Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
O O
C R1 and OILS
C OFATS Me O C R C OH
BIODIESEL
1
O catalyst O +
+ KOH
C O C R2 + 3MeOH Me O C R2 + C OH
ALCOHOL GLYCEROL
O O
C O C R3 Me O C R3 C OH
Triglyceride Methanol Methyl Ester Glycerol
(fats and oils) (alcohol) (Biodiesel)
Biodiesel Production
Simple to make
SOAP?
Petroleum Price 2X
Used oils = Low Quality Oils
Used oils have been exposed to
degrading conditions
Contaminants
Water
Heat Cycling
Such conditions result in low
quality oils
Contamination
Increased water content
Increased free fatty acid
content
Used vs. Virgin Oil
Used oil advantages Used oil disadvantages
Technology exists to Capital costs can be
convert low quality oils to around 2X cost of virgin oil
some extent. systems
Feedstock is less Feedstock requires
expensive than refined, expensive clean-up and
virgin oils. pre-treatment.
Feedstock can be 70-85% of Can be >2X cost of normal
production cost. conversion
Can collect small amounts Competition from local
locally at low cost. renderers.
Viable Systems
Municipal Production
Municipal oil collection combined with on-site production
of biodiesel from used oil
Reduces incidence of sanitary sewer overflows (SSO)
Example: Hoover, AL
300
Billion Gallons per Year
250
200
150
100
63.85
50
5.14 0.29
0
Petroleum Diesel Possible Soybean Possible Peanut
Consumption Consumption Oil Production Oil Production
Data from: USDA (http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/reports/nassr/field/pcp-bban/cropan05.txt)
DOE - Energy Information Administration (http://www.eia.doe.gov)
Other Possible Feedstocks
Tropical: Southeast:
• Palm • Poultry Fat
• Jatropha • Peanuts
Emerging: • Oilseed Radish
• Sunflower Unique:
• Mustard • Cupeha
• Camelina • Castor
Algae - Potential
• High oil yield potential
• Over 50% oil by mass
• Predicted oil yields of
5000-20000 gal/acre
• Soy only 50-100
gal/acre
• Photosynthetic: Only
needs light and CO2
for oil production
Algae – Obstacles: Growth
• Must stress algae for
max oil output
• Limitations in
space/light/doubling
time
• 1000s of species:
Optimum oil producers
are not always optimal
for growth
Algae – Obstacles: Extraction
• Unique Cell Wall –
must be disrupted
• Immersion in water,
complicates oil
extraction
• Traditional extraction
methods do not work
Algae – Obstacles: Conversion
• Secondary
metabolites from
stressed growth inhibit
transesterification
• Oil soluble proteins
precipitate with
addition of MeOH
Oilseed Radish
(Raphinus sativus)
9Economic Enhancement
Possibility to get two
crops/year in GA plus
primary cash crop
Secondary income
source; not primary cash
crop
Oilseed Radish:
State of Research
– Seed has been obtained
and crushed using
inexpensive extruder
– Cold crush yielded 30% oil
without solvent
– Oil fuel properties analyzed
– Oil converted to Biodiesel
– Meal evaluated as animal
feed
Oilseed Radish:
Economics
– Currently growing oilseed
radish in Dawson, GA.
– Current stands thriving with
only fertilizer+seed+labor
inputs
– Added economic benefits:
nematode control, erosion
control, nitrogen scavenging
– Non-edible oil (high erucic
acid) may keep oil out of
commodity markets
Poultry Fat
– Southeast is large producer
of poultry
– Historically, value of poultry
fat is quite low ~$.12/lb
– 2003: UGA researchers
examine fuel properties of
poultry fat
– Poultry fat developed as
boiler fuel at UGA
– US Biofuels in Rome, GA
successfully utilizes poultry
fat as Biodiesel feedstock
Poultry Fat -
Sustainability
9By-product
• reduced cost
• land use = N/A
• Low quality oils ≠ Food
9Energy Balance = ?
9Carbon Balance = ?
Poultry Fat - Research
– Development of simple
screening methods for the
identification of potential fuel
feedstock streams
– Development of advanced
mechanical methods for the
recovery of fats from waste
streams
– Use of recovered waste
streams as boiler fuel and
Biodiesel feedstocks
Poultry Fat - Research
– Development of multi-phase
processing techniques to
treat high FFA materials (in
conjunction with GA Tech)
– Development of solid state
acidic and basic catalyst
systems to develop semi-
continuous conversion
system
Expansion to Food
Processing Industry
– Methods developed for
poultry industry can be
applied to any producer of
waste fats and greases
– Current screening of multiple
food processing facility
waste streams in Georgia
– Development of the Georgia
Biofuel feedstock database
Expansion to Food
Processing Industry
– Food processing streams
reveal relatively high quality
oil streams going to by-
products (pet food, etc.)
– Capture of waste streams
proving to be relatively easy
as in house aggregation is
common
Glycerine – Potential Uses
• Animal Feed
• Boiler Fuel
• Feedstock for
chemical
Production
- Propylene Glycol
Daniel Geller
dgeller@engr.uga.edu
http://www.engr.uga.edu/service/outreach