Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v.

47: 08, e20160921,

Ecogeography 2017
of Lippia rotundifolia Cham. in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20160921
1
ISSNe 1678-4596
BIOLOGY

Ecogeography of Lippia rotundifolia Cham. in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Messulan Rodrigues Meira1* Ernane Ronie Martins2 Luciane Vilela Resende1

1
Programa de Pós-graduação em plantas medicinais, aromáticas e condimentares, Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de La-
vras (UFLA), 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brasil. E-mail: messulan.meira@gmail.com. *Corresponding author.
2
Programa de Pós-graduação em produção de plantas, Laboratório de Plantas Medicinais, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias (ICA), Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, MG, Brasil.

ABSTRACT: Lippia rotundifolia is a specie native to the Brazilian Cerrado, endemic to the Cadeia do Espinhaço mountain range. Due to the
limited information about the species, the present study aimed to characterize the ecogeography, climate conditions and physical and chemical
characteristics of the soil of Lippia rotundifolia in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Thirteen sites were ecogeographically characterized:
Parque Estadual Veredas do Peruaçu; Gigante; Rio do Peixe; AEP of Olhos D’água; Joaquim Felício; Parque Estadual do Rio Preto; São
Gonçalo do Rio das Pedras; Rio Tigre; RPPN Brumas do Espinhaço; Lapinha; Poço Bonito; Abóboras; and Parque Estadual de Serra Nova.
Environments belonged to Cerrado and Caatinga biomes, specifically in rocky and altitude fields. The species occurs at altitudes between 691-
1311m, with precipitation between 700 to 1600mm and average temperature between 14.5 to 24°C. In these vegetation types, the soils were
sandy, hyper dystrophic and highly toxic with a low cation exchange capacity. These characteristics make the species undemanding with regard
to edaphoclimatic and ecogeographic factors.
Key words: genetic resources, characterization, ecogeography, Lippia rotundifolia.

Ecogeografia de Lippia rotundifolia Cham. (Verbenaceae) em Minas Gerais, Brasil

RESUMO: Lippia rotundifolia é uma espécie nativa do Cerrado e endêmica da Cadeia do Espinhaço. Devido a poucas informações acerca
da espécie, objetivou-se caracterizar as condições ecogeográficas e edafoclimáticas bem como os atributos físico-químicos do solo da Lippia
rotundifolia no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Realizou-se o levantamento ecogeográfico em 13 locais (Parque Estadual Veredas do Peruaçu,
Gigante, Rio do Peixe, APA de Olhos d’Água, Joaquim Felício, Parque Estadual do Rio Preto, São Gonçalo do Rio das Pedras, Rio Tigre,
RPPN Brumas do Espinhaço, Lapinha, Poço Bonito, Abóboras e Parque Estadual de Serra Nova). Os resultados identificaram os ambientes
pertencentes aos biomas Cerrado e Caatinga especificamente nos campos rupestres e de altitude. A espécie ocorre entre as altitudes de 691
a 1311 metros, precipitação entre 700 a 1600 milímetros e temperatura média variando entre 14,5 a 24 graus. Nestas fitofisionomias os solos
apresentam textura arenosa, são hiperdistrófico, altamente tóxico com baixa capacidade de troca de cátions, que faz a espécie ser pouco
exigente quanto aos fatores edafoclimáticos e ecogeográficos.
Palavras-chave: recursos genéticos, caracterização, ecogeografia, Lippia rotundifolia.

