clinical science, social work,
and administrative science.
In doing case study research, the "case" being studied may be an
individual, organization, event, or action, existing in a specific time and
place. For instance, clinical science has produced both well-known case
studies of individuals and also case studies of clinical practices. However,
when "case" is used in an abstract sense, as in a claim, a proposition, or an
argument, such a case can be the subject of many research methods, not
just case study research.

2 Need of Research Design

A research design is a framework or blueprint for conducting the marketing

research project. It details the procedures necessary for obtaining the
information needed to structure or solve marketing research problems. In
simple words it is the general plan of how you will go about your research.

According to Green and Tull

A research is the specification of methods and procedures for acquiring the

information needed. It is the overall operational pattern or framework of the
project that stipulates what information is to be collected from which
sources by what procedures.

The function of a research design is to ensure that requisite data in

accordance with the problem at hand is collected accurately and
economically. Simply stated, it is the framework, a blueprint for the
research study which guides the collection and analysis of data. The
research design, depending upon the needs of the researcher may be a
very detailed statement or only furnish the minimum information required
for planning the research project.

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3 Social legal research

A Socio-legal study is an interdisciplinary approach to analyze the law,

legal phenomenon, and relationships between these and wider society.
Both theoretical and empirical work is included, and perspectives and
methodologies are drawn from the humanities as well as the social
sciences.

Learning Outcomes

The following module is a discussion on socio-legal research. The

objectives are as following:

To understand the fundamentals of socio-legal research and what it is

comprised of.

To understand the utility of socio-legal research.

To identify the potential areas of socio-legal research.

To introduce the socio-legal field.

To understand the various political science, sociological, anthropological

and

economic approaches to the socio-legal research.

4 Different kinds of research techniques and tools

A tool is a device or computer app that enables you do do something. For

example, a microscope or a modeling program. A technique is a process
or procedure that you follow. For example there are guidelines for how to
construct an effective scientific experiment such as you make sure the
participants are unbiased.
The Terms Looks similar in both way if you compare with real world ,

However there is a minor transparent difference is there that is as below.

Tools : for Research , if you are using Google,Quora,XYZ.com….

references and gathering data from research sites like IEEE or Elsevier or
patents.

This is considered as a tools or research sources.

similarly while collecting data or observation some experiments for learning

or getting familiar , your mind itself is a tool to getting knowledgeable.

Prepared by Animesh Anchliya

Example of Data mining tools for research-> Orange R -Soft weka SpagoBI
Anaconda

Techniques :Now , you know that you have a bunch of data that has been
emerged from this various tools that explained earlier .

Now research means you are going to give society something that is
hidden from absolute eyes.

in this case you will identify how to make this data + tool to get informative
or smoothen current flow of process.

Here I Highlighted “HOW” , Because this how is the technique or algorithm

or method is you use to make it happen and that‟s what is called technique
of your own expertise.

Example of Data mining tools for research -> Data Analytics Method,Data
Dissipation,Decision Making Approach,Etc…

This is how i Pronounce research in terms of Tools & Techniques.

5 Research Process

The research process involves identifying, locating, assessing, and

analyzing the information you need to support your research question, and
then developing and expressing your ideas. These are the same skills you
need any time you write a report, proposal, or put together a presentation.

research involves the step-by-step process used to gather information in

order to write your paper, create a presentation, or complete a project. As
you progress from one step to the next, it is often necessary to
rethink, revise, add additional material or even adjust your topic. Much will
depend on what you discover during your research.
The research process can be broken down into seven steps, making it
more manageable and easier to understand. This module will give you an
idea of what's involved at each step in order to give you a better overall
picture of where you are in your research, where you will be going, and
what to expect at each step

Prepared by Animesh Anchliya

Prepared by Animesh Anchliya