06 I C Engines PDF

Internal Combustion Engines
(I. C. Engines)
Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 1

IC Engine
An Internal Combustion engine (IC) is a heat engine

where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer
(usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral
part of the working fluid flow circuit.

Classification of I.C Engines
According to:
(i) Nature of Thermodynamic Cycle:
Otto cycle engine
Diesel cycle engine
(ii) Type of the Fuel used:

Petrol engine
Diesel engine
LPG & CNG engine

(iii) Number of Strokes:
2 - stroke engine and 4 - stroke engine
(iv) Method of Ignition:

Spark Ignition engine [S.I. Engine].
Compression Ignition engine [C.I. engine].
(v) Number of Cylinders:

Single cylinder engine and Multi-cylinder engine.

(vi) Position of the Cylinder:
Horizontal engine
Vertical engine
In-line engine
V- engine
(vii) Method of Cooling:
Air cooled engine
Water cooled engine

I. C. Engine Parts

I C Engine terms & Definitions
Spark plug
TDC (Top Dead Center): Valve
It is the top extreme position of the Clearance

volume
TDC
piston towards the cylinder head. Bore
Stroke
BDC (Bottom Dead Center):
The lower extreme position of the BDC
Piston
piston towards the crank end side of

the cylinder.

Stroke:
It is the linear distance
travelled by the piston from
TDC to BDC.
Bore:
Bore
It is the inner diameter of the
engine cylinder.
8
Swept / Displacement / Stroke

volume:
It is the volume swept by the piston
from TDC to BDC.

• Clearance volume:
It is the volume of the
cylinder above the piston,
when it is at TDC.

Total volume = Swept volume + Clearance volume.
Compression ratio (r) :

It is the ratio of Total volume to Clearance volume.
Total volume
r
Clearance volume
Value of (r):
Petrol engine lies between 7 to 9.

Diesel engine lies between 15 to 22.

Working of 4-stroke Petrol engine
Petrol engines work on the principle of “OTTO CYCLE”, also

known as “Constant Volume combustion cycle”.
Charge admitted into the cylinder is a mixture of Petrol and Air.
Petrol and air is mixed in proper proportions and sent to the

cylinder by a device known as “Carburettor”.

4 stroke petrol engine consists of the following:
1. Suction stroke
2. Compression stroke
3. Working, power or expansion stroke
4. Exhaust stroke
Ignition in petrol engine is due to a spark produced by a spark

plug and hence called as Spark Ignition (SI) engines.

SUCTION COMPRESSION POWER EXHAUST
I.V = Inlet valve, E.V = Exhaust valve, E.C = Engine cylinder

C.R = Connecting rod, C = Crank, S.P = Spark plug
1. INTAKE [Suction]:
During this stroke, the inlet valve is opened & the piston
moves down ward, drawing a fresh charge (Petrol & Air
mixture).
Pressure [P]
TDC
A B
BDC
Volume [V]
2.Compression Stroke:
During this stroke both inlet & exhaust valves are closed & the
piston moves from BDC to TDC, thus compressing the charge
thereby increasing the pressure and temperature.
TDC Pressure [P]
BDC A B
Volume [V]
Compression Stroke (contd.):
Just before the end of this stroke the spark plug initiates a
spark which ignites the mixture and combustion takes place at
constant volume as shown by the line CD.

3. Working (Power) Stroke:
During this stroke both inlet & exhaust valves remain closed &
the combustion gases exerts a pressure on the piston. Thus the
piston moves from TDC to BDC and thus the work is obtained
in this stroke as shown by the line DE.
Pressure [P] D
TDC
Volume [V]
C
BDC A B

Working (Power) Stroke (Contd.):
At the end of the power stroke, the exhaust valve is opened &
greater part of the burnt gases escapes because of their own
expansion. The drop in pressure at constant volume is
represented by the line EB.

4. Exhaust Stroke:
During this stroke the piston moves from BDC to TDC and
pushes the remaining burnt gases to the atmosphere. This
stroke is represented by the line BA on the P –V diagram.
20
Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg.
P V diagram for
S.I/ Otto cycle/Constant volume combustion cycle
Pressure
D
TDC
A
BDC B
Volume
Theoretical Otto cycle

Working of 4-S Diesel engine
The basic construction of a 4 stroke diesel engine is same as

that of 4 stroke petrol engine.
Instead of a Spark plug, a FUEL INJECTOR is used.
Only Air is drawn into the cylinder during the suction stroke
and it will get compressed during the compression stroke.
Fuel is injected into the cylinder by the injector at the end of

compression stroke in the form of fine spray.