INTRODUCTION Lippia rotundifolia Cham., one of the endemic

Rocky fields are one of the vegetation
types of the Brazilian Cerrado and are characterized
by altitudes above 800m, xeromorphysm and the
presence of rocky outcrops (RAPINI et al., 2008).
The Cadeia do espinhaço (BFG, 2015) presents rocky
fields and its species composition is predominately of
the family Verbenaceae. Most of the endemic species
at these altitudes belong to the genus Lippia Linn.,
the second largest genus in the Verbenaceae family.
species of rocky fields (CARVALHO et al., 2012), is
known as chá-de-pedestre. It is a shrub with upright
stalks, alternate leaves, coriaceous and pink-lilac
inflorescences, which has a fragile physiognomy and
low resilience (SALIMENA & SILVA, 2009).
The species produces an essential oil
whose main components are β-myrcene, farnesol,
limonene and myrcenal. Pharmacological tests have
indicated that the species has antibacterial activity
(LEITÃO, 2008). Studies such as these are useful in

Received 10.06.16 Approved 03.10.17 Returned by the author 06.17.17

CR-2016-0921.R2 Ciência Rural, v.47, n.8, 2017.
2 Meira et al.
the development of genetic improvement programs,
since native aromatic species produce chemical
compounds with high biological activity, giving them
great economic potential (LEITÃO, 2008).
In order to develop any conservation
program for native medicinal flora, it is necessary to
conduct characterization studies of the different places
of occurrence in order to understand the population
dynamics of each species in relation to ecogeographic
factors (PARRA-QUIJANO, 2012). Ecogeographic
studies showed that species such as Varronia
curassavica Jacq. Boraginaceae are generalist
in regards to ecogeographic and edaphoclimatic
factors (MENDES et al., 2015) and that Lippia
sidoides Cham. occurs naturally in poor and acidic
soils (MELO, 2012). This type of information is
important for developing conservation strategies
for plant genetic resources. Thus, the present study
aimed to characterize the ecogeographic and climate
conditions, in regards to the degree of anthropism,
burns, climate (altitude, precipitation, temperature)
and e physico-chemical characteristics of the soil, of
Lippia rotundifolia in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted from August
2014 to May 2015 in the mesoregions Norte, Vale
Jequitinhonha, Central, Metropolitana and Campo das
Vertentes in Minas Gerais State. The first two are part of
the so-called drought polygon, and the third is in Serra
do Cabral, which is a watershed between the tributaries
of the São Francisco river with trail, wood and rocky
outcrop ecotone. The fourth mesoregion is located in
Serra do Cipó and has a high-altitude tropical climate. It is
also considered to be the geomorphological threshold of
Brazil. The last one, Campo das Vertentes, is a watershed
of the Brazilian plateau and also has a high-altitude tropical
climate, in addition to being the coldest mesoregion of
the state. All these mesoregions encompass the Cadeia
do Espinhaço, which presents vegetation types of rocky
fields with herbaceous shrubs and trees, sclerophyllous
and evergreen vegetation and many springs.
Thirteen sites with natural occurrence of
Lippia rotundifolia were selected. The environments
were located by means of hiking in the Cadeia do
espinhaço. Geographical orientation for proper
access to the sites was based on the reference of the
Melastomataceaes species fasciculata Microlicia
Mart. Ex Naudin (PAMG58103), Lavoisiera imbricata
(Thunb.) DC. (PAMG58104), Cambessedesia espora
(A. St.-Hil. Ex. Bonpl.) DC. (PAMG58105) and
Microlicia serpyllifolia D. Don (PAMG58106), the
species Asteraceae Pseudobrickellia brasiliensis
(Spreng.) R.M.King &H. Rob. (PAMG 58102) and
by consulting the information bank of INCT - Virtual
Herbarium of Flora and Fungi. The occurrence
sites were identified by GPS (Global Positioning
System) Oregon 550 Garmin®, which determined
the geographical coordinates (latitude, longitude and
altitude). From these coordinates, a thematic chart
was created with the points of occurrence of the
species in the five mesoregions (Table 1).
The data for the preparation of the chart
were extracted from the vector files made available
by IBGE (2015), which were imported into SIRGAS
2000 (Geocentric Reference System for the
Americas) whose EPSG code was 31983 with Datum
projection in UTM zone 23s. In order to classify the
environments of occurrence of the species, the biome,
vegetation type, mean annual rainfall and mean
annual temperature were identified using thematic
letters made available by IBGE (2015).
For soil chemical analysis, samples were taken
in each place of occurrence at 0-20cm of depth using a
Dutch auger. Five auger samples were taken per site in
order to form each composite sample. Chemical analyses
were performed at the Soil Laboratory of the Institute of
Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas
Gerais Montes Claros, Minas Gerais state. Analytical
determination was obtained according to extraction and
determination margins proposed by CFSEMG (1999).
Soils were classified according to the Brazilian Soil
Classification System (SANTOS et al., 2013).
Chemical and granulometric analysis
data of the occurrence sites of the species were
submitted to principal component analysis (PCA).
Variables were first submitted to Pearson correlation
analysis (r) (P≤0.5) in order to verify whether they
had the minimum correlation to justify their use in
the data matrix. The retention of PCA axes to be
interpreted was obtained by reducing the data set
in linear combinations, which generated scores
around 80% of the total variation. This enabled
the identification of the most relevant chemical
properties in the discrimination of the different sites
of occurrence. From the correlation matrix generated,
it was then possible to generate groups based on their
measurements. This analysis was performed using
the statistical software Ntsys-pc 2.1 (ROHLF, 2000).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The 13 environments located within the five
mesoregions of Minas Gerais state are distributed into
two biomes, where 92% is located in the Cerrado and
Ciência Rural, v.47, n.8, 2017.
 Ecogeography of Lippia rotundifolia Cham. in Minas Gerais, Brazil. 3

