Shree Sahkar Education Trust’s

SHREE DHANVANTARY COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA

ENGINEERING, KIM - 394110
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Experiment - 1
Subject: D.C. Circuit Semester: 2nd

Subject Code: 3320903 Name of Faculty: Vaishal M. Goswami

Aim: To Study And Under Stand Different Symbols Used In Electrical Circuits.

Apparatus : https://www.smartdraw.com/circuit-diagram/electrical-symbols.htm

Theory:
Sr No. Name symbol
Resistor
1

Variable resistor
2

Inductor
3

Variable inductor
4

Capacitor
5

Variable capacitor
6

Cell
7

Elecrtical Engineering 1 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

 Battery
8

A.C.Voltage source
9

D.C.Voltage source
10

D.C.Voltmeter
11

A.C./D.C.Voltmeter
12

D.C.Ammeter
13

A.C./D.C.Ammeter
14

Wattmeter
15

PMMC Type Meter

16

Moving Iron Type Instrument

17

Elecrtical Engineering 2 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

 Single Pole Single Thrown Switch
18

Single Pole Double Thrown Switch

19

Double Pole Single Thrown Switch

20

21 Double Pole Double Thrown Switch

Triple Pole Single Thrown Switch

22

Triple Pole Double Thrown Switch

23

Elecrtical Engineering 3 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

 Earthing
24

Transformer
25

Auto Transformer
26

Star Connection

27

3-Phase Squirrel Cage Induction

28 Motor

Elecrtical Engineering 4 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

 Armature

29

Self Excited Generator

30

31 D.C.Shunt Generator

32 Separately Excited Generator

33
D.C.Series Generator

Elecrtical Engineering 5 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

 34
D.C.Compund Generator

Result : by studying this we get to know different symbols of different electrical equipment

Conclusion : after studying this practical we can conclude that this symbols will make the
interpretation of electrical equipment easy.

Elecrtical Engineering 6 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

 Shree Sahkar Education Trust’s
SHREE DHANVANTARY COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA
ENGINEERING, KIM - 394110
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Experiment - 2
Subject: D.C. Circuit Semester: 2nd

Subject Code: 3320903 Name of Faculty: Vaishal M. Goswami

Aim: Measure voltage and current in a given linear electrical circuit..[ohm’s law]

Apparatus :
QUANTITY
SR.NO. DESCRIPTION
REQUIRED
1. Battery0-20V 1 No.
2. Ammeter 1 No.
3. Voltmeter 1 No.
4. Resistance 1 No.

Theory:
The resistance is defined as the property of a substance due to which it opposes the flow of
electricity through it. The unit of resistance is ohm (Ω).
The resistance offered by the conductor depends on the following factors.
 It varies directly as its length L.
 It varies inversely as the cross section area A of the conductor.
 It depends on the nature of the material.
 It depends on the temperature of conductor.
ρL
So, R =
A
Where, ρ is the specific resistance of the material or resistively.
“The ratio of the potential difference between any two points on a conductor to the current flowing
between them is constant provided the temperature of the conductor does not change”.
I.e. V/I = Constant or V/I = R

Elecrtical Engineering 7 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

Circuite diagram :

Procedure:

1. Connect the variable voltage supply to both the ends of the rheostat.
2. Connect the ammeter in series of the rheostat.
3. Connect the voltmeter in parallel of the rheostat.
4. Now, start measuring the voltage and current as you move the rheostat moving hand from
minimum position to the maximum position in the steps of constant increase in current.
5. Now with this data plot a graph between the voltage and the current.
6. What do you observe from it.
7. The graph (see below) between voltage and current is linear that is there is constant decrease in
current when the rheostat is moved from minimum resistance position to the maximum resistance
position.

Sr Ammeter Reading Voltage Reading Resistor Reading

No.
1
2
3
4
5

Result : by studying this practical we can measure the voltage and current in linear circuit and also
verify the ohms law.

Conclusion : by performing this practicle we can say that the graph of voltage vs current will be linear
in shape.

