RFID Micro Strip

MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR RFID APPLICATIONS
Raied A. R. Ibrahim1, Mustapha C.E. Yagoub2, Riadh W. Y. Habash3

1
Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 2, 3 School of Information Technology and
Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario. Canada.
ribrahim@doe.carleton.ca
ABSTRACT microstrip patch antenna to be easily integrated into

the skins of various objects [3].
The microstrip patch antenna is a popular printed Integrating microstrip patch antenna with RFID
resonant antenna for narrow-band microwave wireless technology achieves significant performance and cost
link applications such as radio frequency identification advantage due to its light weight, low fabrication cost,
(RFID) systems that require semi-hemispherical and the ability to fabricate feed lines and matching
coverage. In this paper, a 865 MHz microstrip patch networks simultaneously with the antenna structure.
antenna fed by a microstrip line designed on a One of the major disadvantages of patch antenna is its
substrate is considerably studied and thoroughly narrow bandwidth, however, RFID applications do not
analyzed. The antenna has been designed using the 3D need much bandwidth, and it turns out to be an
High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). The advantage, because the antenna rejects the signals that
initial design provides a gain of 4.2 dBi, while the are out of the band and accordingly the quality factor
final optimized design achieved a total antenna gain of increases [4].
5.6 dBi and a return loss or reflection coefficient (S11)
of -35dB at 865 MHz for 116 mm patch length. 2. THEORY AND DESIGN
Modeling and optimization of the presented microstrip
patch antenna has produced results that are suitable for
A strip line to feed the patch antenna from its radiating
RFID applications.
edge with the highest gain achievable and minimum
antenna return loss has been employed. The first part
1. INTRODUCTION of the design is to estimate the length (L) and width
(w) of the antenna. The length and width of the patch
Wireless technology advancements have given birth to
antenna were calculated using equations (1-4) [5].
radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, which
have generated significant interest and hype among
scientists, researchers and industry. RFID technology c 2
w= (1)
enables identification, location and information 2 fo εr +1
exchange of distant objects via radio waves [1]. It has
been commercialized in areas of logistics,
manufacturing, transportation, health care, and mobile where fo = 865 MHz and εr = 2.2. The calculated w =
communications [2]. Basically RFID system is a tag or 137.080 mm. The effective dielectric constant (εeff) is
transponder and a transceiver or reader. The tag calculated based on Rogers Duriod substrate height (h
consists of an antenna combined with an application- = 0.76 mm)
specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip. In order to
activate and detect a tag, a base station (reader) εr +1 εr −1 h
ε eff = + (1 + 12 ) (2)
transmits a modulated signal with periods of 2 2 w
unmodulated carrier.
The microstrip patch antenna is one of the most The effective patch length (ΔL) is calculated using
exciting and fascinating development in antenna and
electromagnetic (EM) history [2]. It falls into the
category of printed antennas such as dipoles, slots, and (3)
⎞⎤ ⎡ ε eff − 0.258 ⎤
tapered slots. This is due to their distinguished ΔL ⎡
( )
⎛w
= 0.412⎢ ε eff + 0.3 ⎜ + 0.264 ⎟⎥ / ⎢ ⎥
features including ease of integration, good radiation h ⎣ ⎝h ⎠⎦ ⎣ w / h + 0.8 ⎦
control and low cost of production. This antenna is a
resonant style radiator so one of its dimensions must and the actual initial patch length is
be λ/2 where λ is a guided wavelength taking into
accounts the surrounding environment of the printed c
antenna. The resonant dimension depends on the shape L= (4)
of the patch conductor. It is obvious that the substrate 2 f r ε eff − 2ΔL
properties such as dielectric constant εr and its height
play vital role in the antenna performance. The main The microstrip patch antenna that has been chosen is
advantage of patch antenna is its size which is in the shape of square for equal length and width
relatively small compared to other radiators. The distances. Furthermore, the feed line should be located
minimal thickness of the material or profile allows somewhere between the values of starting point and
978-1-4244-3508-1/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE 940