When the fine spray diesel comes in contact with hot air in
the cylinder, it auto (self) ignites leading to combustion of the
fuel.
Since ignition occurs due to the temperature of the

compressed air, they are also called Compression Ignition
Engines.

Exhaust
Air gases
SUCTION COMPRESSION POWER EXHAUST

I.V = Inlet valve, E.V = Exhaust valve, E.C = Engine cylinder
C.R = Connecting rod, C = Crank, F.I = Fuel injector
1. INTAKE [Suction]:
During the intake stroke, as the piston moves from TDC to
BDC, AIR is drawn into the cylinder which is represented by
the line AB on the P-V diagram.

2. Compression Stroke:
C D
Pressure [P]
TDC
BDC A
B
Volume [V]

3. Working Stroke:
C D
Pressure [P]
TDC
A
BDC B
Volume [V]

4. Exhaust Stroke:
C D
Pressure [P]
TDC
A
BDC B
Volume [V]

P V diagram for
D
C. I Engine / Diesel cycle engine
Pressure
C D
TDC
A B
BDC
Volume
Theoretical Diesel cycle

Comparison between
Petrol & Diesel Engine
Petrol engine Diesel engine
1 It works on Otto cycle. It works on diesel cycle.
2 Air and petrol are mixed in Diesel is fed into the cylinder
the carburetor before they by fuel injectior and is mixed
enter into the cylinder. with air inside the cylinder.
3 Method of ignition: Method of ignition :

Spark Ignition Compression Ignition

Comparison between Petrol & Diesel Engine
Cylinder is fitted with a Cylinder is fitted with a fuel

4 injector.
spark plug.
5 Less thermal efficiency More thermal efficiency

Compression ratio ranges Compression ratio ranges
6 from 7:1 to 9:1 from 15:1 to 22:1
Less initial cost and more More initial cost and less
7
running cost. running cost.
Light weight and occupies Heavy and occupies more

8
less space. space.

Comparison between Petrol & Diesel Engine
Easy to start even in cold Difficult to start in cold

9 weather. weather and requires heater
plugs.
Used in light vehicles like Used in heavy duty vehicles
10 cars, motor cycle, like trucks, buses, tractors,
scooters, etc. etc.

Two Stroke Engine
In a two stroke engine, one working cycle is completed by the
two strokes of the piston.
Suction and Compression takes place in one stroke and Power
and exhaust takes place in the next stroke.
Instead of valves, ports are provided.
Ports are opened and closed by the movement of the piston.

Working of 2 - Stroke Petrol Engine
First stroke (Downward) Second stroke (Upward)

First stroke (Downward):

• As soon as the charge is ignited, the hot gases evolved force
the piston downwards, thereby rotating the crankshaft and
producing useful work.
• The downward movement of the piston first uncovers the
exhaust port causing the burnt gases to escape to the
atmosphere.
• Further downward movement of the piston covers the inlet
port, thereby stopping the entry of fresh charge into the
crankcase.
Further movement of the piston uncovers the transfer port
and the compressed charge from the crankcase enters into
the cylinder.
As the compressed charge enters the cylinder, it pushes out

the gases from the cylinder and this process is known as
scavenging.

Second stroke: (upward)
• The piston moves from BDC to TDC, first the transfer port is
covered thereby stopping the entry of fresh charge into the
cylinder.
• Further upward movement of the piston uncovers the Inlet port

thereby admitting the fresh charge into crankcase.
• Further movement of the piston covers the exhaust port and

the charge gets compressed.
• The compressed charge is then ignited by the spark plug and

the cycle of events are repeated. 37
Working of Two Stroke Diesel Engine
Air in
Air in
First stroke (Downward) Second stroke (Upward)

First stroke (Downward):

• Combustion starts once the hot compressed air comes in
contact with the injected diesel.
• The combustion gases evolved force the piston downwards,
thereby rotating the crankshaft and producing useful work.
• The downward movement of the piston first uncovers the
exhaust port causing the burnt gases to escape to the
atmosphere.
• Further downward movement of the piston covers the inlet
port, thereby stopping the entry of fresh charge (air) into
the crankcase. Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 39
Further movement of the piston uncovers the transfer port

and the compressed charge from the crankcase enters into the
cylinder.
As the compressed charge enters the cylinder, it pushes out

the gases from the cylinder and this process is known as
scavenging.