Table 1 - Location and characterization of 13 sites of natural occurrence of Lippia rotundifolia Cham.

Altitude Precipitation Temperature Exsic

Code Mesoregion Site Coordinates Soil class
(m) (mm) (C°) record
Latitude Longitude
PE
-
Veredas -14°55´24´´S- PAMG
PVP 44°38´21´´ LVAd 729 700 22 - 24
do 14°55´24´´S 58090
W
Peruaçu
-
-16°35´24´´S- PAMG
GIG Gigante 42°55´30´´ AR 726 1200 - 1500 21 - 24
16°35´24´´S 58097
W
-
Rio do -16°52´36´´S- PAMG
RPE 43°28´56´´ AR 722 1000 - 1200 21 - 24
Peixe 16°52´36´´S 58094
N W
APP -
OD -17°26´10´´S- PAMG
Olhos 43°37´12´´ AR 691 1000 - 1200 21 - 24
A 17°26´10´´S 58096
D’água W
Comunida -
AB -16°56´87´´S- PAMG
de 43°55’76´´ RLd 700 1000 - 1200 22 - 24
O 16°56´87´´S 58095
Abóboras W
-
SN PE Serra PAMG
-15°6,92´´S 42°44.034´ AR 790 700 21 - 24
O Nova 58096
W
-
Joaquim -17°44´24´´S- PAMG
C JFE 44°11´41´´ RLd 1010 1200 - 1500 21 - 24
Felício 17°44´24´´S 58093
W
-
PE do Rio -18°06´09´´S- PAMG
PRP 43°20´18´´ AR 901 1200 - 1500 18 - 19
Preto 18°06´09´´S 58091
W
São
Gonçalo -
-18°25´51´´S- ESAL
VJ SGS do Rio 43°28´56´´ AR 1020 1200- >1500 14,5 - 21
18°25´51´´S 28086
das W
Pedras
-
-18°33´59´´S- PAMG
RTI Rio Tigre 43°49´40´´ RLd 1020 1200- >1500 19 - 21
18°33´59´´S 58092
W
RPPN
-
Brumas -19°03´04´´S- PAMG
RBE 43°42´34´´ RLd 1311 1600 19 - 21
do 19°03´04´´S 58098
W
M Espinhaço
-
Santana -19°16´47´´S- PAMG
SRI 43°37´12´´ RLd 756 1600 19 - 21
do Riacho 19°16´47´´S 58099
W
PEc
-
Quedas -21°20´07´´S- ESAL
CV PBO 44°58´55´´ AR 1092 - 1500 19 - 21
do Rio 21°20´07´´S 28086
W
Bonito