ending point of the patch length. The feed line is
positioned at the midpoint of the patch and has a width
of 2.3 mm after optimization. The design of the patch
antenna was conducted using Ansoft HFSS. The
antenna has three layers or three blocks: first for the
radiating plate, second for the microstrip line, and
third for the substrate. The patch length and width are
equal (116 mm each). The second element copper
conductor forms the microstrip feed line with a length
of 83.3 mm and width of 2.3 mm (Figure 1). The feed
falls into the category of direct contact excitations
with the bottom layer of copper conductor as shown in
Figure 2. The ground plane is specified by an
electrically conducting boundary condition. An airbox
has to be specified as defined in to model open space Figure 3 Square microstrip patch antenna with
[6] so that the radiation from the structure is absorbed radiation air box.
and not reflected back. The airbox should be a quarter-
wavelength long of the wavelength of interest in the 3. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
direction of the radiated field. Since the radiation of a
patch antenna is concentrated at broadside, a The behavior of the antenna was simulated using
rectangular box enclosing the structure is only needed; Ansoft HFSS. As expected, the dimensions obtained
the height of the airbox is 150 mm (quarter-wave at from the design did not show the required resonant
865 MHz). The antenna with airbox and waveport frequency. As a result, it is important to vary the
setup is shown in Figure 3. antenna dimensions to meet the design specifications.
Also it is essential to sweep the frequency from 830
MHz to 960 MHz. It was concluded that changing the
length and the width of the antenna affect both
frequency and return loss. Figure 4 shows the return
antenna loss (RL) S11 of RFID antenna at 931 MHz
and Figure 5 shows the antenna gain.
Ansoft Corporation XY Plot 3 HFSSDesign3
0.00 m2
Figure 1 Wave port integration line.

Curve Info
d B (S (W a v e P o rt1 ,W a v e P o r t1 ))
dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
-5.00 Setup1 : Sw eep1
-10.00
Name X Y
m1 931.0000 -14.6631
m2 837.0000 -0.0597
m1
-15.00
820.00 840.00 860.00 880.00 900.00 920.00 940.00 960.00 980.00 1000.00
Freq [MHz]
Figure 4 HFSS simulated return loss (RL) S11 of

RFID antenna at 931 MHz.
It has been noticed that running simulations of

Figure 2 Wave port excitation and field distribution. the patch size of 116 mm will give a promising result
of S11 = -35.67 dB and a total gain of 5.6 dBi as
Figure 3 shows the complete design of the shown in Figure 6. Table 1 shows the relationship
microstrip patch antenna with a microstrip feed line between the frequency, S11, and antenna length. In the
including its design values of patch size of 116 mm, case that the antenna length increases the frequency
substrate size of 400 mm × 300 mm , its height of 0.76 decreases and S11 increases which concludes that the
mm, feed width of 2.3 mm and air size of 400 mm × antennas has a better reflection coefficient and power
300 mm and an offset distance (s) of 41.3 mm. reaches the load with minimal losses.
941
Ansoft Corporation XY Plot 4 HFSSDesign3
antenna showed promising results. The antenna
5.00 m1
resonated at 931 MHz with a return loss of -14.66 dB.
Curve Info
Name X Y
dB(GainTotal)
m1 0.0000 4.2084
-0.00 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
The necessary steps were carried out by sweeping and
iterations of the patch antenna size from 107 mm to
-5.00 120 mm and the following results were obtained: RL
S11 = -35.66 dB with resonant frequency = 965 MHz.
d B ( G a i n T o ta l )
-10.00
The following observations were concluded and

-15.00 summarized in table 2
• In the case that the antenna length increases the
-20.00 frequency decreases and the S11 increases
which outlines that the antennas has a better
-25.00
-200.00 -150.00 -100.00 -50.00 0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 reflection coefficient and the power reaches the
Theta [deg]
Figure 5 Patch antenna gain of 4.2 dBi. load with minimal losses.
• When antenna width increases the frequency
Ansoft Corporation
0.00
XY Plot 9
Curve Info
HFSSDesign5
decreases and the S11 increases which outlines
Setup1 : Sw eep1
$h='0.76mm' $patch_size='110mm' $sub_size='400mm' dx='100mm'
that the antennas has a better reflection
coefficient and the power reaches the load with
-5.00
Setup1 : Sw eep1
minimal losses.
Setup1 : Sw eep1
-10.00
•
Setup1 : Sw eep1
When antenna length decreases the frequency
increases and the S11 decreases which affects