Second stroke: (upward)

• The piston moves from BDC to TDC first transfer port is
covered thereby stopping the entry of fresh charge into the
cylinder.
• Further upward movement of the piston uncovers the Inlet

port thereby admitting the fresh charge into crankcase.
• Further movement of the piston covers the exhaust port and

the charge gets compressed.
• The compressed charge is then ignited by the injected diesel

and the cycle of events are repeated. 41
Comparison between
4 - stroke & 2 - stroke Engine
4 – stroke engine 2 – stroke engine
One power stroke for every One power stroke for every
1 two revolution of the Crank revolution of the crank
shaft shaft
Cycle is completed in two Cycle is completed in one

2 revolutions of the crank revolution of the crank shaft
shaft
3 Less fuel consumption More fuel consumption.

Comparison between
4 Higher thermal efficiency Lower thermal efficiency
5 Engine design is complicated Engine design is simple.
Lesser rate of engine wear and Higher rate of wear and tear.
6
tear.
It has inlet and exhaust valves It has inlet and exhaust ports
7

Comparison between
For the same power, the
8 Engine is heavy & bulky. engine is light and compact.
It requires lesser cooling It requires greater cooling and

9
and lubrication lubrication
10 Higher initial cost Lower initial cost.

Higher running noise and
Lower running noise and
11 vibration due to the sudden
vibration
release of the burnt gases.
Used in cars, trucks, Used in mopeds, motor
12
buses, tractors, etc. cycles, scooters, etc.
CARBURETOR
Function:
The main function of a carburetor is to vaporize & atomize the
fuel & to mix thoroughly with air at the appropriate proportion.
Vaporization:
Change in state of fuel from liquid to vapour.
Atomization:
Breaking up of the fuel into small particles.

Working of Carburetor

As the fuel level drops, the float comes down thereby opening
the needle valve and enabling the petrol to enter into the float
chamber.
Purpose of needle valve is to maintain the constant level of
petrol in the float chamber.
During suction stroke, pressure at the throat reduces and
because of the negative pressure developed in the venturi
region petrol comes out of the nozzle as a fine spray & gets
vaporized.

The mixture of air & petrol vapour in correct proportion

passes through the throttle valve into the engine cylinder.
The throttle valve is operated by the accelerator.

Important Definitions
Brake Power [B.P]:
It is the power available at the output shaft.
2 NT
Brake Power  kw
60000
Where, N = Speed of the crank shaft in rpm.
T = Torque applied on the brake drum due to load “W” in (N)
T=W*R Nm
R = Radius of the brake drum (m)

Indicated Power [I.P]:
It is the power developed inside the engine cylinder
i  Pm  L  A  n
Indicated Power  kW
,
60000
Where, i = No. of cylinders
n = No. of working cycles/min.
n = N/2, for 4 stroke engine and n = N, for 2 stroke engine
L = Stroke length (m), D = Bore diameter (m)
Pm = Indicated mean effective pressure (N/m2)

A = Area of the cylinder, A D2 , m2
4
Frictional Power [F.P]:
It is the difference between the indicated power and the brake
power.
F.P = [I.P – B.P] KW

,
Mechanical Efficiency [ηmech ]:
It is the ratio of the brake power and the indicated power.
B.P
Mechanical efficiency,mech  100%
I .P

Brake thermal Efficiency [ηbth ]:
It is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied by the fuel.
B.P  3600
bth  *100%
m  Cv
Where, m = mass of fuel supplied (kg/hr)

CV = Calorific value of the fuel (kJ/kg)

Indicated thermal Efficiency [ηith ]:
It is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied by the fuel.
I.P  3600
ith  *100%
m  Cv

Problem : 1
A six cylinder, four stroke IC engine develops 100 KW of brake
power at 800 rpm. The stroke to bore ratio is 1.5. The
indicated mean effective pressure is 8 bar and mechanical
efficiency is 80 %. Determine the cylinder diameter and piston
stroke of the engine.