N = Northern Mesoregion. C= Central Mineira Mesoregion, VJ= Vale Jequitinhonha Mesoregion M= Metropolitana Mesoregion CV=
Campo das Vertentes Mesoregion PE= State Park; APP= Area of Environmental Preservation; RPPN= Private Reserve of Natural
Heritage; PEc= Ecological Park TM = Mean annual temperature. LVAd = Dystrophic Yellow Red Latosol; AR = Rocky Outcrop; RLd =
Dystrophic litholic neosol Source: IBGE (2015).

8% in the Caatinga (Figure 1). Among this distribution, meters (m). Mean annual rainfall ranged from dry
36.36% are in the ecotone area and 63.64% occur in (700mm) to very wet (1600mm) and mean annual
rocky fields. Altitudes varied between 691 and 1311 temperatures ranged between 14.5 and 24°C (Table 1).

Ciência Rural, v.47, n.8, 2017.

4 Meira et al.
The species occurs preferentially in altitude
environments and near water courses, which is a
specific feature of the plant for rocky environments.
This species also occurs in altitude environments
with varied rainfall, in which the lowest rainfall
occurred in PVP and SNO with 729 and 790m.
The lowest altitude was in ODA with 691 meters,
with similar rainfall index for the other sites of the
northern mesoregion, which varied between 1000 and
1500mm. However, the highest rate occurred in sites
with 600m of difference between them, with altitudes
between 756 and 1311m SRI in RBE (Table 1).
The thermal gradient, altitude, and
temperature were not determinant factors for the
occurrence of the species within the studied vegetation
types. In the Vale Jequitinhonha mesoregion, in PRP,
the median altitude was 901m and the temperature
was below 19°C. In Serra do Cipó, in SRI and RBE,
the temperatures were the same, which was between
19 and 21°C, although the altitudes were different,
with 756 and 1311m, respectively. The explanation for
this variation lies in the hilly topography since these
last two ecotypes are geographically close and belong
to the same mesoregion (Table 1). For the northern
mesoregion there was no difference in altitude.
Regarding precipitation, the lowest recorded in PVP
and SNO corresponded to the highest temperatures,
between 21 and 24ºC. This difference is due to the
transition area between the Cerrado and Caatinga,
whose soil and climatic characteristics are semi-arid.
The phenotype stage of the species varies
among the places of occurrence, where PRP RTI, JFE,
ODA and GIG presented young individuals, whereas
PBO, RBE, SRI, SGS, RPE and PVP presented adults.
This is due to environmental conditions in which the
species is found since its phenological cycle oscillates
depending on the availability of resources necessary
for its establishment (COLLEVATTI et al., 2010).
Unfavorable environmental conditions
included fires and the use of native vegetation for
grazing. This last event was observed at the SRI site,
where the species was located in an area of secondary
vegetation with the presence of cattle. Although,
the environment is conducive to the occurrence of
the species because it is located on a river bed, the
trampling of the animals in the area prevents the
establishment of individuals in this area (ALVES et al.,
2009). Notably, the GIG, JFE and PVP sites presented
occurrence of fire. In GIG, all individuals were in the
physiological process of regrowth. In the ecotone (JFE
and PVP sites), the individuals in the first one were in
a succession process with all young individuals, while
in the second the impact of fire was more critical.
Explanation for the occurrence of the species in this
type of environment is the fact that the plant has a well-
developed root system, where xylophones grow shoots
after events such as fires, which are features of pioneer
colonizing species of anthropogenic environments
(ALVES & SILVA, 2011).
However, climate, degree of anthropism
and fire are frequent characteristics in nature, where
the establishment of the species in temporal space
is distinct in each place in which reestablishment
depends on environmental conditions. Following this
logic, the species under study is considered a model
for metapopulation. In this dynamic, each area has
the same possibility of extinction and recolonization
(LEVINS, 1969; ALVES & SILVA, 2011).
Soils were grouped into three classes, in
which 8% of the sites (PVP) occur in typical acric red
yellow latosol, 54% (LGA, EPR, ODA, PRP, SGS,
SNO and PBO) occur in rocky outcrops and 38% (JFE,
RTI, RBE, ABO and SRI) in a litholic neosol (Table 1).
Among the rocky fields of high altitude, rocky outcrops
and cliffs, 92.30% of sites occur in rocky environments
with shallow and stony soils (Figure 1a and Table 1),
which confirms the specificity of the plant for these
environments (RIBEIRO & FREITAS, 2010).
Using principal component analysis (PCA)
and discriminant analysis, the physical and chemical
soil properties summarized the physical and chemical
variables in the first two principal components
(PC). These were retained for interpretation with
accumulated eigenvalues at 88.79% of variance for all
variables. The first component explained 64.03% of
the variability for all samples. The attributes with the
highest factorial load in the first component were pH
in water, exchangeable acidity (EA), base sum (BS),
effective cation exchange capacity (t), saturation by
aluminum (m) and sand, with scores varying between
0.933 to 0.984. The second component explained
24.76% of variability. Attributes that contributed to
the explanation of this component were the remaining
phosphorus (Prem) and organic matter (OM), with
negative scores between -0.694 and -0.645 (Table 2).
The first principal component (PC1)
showed clear separation of the physical and chemical
properties of the soil, in which the 13 sites of occurrence
presented hyper dystrophic and aluminum soils with
base saturation (V) of less than 35% and for aluminum
(m) ranged from 60% in PBO to 85% in ODA (Figure
1b). The low value of V suggested high adsorption of
Al 3+ and H+ as well as low amounts of basic cations
adsorbed in the soil colloids. This saturation refers to
the potential acidity (H + Al), which presented a high
negative correlation (Table 2, Figure 1b). This variable
Ciência Rural, v.47, n.8, 2017.
 Ecogeography of Lippia rotundifolia Cham. in Minas Gerais, Brazil. 5

