Socials Ch.

10 Test Review

Summary:

 The thirteen American colonies, along the Atlantic coast, were the most important part of
British North America
 The whole of northern Canada was controlled by the British HBC, but American colonies (New
York, Massachusetts, Maryland, and others) had large populations and growing economies
 Americans were important customers for products made by the British
 New Englanders—the settlers of the Thirteen Colonies—saw themselves as English; they were
very patriotic to Britain and was a great source of pride
 Thirteen years after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, in 1763, the American colonies declared
independence from Britain during a revolution that would create the US

After the Fall of Quebec

 Fortress and city of Quebec surrendered to the British in 1759

 Peace was not immediate—skirmishes erupted in and around the battered city
 In 1760, the British fought a major battle at Ste Foy
 Montreal was held by the French governor Marquis de Vaudreuil until Sept. 8
 Realizing that no help could come up the St. Lawrence, Vaudreuil surrendered Canada to the
British
 Canada’s surrender and the Treaty of Paris in 1763 ended the wars between Britain and France
for control of North America
 The treaty stated that France gave up all rights and colonies in North America to Britain except
for Louisiana and the city of New Orleans, which she gave to Spain, and the islands pf St. Pierre
and Miquelon, which France retained.
 In exchange, she received Martinique, Guadaloupe, and some other sugar islands in the
Caribbean
 Intendant Francois Bigot and vaudreuil went into exile in France and were briefly prisoned in the
Bastille

Quebec Accepts British Rule

 People of newly conquered territories of New France did not have a say in the gov’t
 They were “enemies” to the British
 French colonists didn’t expect to be given many rights...no democracy
 Quebec came under military rule
 British hoped that French Canadians would forget their language and traditions and become
English, but this did not happen
 The first British governor, Guy Carleton, realized the French would never give up their culture; in
fact, he liked the relationship of priests and seigneurs
 British treated Canadiens well, paying for supplies
 Governors admired the way the Canadiens conducted themselves, not like the unruly Anglo-
Americans or English traders and merchants who had followed the victorious army into Quebec
  After the fall of New France, the important French fur merchants departed for France or went
south to Louisiana
 Their place was taken by Scottish and American traders (Montrealer)
 These Montrealer were independent from the British governors; they took over the fur trading
routes to the west and expanded them

Native Peoples’ Resistance

 To the west, ancient trading methods that included the French existed, but the Natives were not
happy with the results of the Seven Years’ War
 French traders still operating urged their friends to resist the British, who wanted to take over
trade
 British and Anglo-Americans were threats to their way of life
 Native Chiefs protested to British authorities, but they did little to help. Why?
 Scottish traders were supported by Scottish members of the British parliament
 Large British factories sold goods through the traders and did not want this trade to stop
 Land speculators—one who buys and sells land with the expectation of profit—including
important Anglo-Americans such as George Washington and Benjamin Franklin, had lots of
support for activities in Britain
 The Ottawa Chief, Pontiac, tried to unite the tribes to fight the British
 Was a great leader, but could not win the military support of the French
 Powerful British forces defeated Pontiac and his warriors

Royal Proclamation Angers the Americans

 Pontiac’s resistance forced the British to rethink their policy in America

 In 1763, king issued a Royal Proclamation…had the force of law
 Cut off land speculation to the west of the Appalachian Mountains
 This meant that settlers from the Thirteen Colonies could not move into the Ohio Valley and
other desirable areas and that the Native peoples would be satisfied because settlers and
traders would not be able to enter their territory without permission
 British gov’t more interested in what was good for Britain than in helping the Anglo-Americans
and that the British did not regard them as true equals
 Royal Proclamation was an important event that indirectly led to the American Revolution—the
creation of the US

The Quebec Act

 British gov’t did not want to keep Quebec under military rule forever
 In 1774, it passed the Quebec Act, making the conquered territory into a new British colony
 Good for Canada and the French, but cause problems with the Americans
 The Quebec Act recognized the importance of the Catholic Church, kept French law for business
and personal law matters, and introduced English criminal law
 Also made Quebec larger by setting its boundaries farther to the north and west
 Unknown to French Canada, the Quebec Act contained secret instructions to the governor—to
introduce English Civil law and suppress the Catholic church
  When the bishop of Quebec found out, the governor promised that he would follow the original
plans
 On the surface, the QA seemed to respect the rights of Canadiens, but it also retained the old
feudal rights of the church and seigneurs
 Many were disappointed as they expected to get an elected assembly
 The QA was designed to keep the Canadiens loyal to Britain
 In the Thirteen Colonies to the south, the bond between American colonists and Britain was at
the breaking point
 QA made things worse; Americans wanted to expand into the Ohio Valley, but were now
absolutely prohibited from doing so. It also did not have an elected assembly—act was
intolerable and lead straight to the American Revolution

The American Revolution

 The British thought American colonists were trouble; they stirred up trouble with both the
French and the Native peoples
 Military actions cost money, and victories in battle were being subsidized by Britain’s taxpayers
 Seemed right that Americans should pay a part of the bill
 When Britain tried to tax Americans, they resisted; not only were they cut from the Ohio Valley
by the Royal Proclamation and the QA, they were being taxed like second-class citizens
 Leaders of the Americans found it difficult to oppose the British
 Each colony was separate and had its own legislature
 People had no real sense of themselves as “Americans”; they identified with the colony they
lived
 Many had close links with Britain and even owned property in the country
 Strong business ties between Britain and North America; Britain used raw materials from
North America in its factories, and sent back manufactured goods
 They had to present a united front to Britain
 At the Continental Congress of 1774, they decided to work together to create a new nation