Elecrtical Engineering 8 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

Model Graph :

Elecrtical Engineering 9 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

 Shree Sahkar Education Trust’s
SHREE DHANVANTARY COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA
ENGINEERING, KIM - 394110
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Experiment - 3
Subject: D.C. Circuit Semester: 2nd

Subject Code: 3320903 Name of Faculty: Vaishal M. Goswami

Aim: Connect resistances in series to get required effective resistance and verify

Apparatus :

Sr. No. Equipment Description Quantity

1. D.C. Supply 0-20 V 1 No.
2. Voltmeter 0-20 V 1 No.
3. Resistance Variable 2 No.
4. Ammeter 0-100 mA 1 No.
.

Theory:
A series circuit is defined by a single loop in which all components are arranged in daisy-chain
fashion. The current is the same at all points in the loop and may be found by dividing the total voltage
source by the total resistance. The voltage drops across any resistor may then be found by multiplying
that current by the resistor value. Consequently, the voltage drops in a series circuit are directly
proportional to the resistance. An alternate technique to find the voltage is the voltage divider rule. This
states that the voltage across any resistor (or combination of resistors) is equal to the total voltage source
times the ratio of the resistance of interest to the total resistance.
When some conductor having resistors R1, R2, R3 etc. are joined end-on-end, they are said to be
connected in series and it should be remembered that fig. (1)
 Current is same through all the three conductors.
 The voltage drop across each is different due to its different resistance and is given by ohm’s law.
 Sum of three voltage drops is equal to the voltage applied across three conductors.

Elecrtical Engineering 10 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

 I.e. V = V1 + V2 + V3
But V = IR
So, IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
R = R1 + R2 + R3

Circuite diagram :

Procedure :
 Connect the circuit as shown in figure (2).
 Note the readings of Vs, I, V1, V2.
 Take four to five readings by changing the value of R1 and R2.
 Calculate the individual resistance and equivalent resistance.

Obsevation Table :

Sr. Vs I V1 V2 V1 V2 R =R1+ R2 VS
R1 = R2 = R=
No. I I I
Volt Amp Volt Volt Ohm Ohm Ohm Ohm
1
2
3
4
5

Elecrtical Engineering 11 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

Result : by performing this practical we get to know the series connection

Conclusion : by performimg this practical we can conclude that When some conductor having resistors
R1, R2, etc are joined end-on-end they are called in series connected. Current is same through all the thwo
resistance And the voltage will be devided in treo resistance.

Elecrtical Engineering 12 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

 Shree Sahkar Education Trust’s
SHREE DHANVANTARY COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA
ENGINEERING, KIM - 394110
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Experiment - 4
Subject: D.C. Circuit Semester: 2nd

Subject Code: 3320903 Name of Faculty: Vaishal M. Goswami

Aim: Connect resistances in parallel to get required effective resistance and verify

Apparatus:
Sr. No. Equipment Description Quantity
1. D.C. Supply 0-20 V 1 No.
2. Voltmeter 0-20 V 1 No.
3. Resistance Variable 2 No.
4. Ammeter 0-100 mA 3 No.

Theory:

A parallel circuit is defined by the fact that all components share two common nodes. The voltage
is the same across all components and will equal the applied source voltage. The total supplied current
may be found by dividing the voltage source by the equivalent parallel resistance. It may also be found by
summing the currents in all of the branches. The current through any resistor branch may be found by
dividing the source voltage by the resistor value. Consequently, the currents in a parallel circuit are
inversely proportional to the associated resistances. An alternate technique to find a particular current is
the current divider rule. For a two resistor circuit this states that the current through one resistor is equal
to the total current times the ratio of the other resistor to the total resistance.
When resistance connected in parallel fig.(1)
 The potential difference across all the resistances is same.
 Current in each resistance is different and given by ohm’s law.
 The total current is the sum of the three separate currents.
i.e. I = I1+I2+I3
V
But I =
R

Elecrtical Engineering 13 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

 V V V V
So =  
R R1 R 2 R 3

1 1 1 1
=  
R R1 R 2 R 3

Circuit Diagram :

Procedure:
 Connect the circuit as shown in figure (2).
 Note down the value of Vs, I, I1, I2.
 Take four to five readings by changing the value of R1 and R2.
 Calculate the individual resistance and equivalent resistance.