Figure 1 - a: Soil classification map and b: two-dimensional space projection of the two main components obtained from
the similarity matrix of the chemical and physical soil attributes of 13 sites of occurrence of Lippia rotundifolia
in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Source Data: GEOMINAS.

contributed to the grouping of the collection sites The collection sites were divided into two
according to the similarity between the environments. groups. The lower plane of the axis presented soils

Ciência Rural, v.47, n.8, 2017.

6 Meira et al.

Table 2 - Chemical and physical soil attributes with the eigenvalues of the main components of the 13 Lippia rotundifolia collection sites
in Minas Gerais. Brazil.

--------------------------Soil rates-------------------------
Components of variance
PC 1 PC 2
Variability (%) 64.03 4.76
Accumulated variability (%) 64.03 8.79
Variables Mean±DP Factor load
pH in H2O 4.47±0.82 0.984 0.003
Phosphorus (Remaining mg L-1) 32.65±1.08 0.555 -0.726
Potassium (k in mg dm-3) 20±11.48 0.890 0.190
Calcium 0.23±0.04 -0.807 -0.051
Magnesium 0.1083±0.02 -0.876 -0.087
Exchangeable acidity (Al cmolc dm- 3) 1.30±0.4 0.933 0.093
Potential acidity (H + Al in cmolc dm-3) 7.93±3.4 -0.891 -0.017
Base sum (SB in cmolc dm-3) 0.39±0.26 -0.982 -0.026
Effective CTC (t cmolc dm-3) 1.69±0.45 0.972 -0.067
Saturation by aluminum (m in%) 75.42±2.56 0.975 -0.004
CTC at pH 7.0 (T in cmolc dm-3) 6.28±2.26 -0.861 -0.152
Saturation per base (V in%) 7.08±3.6 -0.868 -0.054
Organic Matter (MO in dag kg-1) 3.63±1.33 0.449 -0.645
Organic Carbon (C in dag kg-1) 2.11±0.77 -0.654 0.084
Coarse sand (g kg-1 <X2 />) 28.11±19.21 0.981 0.529
Fine sand (dag kg-1) 54.56±20.64 0.646 0.12
Silt (dag kg-1) 10±8.05 0.19 0.24
Clay (dag kg-1) 7.33±3.65 -0.34 -0.38