Problem : 2
For a test on a four stroke petrol engine, the following data is
available: engine speed 1000 rpm, net brake torque 70 N.m,
indicative mean effective pressure 10 bar, stroke 150 mm, bore
100 mm, rate of fuel consumption 2.57 kg/h, CV of petrol 41000
kJ/kg. Calculate the indicated thermal efficiency, brake thermal
efficiency and mechanical efficiency

Problem : 3
A four stroke diesel engine has a bore of 100 mm, stroke of 120
mm and piston speed of 10 m/s. The engine develops 20 kW
power per liter of cylinder stroke volume. Brake thermal
efficiency of the engine is 30 % with a fuel having calorific value
of 40 MJ/kg and specific gravity of 0.90. Determine (i) rpm, (ii)
BP, and (iii) engine fuel requirements in liters/h.

Problem : 4
The power output of a six-cylinder four stroke diesel engine is
given by a law which is BLN/20000 KW, where BL is the brake
load in newton and N is the speed in rpm. The bore and stroke
of the engine are 90 mm and 120 mm respectively. Fuel
consumption is 5 cm3/s and its density is 800 kg/m3. Determine
the following (i) the brake power (ii) the brake mean effective
pressure (iii) the torque and (iv) the brake specific fuel
consumption, if the brake load is 600 N and speed of engine is
2000 rpm.

Problem : 5
A four cylinder two stroke petrol engine with stroke to bore ratio
of 1.2 develops 32 kW at 2500 rpm. The mean effective pressure
on the piston is 8 bar and mechanical efficiency is 85 %.
Determine (i) the diameter and stroke of each cylinder and (ii)
the brake thermal efficiency, if the fuel consumption is 9 kg/h
having calorific value of 44000 kJ/kg

Assignments
1. A four stroke cycle petrol engine has stroke volume of 9.7 liters.
Its mean effective pressure is 600 kN/m2 and rpm is 800. Find the
indicative power of the engine.
2. Following results refer to a test on IC engine:
Indicated power 42 kW, Frictional power 7 kW, Engine speed
1800 rpm, Specific fuel consumption per BP 0.30 kg/kWh and the
calorific value of fuel 43000 kJ/kg. Calculate Mechanical
efficiency, Brake thermal efficiency and Indicated thermal
efficiency.
Assignments
3. A four stroke cycle oil engine has the following data:

Mean effective pressure 550 kPa, Swept volume 15L, Speed of
the engine 6 revolutions per second, effective brake load 80 kg,
effective brake radius 1 m, Fuel consumption 8 kg/h and
calorific value of fuel 40 MJ/kg. Determine Indicated power,
Brake power, Mechanical efficiency and Indicated thermal
efficiency.

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Internal Combustion Engines

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 1

An Internal Combustion engine (IC) is a heat engine

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 2

(ii) Type of the Fuel used:

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 3

(iv) Method of Ignition:

(v) Number of Cylinders:

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 4

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 5

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 6

TDC (Top Dead Center): Valve

It is the top extreme position of the Clearance

piston towards the crank end side of

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 7

Swept / Displacement / Stroke

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 9

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 10

Compression ratio (r) :

Petrol engine lies between 7 to 9.

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 11

Petrol engines work on the principle of “OTTO CYCLE”, also

Charge admitted into the cylinder is a mixture of Petrol and Air.

Petrol and air is mixed in proper proportions and sent to the

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 12

Ignition in petrol engine is due to a spark produced by a spark

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 13

I.V = Inlet valve, E.V = Exhaust valve, E.C = Engine cylinder

TDC Pressure [P]

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 17

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 18

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 19

Theoretical Otto cycle

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 21

The basic construction of a 4 stroke diesel engine is same as

Instead of a Spark plug, a FUEL INJECTOR is used.

Fuel is injected into the cylinder by the injector at the end of

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 22

Since ignition occurs due to the temperature of the

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 23

SUCTION COMPRESSION POWER EXHAUST

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 25

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 26

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 27

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 28

C. I Engine / Diesel cycle engine

Theoretical Diesel cycle

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 29

3 Method of ignition: Method of ignition :

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 30

Cylinder is fitted with a Cylinder is fitted with a fuel

5 Less thermal efficiency More thermal efficiency

Light weight and occupies Heavy and occupies more

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 31

Easy to start even in cold Difficult to start in cold

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 32

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 33

First stroke (Downward) Second stroke (Upward)

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 34

First stroke (Downward):

As the compressed charge enters the cylinder, it pushes out

Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 36

• Further upward movement of the piston uncovers the Inlet port