Observation Table :

Sr. Vs I I1 I2 VS VS R 1R 2 VS
R1 = R2 = R= R=
No. I1 I2 R1  R 2 I
Volt Amp Amp Amp Ohm Ohm Ohm Ohm
1
2
3
4
5

Elecrtical Engineering 14 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

Result: By performing this practical we get to know the parallel connection of resistance.

Conclusion: By Performing this practical we can conclude that when the resistance are connected in
parallel then the voltage across both the resistance will be same but the current will be divided among two
resistance or parallel branches.

Elecrtical Engineering 15 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

 Shree Sahkar Education Trust’s
SHREE DHANVANTARY COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA
ENGINEERING, KIM - 394110
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Experiment - 5
Subject: D.C. Circuit Semester: 2nd

Subject Code: 3320903 Name of Faculty: Vaishal M. Goswami

Aim: To perform resistance connected in series and parallel

Apparatus :
Sr. No. Equipment Description Quantity
1. D.C. Supply 0-20 V 1 No.
2. Voltmeter 0-20 V 3 No.
3. Resistance Variable 3 No.
4. Ammeter 0-100 mA 3 No.

Theory:
When some conductor having resistors R1, R2, R3, R4 are joined in series and parallel, as shown
figure(1)
 Current is same through the entire series resistor. The voltage drop across each series resistance is
different.
 Voltage drop across each resistor in parallel is same. Current is different through the entire
parallel resistors.
Here, Resistance R3 and R4 in parallel
1 1 1
So, equivalent resistance = +
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅3 𝑅4

𝑅 ∗𝑅
Req = 𝑅 3+𝑅4
3 4

Now, R1, R2 and Req connected in series as shown figure (2).

So, R = R1 + R2 + Req

Elecrtical Engineering 16 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

Circuit diagram :

Procedure:
 Connect the circuit as shown in figure .
 Note the readings of Vs, I, V1, V2, V3, I1, I2.
 Take four to five readings by changing the value of R1 and R2.
 Calculate the individual resistance and equivalent resistance.

Observation Table :

sr. Vs I V1 V2 I2 V3 I3 𝑽 𝑽𝟐 𝑽 𝑹 ∗𝑹
R1= 𝑰𝟏 O R2= R3= 𝑰 𝟑 R=R1+𝑹 𝟑+𝑹𝟐 R= VS
𝑰𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
no. Volt Amp Volt Volt Amp Volt Amp I
hm Ohm Ohm Ohm Ohm

1
2
3
4
5

Elecrtical Engineering 17 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

Result: By performing this practical we get to know the series and parallel circuit and connection.

Conclusion: by performing this practical we can conclude that this circuit will provide all the features
of series circuit and parallel circuit. and also get the behaviour of resistance when it is connected in series
and parallel circuit

Elecrtical Engineering 18 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

 Shree Sahkar Education Trust’s
SHREE DHANVANTARY COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA
ENGINEERING, KIM - 394110
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Experiment - 6
Subject: D.C. Circuit Semester: 2nd

Subject Code: 3320903 Name of Faculty: Vaishal M. Goswami

Aim: Measure current in a particular branch of the given electrical circuit using Kirchoff’s Current Law

Apparatus:
Sr. No. Equipment Description Quantity
1. D.C. Supply 0-20 V 1 No.
1 kΩ,
2. Resistance 3 No.
3.3kΩ,4.7kΩ
3. Ammeter 0-10 mA 3 No.

Theory:

In any electrical network the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a junction or point is zero.
Or

The total current leaving a junction is equal to the total current entering that junction.
If currents entering the junction is +ve and current leaving the junction is –ve then
I1 + I2 + I3 + (-I4) + (-I5) = 0
I1 + I2 + I3 - I4 - I5 = 0
I1 + I2 + I3 = I4 + I5

Elecrtical Engineering 19 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Check your connections before switch on the supply.
3. Vary the regulated supply.
4. Measure the current using ammeter.
5. Note the readings in the tabulation.
6. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.