*
SD = Standard Deviation; PC = Principal component.

with potential acidity of 9.0 and 9.83cmolc dm-3 and
very low pH in water. The upper plane presented soils
with potential acidity between 2.37 and 5.9cmolc
dm-3 and low pH (Figure 1). The lowest intra-group
distance was observed for PRP, SGS and SNO soils
because they presented very high alkalinity, of 8.75,
9.0 and 12.98cmolc dm-3, respectively, with sandy
texture, and higher content of organic matter and
were well drained. The proximity between RTI, RBE,
SRI and PBO is due to the fact that they coexist in
rocky and altitude field environments in addition to
presenting the same climatic conditions. The ODA
and RPE environments presented neutral reaction and
moderate alkalinity (6.81 and 7.79cmolc dm-3).
Environments with alkaline soils (RPE,
SGS) and lower plane of the axis presented the largest
individuals with heights over 2 meters and well-
developed stems. The smallest individuals occurred
in environments with acid soils (GIG, JFE, PVP,
SRI, RTI, PBO and RBE), which make up 54% of
the sites. Heights of these individuals did not exceed
1.5m. This confirms that fire and dystrophism act as
one of the selective factors of the Cerrado species
(PINHEIRO & MONTEIRO, 2010).
A strong positive potassium correlation
(K) with sand in PC1 was confirmed in the first
quadrant of spatial analysis (Figure 1b), showing a
strong relationship with coarse sand, which was more
mobile in relation to the other two elements, calcium
(Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the third quadrant of
PC1 (Table 2, Figure 1b). For the second principal
component (PC2), there was a strong negative
relation between the two variables (MO and Prem)
in the intense adsorption of phosphorus (P) as a
function of the low organic matter contents in 58%
of the sampled sites (Table 2, Figure 1b) (PEREIRA
et al., 2010). This result corroborated the hypothesis
that species of this genus are well adapted in nutrient-
poor environments with high acidity (MELO, 2012).
However, the main components analysis
confirmed the physicochemical characteristics common
to all environments regarding hyperdystrophy, toxicity
and the low effective capacity of cation exchange.
Results about edophoclimatic and ecogeographic

Ciência Rural, v.47, n.8, 2017.

 Ecogeography of Lippia rotundifolia Cham. in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
conditions as well as the degree of anthropism
occurring at sites of Lippia rotundifolia show this
species to be a well-adapted ecotype, since it is not
considered under threat of extinction and its wide
occurrence corresponds to a characteristic of the genus
(SALIMENA & SILVA, 2009).
CONCLUSION
The species has a wide distribution and
varied density. It does not present any ecogeographic
constraint; however, each site of occurrence has specific
characteristics within a dynamic metapopulation. The
species has a preference for environments near water
courses and higher altitudes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Coordenação
de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES),
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
(CNPq), and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais
(FAPEMIG) for financial support.
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Ciência Rural, v.47, n.8, 2017.
Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v.47:Review
08, e120160921,
on applications 2017
of electric ehicles in the countryside.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478crerr20160921
1
ISSNe 1678-4596
BIOLOGY

ERRATA

Artigo “Ecogeography of Lippia rotundifolia Cham. in Minas Gerais, Brazil” publicado no fascículo v47n8 com
erro de ortografia no nome do autor Ernane Ronie Matins

Onde se lia:
“Ernane Ronie Matins”

Leia-se:
Ernane Ronie Martins

Para a versão correta, acesse:

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/cr/v47n8/1678-4596-cr-47-08-e20160921.pdf

Ciência Rural, v.47, n.7, 2017.