Setup1 : Sw eep1
-15.00 $h='0.76mm' $patch_size='114mm' $sub_size='400mm' dx='100mm'
the antennas reflection coefficient and the

Setup1 : Sw eep1
-20.00 Setup1 : Sw eep1
Setup1 : Sw eep1
power reaches the load.
• When antenna width decreases the frequency
-25.00 dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
increases and the S11 decreases which affects

Setup1 : Sw eep1
the antennas reflection coefficient and the

-30.00
-35.00
820.00 840.00 860.00 880.00 900.00 920.00 940.00 960.00 980.00 1000.00
power reaches the load.
Freq [MHz]
Table 2 Resonant Frequency and S11 as a Function of

Figure 6 Sweep HFSS simulated Patch Antenna S11
Antenna Dimensions
of -35.67 dB.
Antenna Antenna Resonant Return
Table 1 Relationship between the Frequency, S11, Width Length Frequency Loss
and Antenna Length (w) (L) (MHz) (S11)
Frequency Reflection Coefficient Patch Increase Increase Decrease Increase
(MHz) (S11) - dB Size (mm) Decrease Decrease Increase Decrease
824 31 118
845 24.5 117 4. ANTENNA MATCHING
855 34 116 After adjusting the resonant frequency, matching
875 25 114 the antenna was performed with optimizing the
884 23 113 feeding line. This was done by varying the
920 22 112 antenna indentations from 45.36mm to 48.5mm
892 18 111 to obtain the least return loss -10.10dB (see table
912 17 110 3) as shown in Figure 7
918 16 109
924 15 108
930 14 107
As the substrate thickness increases, the feed
inductance becomes larger so the offset from short
circuit point is bigger as shown in Table 2.
After adjusting the resonant frequency, matching
the antenna was performed by optimizing the feeding
line. This was done by varying the antenna
indentations from 45.36 mm to 48.5 mm to obtain the
least return loss of -10.10 dB (see Table 3). These
steps are necessary to obtain the desired frequency and
return loss regardless of the antenna dimension. After Figure 7 Sweep HFSS simulated final optimized
multiple simulations on Ansoft HFSS, the patch microstrip patch antenna S11 of -35.66 dB.
942
Ansoft
NameCorporation
Freq Ang Mag RX Smith Plot 2 HFSSDesign6
m1 0.8650 10.5150 0.0173 1.0345 + 0.0065i
100 90 80 Curve Inf o
m2 0.8630 -125.3322 0.3866 0.5327 - 0.3951i 1.00
110 70 S(WavePort1,WavePort1)
m3 0.8660 15.5074 0.2284 1.5487 + 0.1995i Setup1 : Sw eep1
120 60
m4 0.8670 4.6606 0.4123 2.3842 + 0.1924i
130 0.50 2.00 50
Table 3: S11 versus indentations 150

140 40
30
(1)
Increase indentation S11= -14.849 160 0.20 5.00 20
to 41.5 dB 170
m3
m4
10
(2) Increase indentation S11= -32

0.20 0.50 1.00
m1 2.00 5.00
180 0
-0.00
0.00
to 47.5 .754dB
-170 -10
m2
-160 -0.20 -5.00 -20
(3) Increase indentation S11= -35 -150 -30
to 48.5 .667dB
-140 -40
-130 -0.50 -2.00 -50
These steps helped to get the desired