Observation Table:

Sr. Supply Current Current Current

No. I I1 I2 I = I1 + I2
mA mA mA mA
1
2
3
4
5

Elecrtical Engineering 20 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

Result: verified KIRCHOF,S current law

Conclusion: by performing this practical we can conclude that the the algebraic sum of current at node
is zero in all conditions.

Elecrtical Engineering 21 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

 Shree Sahkar Education Trust’s
SHREE DHANVANTARY COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA
ENGINEERING, KIM - 394110
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Experiment - 7
Subject: D.C. Circuit Semester: 2nd

Subject Code: 3320903 Name of Faculty: Vaishal M. Goswami

Aim: Measure voltage drop in a closed loop of the given electrical circuit using Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Apparatus :

Sr. No. Equipment Description Quantity

1. D.C. Supply 0-20 V 1 No.
1 kΩ,
2. Resistance 3 No.
3.3kΩ,2.7kΩ
3. voltmeter 0-5 V 3 No.

Theory :

The algebraic sum of the product of the current and resistance in each of the conductor in any
closed path in a network plus the algebraic sum of the emfs in that path is zero.

I.e. Σ IR + Σ emf = 0

From +ve terminal to –ve terminal ==> -ve sign

From -ve terminal to +ve terminal ==> +ve sign

Circuit Diagram:

Elecrtical Engineering 22 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Check your connections before switch on the supply.
3. Vary the regulated supply.
4. Measure the voltage using voltmeter.
5. Note the readings in the tabulation.
6. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.

Observation Table :

Sr. Supply Voltage Current IR = IR 1+IR2+… Σ emf + IR = 0

No. V or E I
volt amp
1
2
3
4
5

Result : by performing this practical we get to know the kirchofs voltage law

Conclusion : by performing this practical we can say that the algebraic sum of product of voltage and
current or (voltage drop) in each branch will be equal to the emfs of the circuit

Elecrtical Engineering 23 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

 Shree Sahkar Education Trust’s
SHREE DHANVANTARY COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA
ENGINEERING, KIM - 394110
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Experiment - 8
Subject: D.C. Circuit Semester: 2nd

Subject Code: 3320903 Name of Faculty: Vaishal M. Goswami

Aim: Measure current in a particular branch of the given electrical circuit having two input sources
using Superposition theorem

Apparatus:
Sr. No. Equipment Description Quantity
1. D.C. Supply 0-20 V 1 No.
2. D.C. Supply 0-20 V 1 No.
1 kΩ,
2. Resistance 3 No.
3.3kΩ,4.7kΩ
3. Ammeter 0-10 mA 2 No.

Theory:
“In a network of linear resistance containing more than one source of emf, the current which flows at
any point is the sum of all the currents which would flow at that point if each emf were considered
separately and all the other emf replaced for the time being by resistances equal to their internal
resistance.”
This theorem is applicable only to linear networks where current is linearly related to voltage as per
ohm’s law

Elecrtical Engineering 24 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

Circuit Diagram:

To find I when 12V source is acting alone :

TO find I When 10V source is acting alone :

Elecrtical Engineering 25 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

To find I when two sources are acting :

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Check your connections before switch on the supply.
3. Determine the current through the load resistance.
4. Now one of the sources is shorted and the current flowing through the resistance IL measured
by ammeter.
5. Similarly, the other source is shorted and the current flowing through the resistance IL
measured by ammeter.
6. Compare the value obtained with the sum of I1&I2 should equal to I
7. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.
8. switch off the supply
9. Disconnect the circuit.

