SUMMARY

IN
SCIENCE

SUBMITTED BY:
LEXCYL ANNE F. CAGA

SUBMITTED TO:
MR. BRIAN CASTRO
PARTS OF A VOLCANO
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES
Active Volcanoes
An active volcano is a volcano that has had at
least one eruption during the past 10,000 years.
An active volcano might be erupting or dormant.
A dormant volcano is an active volcano that is not
erupting, but supposed to erupt again.

Inactive Volcanoes
An inactive volcano is one that could erupt but has
not erupted for more than 10,000 years.
Inactive volcanoes are also called dormant
or sleeping volcanoes

Extinct Volcanoes
Extinct volcanoes are those which have
not erupted in human history. Examples
of extinct volcanoes are Mount Thielsen
in Oregon in the US and Mount Slemish in Co.

Volcanic Landform And Eruptive styles

Shield
A shield volcano is a wide volcano with
shallowly sloping sides. Shield volcanoes
are formed by lava flows of low viscosity
lava that flow easily

Cinder Cone
A cinder cone is a sleep conical hill of
loose pvroclastic fragments, such as
volcanic clinkers, volcanic ash, or cinder
that has been built around a volcanic vent.

Composite
Composite volcanoes, also called
stratovolcanoes, are cone-shaped
volcanoes built from many layers of
lava, pumice, ash, and tephra. Because
they are built of layers of viscous material,
rather than fluid lava, composite volcanoes
tend to form tall peaks rather than rounded cones.

VISCOSITY
Viscosity, resistance of a fluid (liquid or gas) to a change in shape, or movement of neighbouring
portions relative to one another. Viscosity denotes opposition to flow. The reciprocal of the viscosity is
called the fluidity, a measure of the ease of flow. Molasses, for example, has a greater viscosity
than water. Because part of a fluid that is forced to move carries along to some extent adjacent parts,
viscosity may be thought of as internal friction between the molecules; such friction opposes the
development of velocity differences within a fluid. Viscosity is a major factor in determining the forces
that must be overcome when fluids are used in lubrication and transported in pipelines. It controls
the liquid flow in such processes as spraying, injection molding, and surface coating.
 Types of Volcanic Eruptions
Hawaiian Eruption
In a Hawaiian eruption, fluid basaltic lava is thrown into the air in jets from a vent or line of vents
(a fissure) at the summit or on the flank of a volcano. The jets can last for hours or even days, a
phenomenon known as fire fountaining. The spatter created by bits of hot lava falling out of the
fountain can melt together and form lava flows, or build hills called spatter cones. Lava flows may
also come from vents at the same time as fountaining occurs, or during periods where fountaining
has paused. Because these flows are very fluid, they can travel miles from their source before they
cool and harden.

Strombolian Eruption
Strombolian eruptions are distinct bursts of fluid lava (usually basalt or basaltic andesite) from the
mouth of a magma-filled summit conduit. The explosions usually occur every few minutes at regular
or irregular intervals. The explosions of lava, which can reach heights of hundreds of meters, are
caused by the bursting of large bubbles of gas, which travel upward in the magma-filled conduit until
they reach the open air.

Vulcanian Eruption
A Vulcanian eruption is a short, violent, relatively small explosion of viscous magma (usually
andesite, dacite, or rhyolite). This type of eruption results from the fragmentation and explosion of a
plug of lava in a volcanic conduit, or from the rupture of a lava dome (viscous lava that piles up over a
vent). Vulcanian eruptions create powerful explosions in which material can travel faster than 350
meters per second (800 mph) and rise several kilometers into the air. They produce tephra, ash
clouds, and pyroclastic density currents (clouds of hot ash, gas and rock that flow almost like fluids).

Plinian Eruption
The largest and most violent of all the types of volcanic eruptions are Plinian eruptions. They are caused by the
fragmentation of gassy magma, and are usually associated with very viscous magmas (dacite and rhyolite).
They release enormous amounts of energy and create eruption columns of gas and ash that can rise up to 50
km (35 miles) high at speeds of hundreds of meters per second. Ash from an eruption column can drift or be
blown hundreds or thousands of miles away from the volcano. The eruption columns are usually shaped like a
mushroom (similar to a nuclear explosion) or an Italian pine tree; Pliny the Younger, a Roman historian, made
the comparison while viewing the 79 AD eruption of Mount Vesuvius, and Plinian eruptions are named for
him.
Lava Domes
Lava domes form when very viscous, rubbly lava (usually andesite, dacite or rhyolite) is squeezed out
of a vent without exploding. The lava piles up into a dome, which may grow by inflating from the
inside or by squeezing out lobes of lava (something like toothpaste coming out of a tube). These lava
lobes can be short and blobby, long and thin, or even form spikes that rise tens of meters into the air
before they fall over. Lava domes may be rounded, pancake-shaped, or irregular piles of rock,
depending on the type of lava they form from.

Surtseyan Eruption
Surtseyan eruptions are a kind of hydromagmatic eruption, where magma or lava interacts
explosively with water. In most cases, Surtseyan eruptions occur when an undersea volcano has
finally grown large enough to break the water's surface; because water expands when it turns to
steam, water that comes into contact with hot lava explodes and creates plumes of ash, steam and
scoria. Lavas created by a Surtseyan eruption tend to be basalt, since most oceanic volcanoes are
basaltic.

Energy from a Volcano

Geothermal
Geothermal energy comes from the heat within the earth. The word "geothermal" comes from the
Greek words geo, meaning earth," and therme, meaning "heat." People around the world
use geothermal energy to produce electricity, to heat buildings and greenhouses, and for other
purposes.

How do volcanic eruptions affect society?

The Effects of Volcanic Eruptions on Society. HOW DO VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS AFFECT SOCIETY? ...
On longer time scales, eruptions can inject massive quantities of ash into the atmosphere, greatly reducing
the solar heating of the Earth and potentially interrupting the global food supply for several years.

Sign of an impending volcanic eruption

“These signs may include very small earthquakes beneath the volcano, slight inflation, or swelling, of
the volcano and increased emission of heat and gas from vents on the volcano," said U.S. Geological Survey
(USGS) Volcano Hazards Program coordinator John Eichelberger.