The Stamp Act

 Stamp Act of 1765 made Americans pay a small tax on many goods and most gov’t services
 The tax was in form of a stamp that they had to stick on goods
 The money from The Stamp Act was supposed to pay the costs of defending the American
colonies
 Refused “taxation without representation”; they had no representatives in the British
parliament and were being taxed without consent—enraged!
 The Stamp Act came two years after the Seven Years’ War when Britain was in great debt
 Newspapers carried protests, and officers sent out to enforce the tax were attacked and
sometimes tarred and feathered; mobs destroyed the houses of gov’t officials
 Protests alarmed British parliament—many politicians and English people sided with the
Americans and a few forced people to use the stamps
 The act was a disaster and was repealed in 1766
 However, they brought in new taxes on tea and other goods imported by colonists
  Americans protested, and taxes were abolished except for the tax on tea
 This hurt merchants and their profits, and Americans were being asked to put soldiers up in their
houses
 In 1770, British soldiers misunderstood and fired their muskets into a mob of Boston protesters
 The “Boston Massacre” hurt the British cause
 In 1773, about fifty Sons of Liberty, dressed as Mohawks, threw tea into the harbour to protest
the new Tea Act
 The Boston Tea Party was an important act, because it was well-organized, supervised by
leaders, and was not the action of a wild mob
 When the QA was passed in 1774, colonies sent delegates to the First Continental Congress
 The Congress took first steps toward full independence from Britain
 Leaders demanded a boycott of all goods from England, cutting economic ties
 British General Gage readied British troops and rebellious colonists began to train

The Revolution Begins

 The opening shots of the American Revolution were fired on Lexington Green, Massachusetts
 As the British and Americans faced each other, Americans were asked to leaved and Britain
ordered soldiers to hold fire
 A shot was accidentally fired from the British line and Americans started firing
 Only a few Americans were killed, but the British force was attacked by militia from the
countryside on the way back to Boston and suffered great loss
 War of American Revolution began

The Revolutionary War

 In England, many believed the grievances of the Americans were just; they compared to their
own English Revolution
 They felt they had the most rights in the world
 As for the Americans, they knew they needed an army to fight the British
 With the help of colonial leaders such as George Washington, the revolutionaries put together a
sizable force
 In first major battle near Bunker Hill in Boston, the rebel army held its own against the British
 George Washington was made commander of the Continental Army
 Gov’t of the United colonies challenged the military might of one of the world’s greatest powers
 In the winter of 1775, Americans led by Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold failed to seize
Quebec
 Failure helped convince Canadians to remain loyal to Britain

The Declaration of Independence

 American Revolution lacked overall plan; many leaders didn’t want to break ties with England
 While fighting, colonial delegates of the Continental Congress continued to meet
 They decided to draft a statement that would declare their independence from Britain
 The American Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 is the
important statement of principles of democracy and freedom
The Revolution Succeeds

 The Declaration of Independence did not end war

 War continued for another seven years after King George enlarged Army
 When French joined the Americans, Britain was in great trouble
 Sir Guy Carleton surrendered the ports of Savannah and Charleston before abandoning New
York, the last stronghold in 1783; revolutionary war has ended
 Created the new US

The American Revolution and British North America

 Why did Americans invade Canada during the revolution?

 Canada was a British Colony and it was a threat to the American cause
 Launched attack on Quebec as one of their first moves
 Hoped that the population would join with the other colonists
 However, this did not occur
 Unlikely for two cultures which had been at war in the past to trust each other completely
 Unlikely that the English-speaking Protestant Americans would agree to protect French
language and culture the way the Quebec Act did

The Loyalists

 Not all Americans supported the revolution

 About 1 in 5 Americans were in favor of the British rule
 Many were new immigrants to the colonies from other countries
 These loyalists or “Tories” were persecuted by patriots
 Patriots were supporters of the American Revolution

Arrival in Canada

 Some loyalists fought against patriots

 In the south, there was a bloody civil war between loyalists and patriots
 Many loyalists felt forced to leave Britain when the revolution ended
 Many went to Canada and resulted in a formation of a new colony, New Brunswick
 Arrival of many English-speaking people made Canadiens uncomfortable
 Loyalists also resented the French
 Demanded new gov’t and Quebec was split into two colonies: Lower Canada to the east, and
Upper Canada to the west

Joseph Brant and the Mohawks

 Native people had to choose sides when the American revolution began
 The Mohawk nation had strong ties to the British
 In good relations with Sir William Johnson and judged that their best interests were served by
siding with the Loyalists
 One Mohawk leader, Joseph Brant, the brother of Molly Brant, Sir William’s companion and
friend, ad had other close links with the Johnson family
  Brant was an exceptional diplomat
 Made several trips to England as an ambassador for the Six Nations
 One reason for Brant’s visit to England was to find lands on which Loyalist Mohawks could settle
 Brant was angry with British treatment of the Iroquois
 Believed that the British, along with the Americans, had obstructed relations between Iroquois
and western aboriginal peoples
 In time, the British gov’t gave the Mohawks land along the Grand River in southern Ontario

The Constitutional Act

 When the United Empire Loyalists demanded that they be governed separately from the
Canadiens, British Governor Carleton agreed
 The Constitutional Act, passed in 1791, divided Quebec into two new colonies: Lower Canada,
the heart of old New France, and Upper Canada, the new colony with its eastern boundary at
the Ottawa River
 Lower Canada kept French Culture, the Catholic religion, and French civil law (later Quebec)
 Upper Canada was English-speaking and Protestant, with British laws and institutions (later
Ontario)
 Act gave both colonies their own gov’t, each with an elected assembly, a governor, and two
councils