-120 -60
-110 -1.00 -70
-100 -90 -80
frequency and return loss regardless of the Figure 10 Final optimized microstrip patch antenna
antenna dimension. After multiple simulations using the Smith chart.
on Ansoft HFSS, the patch antenna showed The final results for the square simulated
microstrip patch antenna design dimensions can be
promising results. The antenna resonates at
found in Table 4.
931MHz with a return loss of -14.66 dB (see Table 4 Final Square Patch Antenna Dimension
figure 4 below). Antenna Dimensions Results
Ansoft
NameCorporation
Theta Ang Mag Radiation Pattern 2 HFSSDesign6 L = 116 mm f = 865 MHz
L = 116 mm Return loss = -35.66 dB
m1 0.0000 0.0000 5.6045
0 Curve Info
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
-30 m1 30
3.00
Phi='0deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Feed length = 83.3 mm Gain = 5.6 dB
Phi='10deg'
-4.00 dB(GainTotal)
-60 60 Phi='20deg'
dB(GainTotal)
4. CONCLUSION
-11.00 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Phi='30deg'
dB(GainTotal)
-18.00 Phi='40deg'
-90 90
dB(GainTotal)
Phi='50deg'
An 865 MHz RFID microstrip patch antenna was
dB(GainTotal)
Phi='60deg'
modeled and simulated using the 3D HFSS simulation
dB(GainTotal)
Phi='70deg'
environment. The patch antenna gain was optimized to
dB(GainTotal)
Phi='80deg'
be 5.6 dB and the return loss (RL) S11 equals -35.67
dB. The final dimension of the patch antenna was
-120 120 dB(GainTotal)
optimized to be 116 mm × 166 mm. The optimized

-150 150
feed length is 83.3 mm on Rogers Duriod substrate.
The fundamental resonance of the antenna occurs at
-180
Figure 8 Final optimized microstrip patch antenna

gain of 5.6 dBi. 865 MHz with a return loss of -35.66 dB. The
proposed design has simple structure, and it can be
Numerous iterations were performed on the constructed with a low cost. Also, the results prove
antenna gain and it was observed that the higher gain that 865 MHz microstrip patch antenna is an attractive
was 5.6 dBi (Figure 8). Figure 9 shows the far field solution for RFID applications in the UHF band.
radiation pattern of the simulated patch antenna.
5. REFERENCES
[1] M. D. Shamim Shahriar Hossain, and Nemai
Karmakar, An Overview on RFID Frequency
Regulations and Antennas. 4th International
Conference on Electrical and Computer
Engineering, ICECE 2006, 19-21 December
2006, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
[2] H. Stockman, "Communication by means of
reflected power", Proceedings of the IRE, pp.
1196-1204, October 1948.
[3] IBM, "IBM WebSphere RFID Handbook: A
Solution Guide", (Online), Available:
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg247
147.html. [Accessed: May 24, 2006].
Figure 9 Far field radiation pattern over an infinite [4] Budak Erhan, Catay Bulent, Tekin Ibrahim;
sphere with the patch gain antenna of 5.7dBi. “Microstrip Patch Antenna for RFID
To improve S11 an offset distance to the feed line Applications”, RFID Eurasia, 2007 1st
was added so that the maximum S11 or antenna return Annual5-6 Sept. 2007 Page(s):1–3, IEEE CNF
loss can be achieved. Several frequencies were 2007.
simulated around the center of smith chart and it [5] R. B.Waterhouse, Microstrip Patch Antennas
shows that the resonant frequency of the marker m2 A Designer’s Guide, Kluwer Academic
on the smith chart has better S11 or RL as shown in Publishers, 2003.
Figure 10. [6] C. A. Balanis, Antenna theory: analysis and
design, John Wiley and Sons, New York,
1996.
943

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MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR RFID APPLICATIONS

Raied A. R. Ibrahim1, Mustapha C.E. Yagoub2, Riadh W. Y. Habash3

ABSTRACT microstrip patch antenna to be easily integrated into

978-1-4244-3508-1/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE 940

Figure 1 Wave port integration line.

Figure 4 HFSS simulated return loss (RL) S11 of

It has been noticed that running simulations of

The following observations were concluded and

increases and the S11 decreases which affects

the antennas reflection coefficient and the

increases and the S11 decreases which affects

the antennas reflection coefficient and the

Table 2 Resonant Frequency and S11 as a Function of

Table 3: S11 versus indentations 150

(2) Increase indentation S11= -32

(3) Increase indentation S11= -35 -150 -30

-130 -0.50 -2.00 -50

These steps helped to get the desired

optimized to be 116 mm × 166 mm. The optimized

Figure 8 Final optimized microstrip patch antenna

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