Observation table :

Voltage I1 I2 I
V1 V2 Theory Practical Theory Practical Theory Practical

Elecrtical Engineering 26 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

Result : by performing this practical we can verify the superposition theorem

Conclusion : by performing the practical we can conclude the that the total current I will be the sum of
I1 and I2 and also we can verify the theorem

Elecrtical Engineering 27 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

 Shree Sahkar Education Trust’s
SHREE DHANVANTARY COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA
ENGINEERING, KIM - 394110
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Experiment - 9
Subject: D.C. Circuit Semester: 2nd

Subject Code: 3320903 Name of Faculty: Vaishal M. Goswami

Aim: Verify Thevinin’s theorem for a given circuit

Apparatus :
Sr. No. Equipment Description Quantity
1. D.C. Supply 0-20 V 1 No.
2. Voltmeter 0-20 V 1 No.
1 kΩ, 2.2
2. Resistance kΩ 4 No.
3.3kΩ,4.7kΩ
3. Ammeter 0-10 mA 2 No.

Theory :

Any linear active network with output terminals can be replaced by a single voltage source Vth in
series with a single impedance Zth. Vth is the Thevenin`s voltage. It is the voltage between the terminals
on open circuit condition, Hence it is called open circuit voltage denoted by Voc. Zth is called
Thevennin`s impedance. It is the driving point impedance at the terminals when all internal sources are
set to zero too. If a load impedance ZL is connected across output terminals, we can find the current
through it IL = Vth/(Zth + ZL).

Elecrtical Engineering 28 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

Circuit Diagram :

To find Rth :

To find Ith :

Elecrtical Engineering 29 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

To find Il :

Equivalent circuite :

Observation Table :

Vth Rth Ith

Elecrtical Engineering 30 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

Result : by studying this practical we can verify the thevinin,s theorem

Conclusion : by performing this practical we can conclude that using this theorem we can interpret big
circuits in easy equivalent circuits. The Rth , Vth Ith wil be :
Theoretical:
Vth =
Rth =
IL =

Elecrtical Engineering 31 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

 Shree Sahkar Education Trust’s
SHREE DHANVANTARY COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA
ENGINEERING, KIM - 394110
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Experiment - 10
Subject: D.C. Circuit Semester: 2nd

Subject Code: 3320903 Name of Faculty: Vaishal M. Goswami

Aim : To study the conversion of DELTA orientation to STAR orientation and STAR orientation to
DELTA orientation
Apparatus : https://www.electrical4u.com/delta-star-transformation-star-delta-transformation/

Theory :

 DELTA to STAR conversion

The replacement of delta or mesh by equivalent star connection is known as delta – star
transformation. The two connections are equivalent or identical to each other if the impedance is
measured between any pair of lines. That means, the value of impedance will be the same if it is measured
between any pair of lines irrespective of whether the delta is connected between the lines or its equivalent
star is connected between that lines. Consider a delta system that’s three corner points are A, B and C as
shown in the figure. Electrical resistance of the branch between points A and B, B and C and C and A are
R1, R2 and R3 respectively.

Elecrtical Engineering 32 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

The resistance between the points A and B will be,

Now, one star system is connected to these points A, B, and C as shown in the figure. Three arms RA, RB
and RC of the star system are connected with A, B and C respectively. Now if we measure the resistance
value between points A and B, we will get,

Since the two systems are identical, resistance measured between terminals A and B in both systems must
be equal.

Similarly, resistance between points B and C being equal in the two systems,

Adding equations (I), (II) and (III) we get,

Subtracting equations (I), (II) and (III) from equation (IV) we get,

Elecrtical Engineering 33 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

  STAR to DELTA conversion :

For star – delta transformation we just multiply equations (v), (VI) and (VI), (VII) and (VII),

Now dividing equation (VIII) by equations (V), (VI) and equations (VII) separately we get,

Result : by studying this practical we are able to convert delta connected circuit in star connected circuit
and vice versa.

Conclusion : by studying this practical we can conclude that The equivalent star resistance connected to a
given terminal, is equal to the product of the two delta resistances connected to the same terminal divided
by the sum of the delta connected resistances. And same for star to delta.

Elecrtical Engineering 34 D.C.Circuit (3320903)

Elecrtical Engineering 35 D.C.Circuit (3320903)